(oate + { ‘lame : Shraddha R:. Gaikwad Class + BE Divi A Roll No + 159 Subject : DsiP Date of Submission 19/10/2021Shroddha R- Goilesac BE Aq 189) ipo (Pa EW). (Date mage Fundamental Compute the Euclidean Distance (D1). City-block Distance (D2) and Chesshnard Distance CDs) for poinks. p and 4 be (a2) 3)" and (2 2,3) ai. Euclidean Distance (pt) = d(x-x¥ + ly-s)%4 (2-4 (3-2)? +(2-3)* + (3-9 ofa 18 Di = 4.24 City=block Detance (po\= |x-v| + |y-sl+|z-¢) _ = [3-2| + [o-3] + |2-F 4144 De = 6 " ny Ds max(i) 1 4) 4 Distance (pido, Ns) = Gog 6 4)Lhraddha R? Goiksad BEA-ISF alle = @ Ans- 4= connectivity TTna_pixels. i co! | ee Ne CP). Pev and g ey | axe 4 j Jevel values axe Same ie. t and gq € nl, CP) ie. q is the 4 conn exe. ee because gray level values of aad VY axe not Same - &~connecht iby lek whe the set of groy levels used to cebescea: define connectivity oO _poi . € and FOX i and gis in the sot Ne (e) Sar og. TW we consider P and S PS EV and 'S’ ts in the act of Ne CP). Hence | Rand $ axe $-comected P and T axe also 3 ~connected | | | } Lets consider pixel _m_ which is the boundasy pivel_and it has only 4 neighb values of all 3 pixel is zero. Hence we can | ay that pixel “m' is “nob connected +o any of the pixels. let's consides a voy scale ima ge. v= fo 1 9 s+-.-, lof Jo | Ino | 5 aAev 3) | wo} [2)| om 2,5 axe 4 connected 2) | ao0| Lalas SEV + _| yo | 143 | 59 2,5 axe 8 connectedShraddha R. Gaikwad BEA-1S% Gale cae ae @® ——— (bao m- ivi i Said to bes m-ronnected if p,q ev and if é Na Ce) ov ENg le) and 4, CP) 1 wa (@) =4 ae qo WD 1A, one sek oP pixels that avo a aelgihna ob both p and q- and whose. values ave Pam Vv m- connectiviby isa modiPicatian of 9 connectivity wl H ! alten Oxise with & conaechvity = 1 fa. vezi 4 consider binary image ee | 0, rae = a aL oT ho | o {Py ollie sz is] °] 6 , iz j 4 connecked & connected m- connected () Cb) Ce) (a) p 9 | ¥ axe Connected bemus. p44 Gy and gC, (2) and € A, (9) But pond axe ok nnecthed (b) &-cannectvity is the union of 4— peigh bows hood | and ae neighbo hood. In fia Gs) 4,7 awe 4 connected and p and x ‘also connected. cennected becouse fond $ave p.Sev and 8 e€ Np (p) pe £v ancl © € Ny Cp) aShrodelha R° Gaikwad BEA-159 sSuscll?s (rereShraddha-R Gaikwad BEA -154 aieonl ®© Dato Bri _CBit Yapped Graphic ae, fOiages — ——- in fame uffer aaa pixel i 2\ The aaa Ble at is “ia tapped by eee a I@VThese Pile (4) BrP -L ——_! US) Gut the size of amp Mes “is vexy large ome ov colours image. (a “es exbensions + bmp dib I int ic (OE 1s 26 bit image 16 millian colowes axe | using j9eq _algorithn @)T is suitnble Foy ima wi . hy, transmission oP images pn intern’ (3) & reduces he Size 2 image i ing lossy | a, technique je. a(x vy) < fOr y) 5) | ofp image if (a) tis smal io image ae ane by digital : cameras and supported by_all tach browsers. {é) File extensions : jog, jpeg , vine iifShraddha 2. Gaikwad a (eae No a aid BEA 159.4 gibt © (Dote ) TIFE Tagged atmage File Format.) DTIEE aoned 2. ig desi (3) File extension ti 40 4. | Explain in short amgpling and quantization fo digital image : An. m do have images oa—Computer . Thus coe have “to convert Lanalog pictire in tp digital orm s The process, so of digi tizatinn inv Quantization . inte Bm of analag ignal.. ide fot apgly di i analog signals - We cannot store the ofp ob image sensors _tahich axe_in_the analog foxm bec 7% igoal that can have infinite values. So me QsShraddha R- Gaikwad” SEA -\59 Sheed (meee) @ (Date } xe) 7 Saar | i “Time “hexe axe’ same variations in the Sampled _sianal which are vandom in nature These variations axe due tn noise Cunwanted signal). We can seduce (Zi dete inmge! que? aniattedkeaea to be they - imag i : { Discxe te signal axe __dePined at discrete intexval ot time. - Niscrete igaa is obtained vam conti nub u: - signal by “sameling The. sampling wate is given as 9 > 9 Pix WA : 7 1 { . Vit ttl \ WT & | AH “Wis_signal_ic"_givea_to quantizer to a3sian magni {Vhreddha R- Gakwond BEA- 169 eS" . cee tece m siatizatce is p 6 ao ‘ : fe} quantas = dais! dios il & is eo iS is 8 ‘F p 8 me ke ReShraddha R: Gaikioad OFA gud (ramet) @ Dato S. | Find the 2 4 i ‘ Image signal f¢m,n) exnel h(m,n) qa Le {a 2 a $15 1/6 o}lolo * 2 | 4 if 2 | Ans =| c : ime. | ifp image. Hime vevexsal ol _kexnel I 2 | 3 ipa] s|é ololo | +1814. =U] ~2} -1 | ° ¥ “ph , | | step | + | (Taj Ty. | © foxt fox rT] 3 | Et peg Fs] ze [s [4 | ‘ uti) = O+ro-e-5 = 13 Step 2 [ [yz | ox) foxz[on3 |[- | tix4 |-2x5|-16 6 4 | Be [Pq yllo) = 0+04+0 -4-10 -6 = a6Ghradtha 2. Gaikwad BEATS? quasi (Semel a t[2]l EY Joxelox3] 0 : ol* 4 [Axsf-ar6l 1 #189 y G3) = O+o-S-19 5-19 Step 4 1 1 axt axa 3 | © jox4joxs|| 6 Y lt PoxFA« 8H Y yc, i) = Qugtoto-\4-R2 ~ -14 Step 5. tal [2x2 [ix ond [ox 5 lox 3 xf fox 8 [1x7 | uaa) = 144 +3to0to+10-9-16-7= ~24 Steps 1 ivxrjaxg [I 4 lloxsloxe [o & [brs feng] yea) = 2+h+0t0-8-18 = -18Shradlcdha ® Gaikwad GEA-159, sata (rm \ 2 ) [2xa|ixs O- | oxtlox8 ~1o 4-2 A B+5 +040 1 | a} 3 1X4 | 245 |tx6 Oxt| On8] Ox 9 =! |-2f-1 + lo+ 6 t04 040 = 20 Step 4 \ a2} 3 4 | IK Sfoxe] | FI] Ox 8]ond | -o + fro. paveh va. y@, 3) = Stigtoro = iF Me—gotculput image. fm-0 as [-13 [-20] -1F [4 [aa foi8 [? [20 [iFBhraddha R: Goikuvad BEA-159 suble (aE — ) Compare 1024- point DET and Radix 2 DITEFT toil, — espe ck tothe numberof complex additions —__ High ; Ans= ||he pet is oi pet [rcoy] = f "2x(0)- We Luppose Ne¢ xfk] = C0) et C1): Whe 2a) Wh, C8) Xfol = #00). We + xC) Wa + (2). We + XC3) sw,” XLV] = (0). we + x0): WS + ¥@). We + (3) We XPT = (0) We + 201): Wy + (2) We + X08). Wee X[B] = x0) W2 + 11) Wee + x2): Wee + x05): We ——__| fox each sample value of nlp signa n Additions Multislications J 4 \2 \6 smi 20 2s 6 30 L 36 for DET additions axe N(N+1) and Ne multiplication We always calculate *N! point DET. “The nl is pe asin tems of power 2 “Thus + re = xv Hexe 4 is called adiShraddha R- Gaikuiad’ GEA-169 soyak (roe] }@ for N= 4 Ne 2? wiirreed tive 2 Stage 1-1 d-y, G0) =X (0)+ x) We Xo) = G(©)+ We H(o) #0} ie n? . y 2 G()= x(0)- x (2)- We xO) = GC) We HG), ae we Se Ne 5s) H(o)= x0) + (3) We (2) = G(0)- WW? H(o) € we aw! Ct) = XC) -%G)- We 03) = 6()— Wy! HC & mae ~ Ww, No. of comple: soultiplication fox Ned ) Total _numbex of inges_axelagfl = logs =a —_—_ 2) Ak each stage w/o dumber butterflies = 4/2 =2 3) Fox each butterfly one complex multiolication ° : 1a thy “Tatal_numbes 2? comple multiplication Poy N_poink DET axe 1*N/o¥ log N =N/o log n= a¥2 =4 IE ix DIT! Aja leg Name. mulksplication . N= _l024 DET _ computation DITEFT comprtation |. Complex complex complex _compk; addition enulbiplication addition _| iplication | a) | N2 N loq,N N/o VegeN lo 44559 1449616 (o240 51204@ 2\_| by & dD 3 3 = 3 8 6Shyaddha R- .Gaikudad Pe tsh gi ele TY ® (Cate i) Thtensity level slicing with background 9 £ y=5_ gwen a. a $= J 29 ¢¥ 35 L % otherwise ip image : | é[2] 3] 2 (PBS 101 |e a[s[etrT 2[ 5] afe Hence all values between 2 and 5 axe) made oe, 4 the xemaing value Dia uachaagel— Ofp_image + cls] 33 tl #[e 14 +1] 3/4 [4] [e i) Bit plane Slicing for ms& ‘and LS®_olanas 6{2/3 {of Since F is the maximum L{S{OlF| gray level we need asly 4{ 3/2 |) & bits to xepre sent 2) 5)F ef each Gray level. Yo image.Shraddha R Geikword BEA-IS9 Ryadtha er [ite [ore fon o10 } col | tol | ooo] tn | Yoo [| oll [| 010 | 001 | Olof} tol | tn Hod % is lane WUS® Plane ol|olj;lo Llololo (| ttofl Oolliolt oft{toly tlLololo of! |[tfo ofty ula W) Negation VP image é{e | ste the _outpu image 1 i Li|sfols can be obtnined by using [4[alali imple tyansform ation Lets [eth SP GeO hoxe fox 3 bit i S=(g-\)-y 5 F-¥ flsl4qs 6|2/FIlo $(/4 [Sle S{[ 2 ]0 }6Shraddha R- Gaikesad BEA -159 sible peel @ Rom 0 4o 15 | oT i fats] | 4 [sey 8} a fiof | i |e] fis Ans - Q000| 900} | O0l0 ott] DB 100] Clol |} Oo} ony \oce | lool | Lolo} \oll Tee] trol the Lu | Setting lowe ordex bits (1S® hits) zexo T 2000 | 0000 | 0000 | 0090 C100 | O100 | O00 | ooo | (000 | | 000 | 1090. | } 000 \l00] t00 | 1100 | tooQhraddha R- Gaikwad BEA ~IS9 Bebb (raere] “(Bate iDato “Shraddha R: Goikvoad BEAT 154 guad (ragine[ 7) x=) \ =O to} y) = fexPorm Mi f(a for x Ht] of xo} 21 Of feg | 8] T] OO] 7 Hy] lo|r] -|O}-la], } SS] ]e9 1 |] O]=]ov fon Je} JO] =] olf ofa AlaAl/_1O A} 0]+] iy —|=]}O} =|] Or] wo} JO] =| eo] e]unfrof at a 1 T [Jf 2] Jo }eo] +] to] vo fe hs 4 ye lo # 6 23% 5 4 l2 lo Histogram. of a oxiginal imageGhraddha R Gaikwad BEA+I59 Bhiaddha. ome & Date } s ~ Groy | ny | PDE | cnr (u=1y* sw SS et Hee} — ° 8 Os | O195 O:875, \ 1 14 | 0-219 | 0.344 2:408 2 2 Ve 0188 0:532 3+ #24 4 3 lo | o15¢ | 0-688 4 B16 5 4 3 oes | 0-813 5641 6, 5 6 | 0094 | 0-403 6-344 6 6 | 4 | 0-063 | 0990 6-490 t - 2 fs 0-03) 1000 © F000 L N=64 | | . Gray level | Ne gy?) No. of 9 ol & —_} Cc) | 8 oO 44 1 ° ° { 14 2 3 ( 2 Io 4 I4 2 3 '® 5 ° 3 4 & 6 12 4 5 4 6 lo 5 6 4 t \4 6 + 2 + 6 sf | 14 14 3 Me f (a lo 8 Hi 6 of i image op «2345 6 % 7sShraddha R- Gaikioad » Be -159 eC) lo. Stustify / contradict the following stabementa, Aso)! Enhancement: i 1 | coloxing and so on —l@s ixel_and mod iRy it +o new value arithout: adding (5) The enhancement process cloes nob incxease te inbesent information. content in the data but it oloes incxease 4} i ee easily .| Shraddha + Gaikwad BEA-157 asl reel @) Se ee ee ao occurance of gray valueGradklha & Gaikind BEA-I5G unde( re @®) aplacian a_de deemphasi e_ tegen caith slowly varying gray leve (2) "This ope’ which have. —qyayish edge lines and other. discantinutes on the dart back ground - is. i produces inward (@) “he imax tart Thing is how opal these filters dnto image Reme toe con't Apply beth she image ——ble_have_tn_opply just one but the 4 ping opexotnx ‘onthe. image then swe Substyack +h, 1 i the: shaspenéed image: Similarly Sif we. apoly : ‘ @ fan the_Sharpened image. (4) Lapalacian operatoy is also a. dewivative _opexmbor _ | which is used to find edges in animage. “TheShraddha® R-- Gaikwad GEA-I54 sollte) Date x3 Oicaclelo ip Fhe 4 ant O.-r\.. O 12: | What is image segmentation 2 White the A*A mosk Sox segmentation based. an discntinubies Cpolnk, Ans -:| Tmage Hon: Tk subdivides (segments) an image into it D Ghuent vegons or objechs. We Use seamentation:, when me. need tp airtomate Particular activity ond ue want the Computer — to make decisions - : g ; iy parks and help: the compuber for deci jon making On imnilanitie hexe ate. 4 “basic types off 5% Haat : . pe ined : edges: .Shroddha &- Gaikwad BEA-154 giyacblla (raene[ (5) (bate } Pointe “detection : : rela which axe basically high pass in which the sum oP the coe Metien'ts “oP “the mash has__to be equal | {0 zero in all 2 cases. Shek ‘i is detect goink afay-a] : =I -l] 8 meal in| We set a thyeshold value ie. we say “a poinb has heen detected at the Ipcation “an which the — mask js _centexed only iP Je) >T where Rig dexived “Pam rmula Brass = Ww Wwe take ARI because we. unt +o detect both kind of points. 'T" is the non-fegative value of tneshold dePinedl by the usey.~ 9 Vine detection Tn. i line can bein any divection and detecting ese lines. would t5ed different masksShraddha R: Gaikwad BEA-I59: 91 dolla eae a) Dafa 2] te ould j af 2] ° 5 = 2 at an—angle of 45 OE ERE woul tie _ > 4p vertical line, -tf 2 [= mpi tt 7 @ 2{-\ |- THis mask would sespand -[2 [A] > = stra toes tak an Ta slept angle of =45° Edge detection An_edge.can be deiner! asa set of Connected bou sto__detect edges from an image be basic idea A rr 1 of local derivative. 0 pesyecbige Edge Detecting masks - Robert mask je an’ even gize mask ie: 249. Even size masks aye alts : , has to be placed at center point. “This problem _ is Solved by using 4* 2 mask. Prewitt operatox ve © | i +z—+2,) = (242%, 47,91 + <— % gradient —~> . [ (zy + 2424) — Cz, +2,+75)] <—y qxedient ——> trom this equation, the. masks axe written asShraddha R: Gaikwad BEA-159 agit ) Pala] 5 o|t Clolo -1[o|1 tprgd “Jo hr Fx Ey These masks axe known as Pxewitks mask, Sobel operatoy » vE 2 | (2.02, +Z4) - (2, + 9% 42,) | 8 ienk ——> x [(zg 42% +29) — (242% +73)) <—— ¥ gudien, ———> From this 09" masks aye wyitten a [-)[-2]5 | alo] Lolofo] ~2[ol2 [iyo t] ~Tot Fox Fy Lalacian mask : The 1 order derivative enhance. the edaes of the image ue ill see the effects of computing the 9 padey dexivative on edges. — \wrel = [z 474242 ~ 47] ajatian mask is | Of] © qi \ re 5 [o ia oO