Technological Forecasting & Social Change 170 (2021) 120906

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Technological Forecasting & Social Change

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/techfore

Digital manufacturing and urban conservation based on the Internet of

Things and 5 G technology in the context of economic growth
Yang Zhou a, Zhen Tang a, Xiaoyan Qian a, *, Abbas Mardani b
a
Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, China
b
Muma College of Business, University of South Florida, Tampa, 33620 FL, USA

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The increasing economic level impacts the urban structure. Therefore, based on the continuous improvement of
Internet of Things the level of science and technology, it is necessary to conduct green city innovation and development planning in
5G combination with economic development. This article combines IoT technology and 5 G technology to build an
Economic growth
intelligent planning model under the current economic level background. Moreover, based on network dual
Digital manufacturing
Industry 4.0
connectivity research, our work discusses and analyzes the application of dual connectivity technology and
Intelligent planning specific architecture selection in the early stage of 5 G deployment and 4 G LTE network collaborative
networking. Simultaneously, this paper studies and analyzes related protocols and proposals that were proposed
and frozen, researches and improves the hybrid networking technology in 5 G heterogeneous networks, and
constructs the functional structure model. In addition, this paper designs a systematic planning method based on
the demands of innovative green city planning. Finally, this paper analyzes the performance of this method
through simulation experiments. The research results show that the model constructed in this paper has certain
effects.

1. Introduction should take the opportunity provided by new urbanization to update

The urbanization of our country is at a critical point in the transition
from accelerated promotion to decelerated advancement. In this
particular period, it is necessary to abandon the traditional urbanization
development method and enter a new green and sustainable urbaniza­
tion path. The changes brought about by digital manufacturing and In­
dustry 4.0 are becoming increasingly important to the development of
current society [28]. How to use new industrial technology and
communication technology to strengthen social welfare and promote
economic development is an urgent problem to be solved [29]. The
construction of a new type of urbanization must embody the concept of
"sustainable development" and the idea of "ecological civilization" and
emphasize the connotative development of high quality and excellent
structure. Moreover, this new type of urbanization needs to be led by
ecological civilization, improve environmental protection and the
quality of human settlements as the primary task, and promote the co­
ordinated development of urban and rural areas. Greening is a way of
life that advocates a green ecology, energy saving, low carbon, envi­
ronmentally friendly and healthy lifestyle and creates a more mean­
ingful way of human survival. The urban and rural planning industry
planning concepts and values in a timely manner; optimize planning
goals, planning tasks, and planning content; and strive to explore new
scientific and technological methods. The contradiction between urban
man-made construction activities and ecological environment protec­
tion is prominent. Therefore, it is necessary to coordinate urban and
rural construction and nonconstruction space and explore new ideas for
regional space development control (Freytag et al., 2014). The green
space in a city and its surrounding planning area is the basic factor
affecting the quality of the city’s ecological environment. The use of
green space planning for spatial control can introduce nature into a city
and provide citizens with green and healthy living facilities, which
positively responds to the new urbanization construction.
At present, the theoretical basis of green space planning in China is
still relatively weak, which is inconsistent with the high attention it has
received. First, many green space plans are highly subjective and lack a
certain theoretical basis. Landscape ecology can provide some theoret­
ical support for green space planning. However, landscape ecology
mostly studies the pattern and process of the landscape but lacks
attention to landscape function research (Venkatesh, 2014). Second,
many current theories simply use relevant indicators such as the green

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: qxy6898@hhu.edu.cn (X. Qian).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120906
Received 18 January 2021; Received in revised form 19 May 2021; Accepted 21 May 2021
Available online 3 June 2021
0040-1625/© 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Y. Zhou et al.
space rate to guide green space planning. These indicators can represent
two-dimensional quantitative characteristics, but they have difficulty
expressing the spatial configuration that affects ecological benefits.
Finally, many current green space plans only aim at sanitation protec­
tion and landscaping (González-García et al., 2014). Therefore, the plans
ignore the other ecosystem service functions of urban green space and
have a one-sided understanding of ecological benefits, which leads to a
subjective and random allocation of green space, monotonous vegeta­
tion structure, single function, and fixed mode. At present, the theory
and practice of urban green space planning can no longer meet the re­
quirements of guiding urban construction. Therefore, the theory and
practice need to be continuously improved and supplemented. The rapid
development of multidisciplinary theory provides the basic conditions
for theoretical breakthroughs.
The structure of the remainder of this paper is organized in the
following sections. Section 2 presents the literature review and related
works. Section 3 analyzes the performance in terms of the feasibility of
communication technology. The information transmission mechanism
under the 5 G mode is clarified in Section 4. Section 5 analyzes the model
and experiment of intensive social construction planning. Section 6
discusses and analyses the effect of the model, and the final section
provides conclusions and a discussion on potential future research
directions.
2. Related works
Green Infrastructure (GI) is a product of the continuous improvement
of functions in the development process of green park space (Mullins,
2017)]. After an in-depth exploration of green infrastructure, literature
(Chan and Marafa, 2014) used park roads to connect parks together. At
that time, various park systems, including the relatively typical Emerald
Necklace park system in Boston, emerged. Since then, the greenway
function has become more complete; and it has the functions of rest,
cultural heritage protection, aesthetics, and ecological protection.
Among the various park systems, the typical one was the planning and
construction of the Green Island system in Maryland (Hulicka, 2015).
With the continuous development and improvement of landscape ecol­
ogy and ecological planning, networked GI has emerged at the right time
and has become a new land protection strategy. It can monitor and limit
the expansion of a city and promote the orderly development of a city
(Aronson et al., 2017).
Due to economic dominance and high-intensity use by humans,
natural areas and attached natural resources are often greatly disturbed
in a densely built environment. Baseline surveys and continuous moni­
toring of natural resources are some of the urban ecology research
methods that can be used based on urban green space planning. The
urbanization process is generally characterized as the replacement of
natural areas (forests, wetlands or farmland, fruit forests, etc.) by built-
up areas. Urban ecology (Govindarajan, 2014) regards this process as
changes in land cover and the ecosystem services it provides caused by
changes in land use. For example, the change in vegetation cover im­
pacts the important living spaces of animal populations and plant
communities. Literature (Nuralam, 2018) believed that the planning of
land use spatial patterns and spatial use intensity rules in urban planning
are of great significance to urban ecology. Literature (Lepczyk et al.,
2017) proposed using the baseline information of the physical properties
and biological characteristics of the biological layers in and around a
city as a support for urban planning decisions. According to the analysis
of literature (Kimengsi and Fogwe, 2017), land use in the urbanization
process is becoming more diversified and intensive. Urban ecology
provides a more detailed description of urban land use and land cover.
Moreover, the literature uses land use and land cover as the measure­
ment characteristics of urban ecology, and it mainly includes two
measurement methods: urban structure type analysis and habitat map­
ping (Oh et al., 2015). Taking the habitat mapping method as an
example, through the analysis of the species content and ecological
2
Technological Forecasting & Social Change 170 (2021) 120906
Fig. 1. Edge users and core users.
characteristics in various types of habitat units, the resource assessment
gradient is formulated. Literature (Haaland and van Den Bosch, 2015)
believed that these measurement methods could build "bridges" between
basic research disciplines (urban ecology\environmental science, etc.)
and practical research disciplines (urban and rural planning, landscape
architecture, etc.). Moreover, the countries that use the two measure­
ment methods to guide specific practices such as urban ecological pro­
tection, urban planning, and landscape planning are mainly in Europe.
In a densely built environment, due to the limited land resources
available for the development of blue-green spaces in cities (Finewood
et al., 2019) and because green spaces are often fragmented, scholars in
landscape ecology and related disciplines advocate the application of
landscape ecology principles in land use planning and blue-green space
planning and construction (Tiwari et al., 2014). The key is to optimize
the relationship or the degree of connection between patches and
corridor patterns in the matrix, such as improving connectivity by
analyzing the structure and function of patches (Hegazy et al., 2017). In
the implementation of network planning, connecting corridors (such as
greenways or rivers, etc.) connect core areas and patches in the urban
green space pattern to make them work together to reduce the impact of
landscape fragmentation and ensure maximum ecological integrity
(Ferrara, 2015). London, Amsterdam, Singapore, and China’s Beijing
and Shenzhen have applied the principle of networking to guide the
planning of local urban green space networking (Mensah, 2014). In a
densely built environment, meeting the goal of urban green space supply
is the result of multiple, dynamic, and complex interactions between
social, economic, and environmental factors. In the process of improving
the quality of urban life and urban green space, the introduction of
stakeholders and public participation is the key to the success of green
space planning (Chan, 2019). Literature (Chang et al., 2016) stated that
social processes are very important for bringing together a wide range of
change dynamics and specific pressures to play a role in the manage­
ment and use of urban green spaces. In the social process, the integration
of the public sector, professionals, academic and voluntary sectors is also
particularly important. This process often includes research and
knowledge transfer, professional practice, community participation, and
inclusive decision making. Literature (Simić and Mihajlov, 2016) stated
that the publicly accessible community garden in Berlin, Germany is
different from a closed community garden. By providing publicly
accessible space, the public garden promotes the interaction between
different communities, produces a self-renewable social and physical
structure, and strengthens boundary interaction to varying degrees. This
process of exchanging horticultural knowledge and understanding of
local ecological conditions across different communities can help restore
the deteriorating atmosphere of mutual assistance and cooperation in
communities, create diverse environmental learning conditions, and
promote local social entrepreneurship.
Y. Zhou et al. Technological Forecasting & Social Change 170 (2021) 120906

3. Judgment of dual connection performance

The dual-connected user will anchor the control plane data to the
macro base station and then select the micro base station for dual-
connection access. The dual connection uses the frequency band
where the micro base station works for user data transmission, and the
micro base station must be a base station in a microcell within the
coverage of the macro base station cell. Not all users can access dual
connectivity. The reason is that some users may be edge users, that is, far
away from the center of the macrocell, as shown in Fig. 1. These users
are on the edge of the microcell, or only in the macrocell, so the
microcell does not cover them. At this time, the edge user can only
transmit all data, including the control plane data and all user data,
through the macrocell and become a single-connection user. For users on
the edge of the microcell, although they can connect to the microcell,
their connection quality is very poor. Even if they connect to the micro
base station and become dual-connect users, they cannot fully obtain the
dual-connection technology gains. In contrast, due to poor connection
quality, a large number of microcell resources will be occupied, which
will affect the connection of core users and reduce the average
connection speed of the entire network (Matthews et al., 2017).
The gain calculation of the dual connection is very important. The
reason is that when the user has a dual connection, he needs to calculate
the gain brought by connecting to a subbase station for dual connection Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of "request-send" mechanism.
to determine whether to connect to the subbase station. In particular,
when a core user can connect to multiple subbase stations, it needs to dual-connection gain of users who can make dual connections is
select a microcell for connection. At this time, the calculation of the dual (Žuvela-Aloise et al., 2016):
connection gain is very important. The reason is that these users need to
argmax{Ri }
select a subbase station to connect and to determine the expected gain of CDC − CSC
(6)
i∈S
G= × 100% =
the user after connecting to a certain base station so as to determine the CSC argmax{Ri }
i∈M
secondary cell to be connected.
The gain of dual connectivity requires channel capacity prediction Here, when a user subjectively chooses whether to perform dual
for the macrocell and microcell. Through channel capacity prediction, connectivity, the calculation it performs is to divide the maximum gain
the transmission rate that can be obtained when the user is connected to that can be obtained in the accessible microcell by the gain of the
the cell can be obtained. We set (Viitanen and Kingston, 2014): macrocell. Generally, the user will only be located in one macrocell.
Even if signals from other macro base stations can be received under
em = argmax{Ri }em = argmax{Ri } (1) certain circumstances, the channel capacity after access will not be
i∈M i∈M
higher than that of the macrocell. Therefore, there is basically no case in
es = argmax{Ri }es = argmax{Ri } (2) which the microcell that can obtain the maximum gain by selecting the
i∈S i∈S
maximum channel capacity in the dual-connection gain calculation does
em = argmax{Ri }es = argmax{Ri } Among the variables, em is the not belong to the macrocell that can obtain the maximum gain. In most
i∈M i∈S
largest channel capacity among all macrocells that can make a cases, when a user performs dual-connection access, calculating the
connection, and es is the largest channel capacity among the microcells dual-connection gain is calculating the maximum gain of the microcell
that can make a connection. M is all the macrocells that can make a that can be connected to in the current macrocell.
connection, and S is all the microcells that can be connected to under the
macrocell. 4. Improvement of "request-send" mechanism
Ri is the channel capacity of cell i (including the macrocell and microcell). The calcu­
lation of channel capacity is based on Shannon’s formula (Kong et al., 2014). The data request in the dual connection still operates according to
the "request-send" mechanism, that is, the data sent by the base station
Ri = Bi log2 (1 + ri ) (3)
needs to request the buffer of the main base station by itself. The
Among the variables, Bi is the bandwidth that the cell can provide and ri is the signal-to- operation of the mechanism can be divided into two steps: request and
interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of cell i. send. Request is responsible for analysis and send is responsible for
The overall gain of dual connectivity is the sum of the gain of the improvement.
macrocell and the channel capacity of the microcell: The existing request mechanism is that the subbase station requests
data from the master base station. The requested data volume is based
CDC = em + es (4)
on the channel quality and transmission rate of the microcell, and the
If we need to obtain the gain of a dual-connection user under a dual requested period should be less than the delay of the X2 link between the
connection, we need to obtain its channel capacity under a single base stations. In general, the cell’s calculation period for the trans­
connection so that we can obtain the gain that can be obtained under a mission rate is much longer than the period for requesting data trans­
dual connection. The channel capacity under a single connection can be mission between base stations. In order to effectively determine the
expressed as: amount of data requested each time, a very important parameter is
introduced in the existing algorithm, namely, the target buffer time θ.
CSC = argmax{Ri } (5)
i∈M The target buffer time means that the cell will control the waiting time
for data to be sent to θ seconds, and the buffer size of the cell is the value
Because single-connection users can only connect to the macrocell,
obtained by multiplying θ by the current transmission rate. Previous
their channel capacity is the macrocell channel capacity. However, the
research shows that if the transmission rate fluctuates greatly, the user

3
Y. Zhou et al.
data received in the cell will change accordingly (Wachsmuth and
Angelo, 2018).
As shown in Fig. 2, when the transmission has just been established,
the buffer in the master base station will send data to the subbase sta­
tion. In the initial state, the buffer in the master base station does not
have much information about the transmission status of the subbase
station. Therefore, it only includes the channel quality status and the
load information reported by the subbase station last time. Therefore,
when the master base station sends data to the subbase station for the
first time, it is mainly based on the prediction of the sending rate of the
subbase station. The amount of data sent only needs to ensure that the
microcell managed by the subbase station has enough data transmission
for this user in a specific time interval, and the situation in which no data
can be transmitted will not occur. This event interval is the time interval
between the primary base station’s first data transmission, the second­
ary base station and the secondary base station’s first request for data
from the primary base station to reach the secondary base station, which
is represented as t + 2Δ in Fig. 2. The specific amount of requested data can be
expressed as:
⎧ [ ( H
)] ⎫
⎨ EH log2 det IMr + Γi,s HH ⋅ ⎪
⎪ ⎬
Ii,s = min 1 (7)
⎪
⎩ ⋅BS ⋅2Δ, Imax ⎪
⎭ control algorithm is executed, the amount of user data
Ns (t) + 1
Among the variables, Ii,s is the user data of user i sent by the master
base station to subbase station s, Mr is the number of transmitting an­
tennas, and Γi,s is the SINR of user i at subbase station S. In addition, Ns (t)
is the number of transmission users in the microcell managed by the
subbase station at time t, and time t is the time when the master base
station grasps the latest transmission information of the subbase station.
BS is the currently available bandwidth of the subbase station S, and Δ is
the delay of the X2 link. Among the variables, Imax is the maximum initial
transmission upper limit set. If the transmission is higher than this upper
limit, the data of the upper limit will be sent. The purpose of setting the
upper limit is to avoid the calculated amount of initial transmission data
being too large because the initial state of the subbase station is too
good, which causes the data transmission time to be too long. Because the
amount of data requested initially is the amount of data directly sent by the master base
station to the subbase station instead of the amount of data requested by the subbase station, it
is necessary to prevent the subbase station from causing excessive load due to a large amount
of data initially received. The simplified calculation method of the SINR is (Gould and
Lewis, 2018):
Ps
Γi,s = ∑
Mt ⋅gi,s
(8)
n ∈ SPn gi,n + N0
Among the variables, Ps is the transmission power of subbase station
S, gi,s is the path gain sent by subbase station s to user i, and N0 is the
additive background noise.
The above model is a simplified model. Because different users in the same cell have
different transmission environments and transmission qualities, the obtained transmission
resources in the cell are not the same. In this simplified model, it is considered that the
transmission resources obtained by the users are evenly allocated.
In the architecture that does not consider sequential transmission, when subbase station s
requests data from the master base station at time t, the data request information will arrive at
the master base station at time t + Δ. If it is assumed that the processing time of the master
base station for the data request information is very small, which can be ignored, the data sent
by the master base station to the subbase station will arrive at subbase station s at time t
+2Δ. At this time, the user data size Bi,s (t +2Δ) of user i in the buffer of subbase station s
is:
Bi,s (t + 2Δ) = Bi,s (t) + Pi,s (t) + Ri,s (t) − Si,s (t)⋅2Δ (9)
Among the variables, Bi,s (t) is the amount of data of the user in the
buffer of the secondary base station at time t, that is, the secondary base
station is reported to the primary base station. Regarding the amount of
data in the buffer i area when s sends a data request t, Pi,s (t) is the
amount of data requested by the subbase station from the master base
4
Technological Forecasting & Social Change 170 (2021) 120906
station but has not been received, and Ri,s (t) is the amount of data size
requested this time, which is determined by the flow control algorithm.
Si,s (t) is the transmission rate of user i in subbase station s at time t,
and Si,s (t)⋅2Δ represents the amount of data sent by the master base station during the
time between the request for master base station data and master base station data arriving at
the subbase station. It is worth noting that the frequency of traffic scheduling between base
stations is higher than the base station’s detection of user transmission rate. That is, Si,s (t) is
not necessarily the real transmission rate of user i in subbase station s at time t. To be precise,
it should be the last detected rate of user i at time t. The execution frequency of the flow
control algorithm between base stations is less than the X2 port delay between base stations.
The system will not have a high frequency for user transmission rate detection, which would
cause a great waste of system resources. In addition, the speed measurement results of the
users in the microcell managed by the subbase station need to be sent to the master base
station, so too frequent detection will also cause a certain pressure on port X2 . Therefore, in
this algorithm, the transmission rate at a certain moment is the most recently detected
transmission rate.
The target buffer time will determine the size of the buffer occupied by a single user in the
microcell. Since it is a fixed value and the transmission rate may change continuously with
channel conditions, the buffer size of a single user will also change accordingly. However,
what remains unchanged is that the execution of the flow control algorithm will keep its buffer
size at the target buffer time multiplied by the transmission rate. Therefore, after the flow
Bi,s (t +2Δ)
of buffered user i of
subbase station S is:
Bi,s (t + 2Δ) = Si,s (t)⋅θs (10)
We can obtain:
Bi,s (t + 2Δ) = Bi,s (t) + Pi,s (t) + Ri,s (t) − Si,s (t)⋅2Δ = Si,s (t)⋅θs (11)
That is:
Ri,s (t) = Si,s (t)⋅(θs + 2Δ) − Bi,s (t) + Pi,s (t) (12)
Among the variables, Si,s (t) is the user’s transmission rate, θs is the set
parameter, and Δ is the link delay. This is a hardware parameter and
generally does not change. Both Bi,s (t) and Pi,s (t) are known data.
Through these parameters and data, the amount of data Ri,s (t) requested
by the subbase station from the master base station can be obtained. In
some cases, if the amount of data Bi,s (t) requested last time is too large or
the transmission rate Si,s (t) is too low, the calculated and obtained Ri,s (t)
may be negative. To avoid this situation, Ri,s (t) can be further processed
as nonnegative data.
{ }
Ri,s (t) = max Si,s (t)⋅(θs + 2Δ) − Bi,s (t) + Pi,s (t), 0 (13)
In this way, it can be ensured that the buffer data size of user i in
subbase station s is maintained at a level that can be sent in a fixed time,
which is of great help to the subsequent traffic scheduling on the master
base station side.
In the previous algorithm, regardless of how much data the subbase station requests, the
master base station will send it as long as it can. However, in the improved algorithm, the flow
control algorithm does not directly send data of the requested size to the subbase station but
analyzes the requested data to determine whether the transmission speed will be faster in the
macrocell or the microcell. The specific implementation is to calculate how long the data
requested by the microcell will be transmitted. If the transmission event at the subbase station
is less than the transmission time at the master base station, the master base station will send
these data to the subbase station. However, if the estimated transmission time of the master
base station is less than the transmission time of the subbase station, it will be processed
separately. In order to reduce the computational complexity on the main base station side, the
algorithm converts the comparison of the transmission time into the buffer threshold of the
main base station. If we assume that subbase station S requests data from the master base
station at time t, the request from the subbase station arrives at the master base station at time
t + Δ, and the master base station sends the data to the subbase station. Then, this batch of
data will be transmitted within a time interval of θs + Δ. Among the variables, Δ is the delay
required for data to be sent to the subbase station through the port, and θs is the estimated
transmission time after the data arrive at the subbase station. If the transmission time of this
batch of data in the main base station is short, it means that the main base station transmits
more data at the same time. Then, its buffer judgment threshold is:
Y. Zhou et al. Technological Forecasting & Social Change 170 (2021) 120906

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the load between base stations.

THi,m = Si,m (t)⋅(θs + Δ) (14)

Among the variables, THi,m is the threshold value of the main base
station buffer judgment, and Si,m (t) is the transmission rate of the main
base station. After the master base station receives the request from the
subbase station when the amount of data requested by the subbase
station is sent in the macrocell, if the buffer is higher than the threshold,
it is considered that this batch of data is sent faster in the microcell, and
all the data requested by it will be sent to the microcell. However, if the
buffer of the master base station is lower than the threshold, it is
considered that the data of this user are currently transmitted in the
macrocell with better quality, and the data request of the micro base
station will be rejected.
As shown in Fig. 3, Ri,s (t) is the data requested by the subbase station from the master
base station. If it is placed in any base station for transmission, it will cause an unbalanced
transmission burden compared to another base station. We need to redistribute the requested
data according to the transmission rate of each base station to ensure that the load of the two
base stations is balanced after running the flow control algorithm. Furthermore, the data to be
sent in the two base stations, the data requested in history but have not yet arrived, and the
data requested this time can be divided into two according to the ratio of the transmission rate.
The specific calculation method is:
Bi,m (t) + Ri,s (t) − Hi,s (t) Bi,s (t) + Hi,s (t) + Pi,s (t)
= Δ+ (15)
Si,m (t) Si,s (t)
Among the variables, Hi,s (t) is the optimized data that should be sent
to the subbase stations, and Ri,s (t) is the data requested from the master
base station by the subbase station S obtained according to the previ­
ously analyzed algorithm. The left side of the equation is the time
required for the master base station to transmit the data in the buffer.
The right side of the equation is the time required for the subbase station
to transmit the data in the buffer plus the time required for the master
base station to send the data to the subbase station.
By organizing the equation, we can obtain:
Si,s (t) [ ] Si,m (t)Si,s (t)
Hi,s (t) = Bi,m (t) + Ri,s (t) − Δ Moreover, a large amount of traffic scheduling data will accumulate on
Si,m (t) + Si,s (t) Si,m (t) + Si,s (t)
−
Si,m (t) [
Bi,s (t) + Pi,s (t)
]
(16)
Si,m (t) + Si,s (t)
Based on the above analysis, the amount of requested data for traffic
scheduling, whether the master base station finally sends data, and the
amount of data finally sent can be calculated. In the calculation, a
critical parameter is the target buffer time. The determination of the
target buffer time has a great influence on the performance of the sys­
tem. The calculation method of the target buffer time θs is:
{ }
(ρ)
Δ + 40
θs ≅ min , 20 + 5log2 (17)
3 5
Fig. 4. Performance of edge users (a) and core users (b) under two flow control
algorithms (Kbps).
Among the variables, Δ is the delay of port X2 , ρ is the execution
period of the flow control algorithm, and the period should be less than
the delay of port X2 . The determination of the target buffer time is
related to the delay of the X2 port and the cycle of the flow control al­
gorithm. Overall, the larger the execution cycle of the flow control al­
gorithm is, the larger the target buffer time.
Obviously, the more frequent traffic scheduling is, the easier it will
achieve base station load balancing. However, excessively frequent
traffic scheduling between base stations will bring a great burden to the
buffer of the master base station and will also increase the load on port
X2 . Therefore, the cycle of the flow control algorithm should depend on
the delay of port X2 . If the delay is small, the cycle of the algorithm
should also be set relatively small to balance the load between base
stations more effectively. However, if the delay of port g is relatively
large, the frequency of flow control should be reduced accordingly. A
flow control frequency that is too high is meaningless when the delay of
port X2 is large. The reason is that multiple adjacent traffic schedules
will have the same effect because of the excessive delay of port X2 .
link X2 , which is not conducive to data transmission. The X2 port delay is
a very important parameter for the flow control of dual connections.
Excessive port delay causes the data on the subbase station on the master
base station side to not be updated in time, and the flow control pa­
rameters will not be accurate, which greatly reduce the performance of
the flow control algorithm. The g port delay is a very important
parameter for the flow control of dual connections. When the port delay
is too large, it will cause the data on the master base station side of the
subbase station to be unable to be updated in time and lead to inaccurate
flow control parameters, which greatly reduce the performance of the
flow control algorithm. Moreover, even in some cases, it will cause
performance degradation. However, the new flow control mechanism
can effectively reduce the impact of the delay of port X2 on system

5
Y. Zhou et al. Technological Forecasting & Social Change 170 (2021) 120906

Fig. 6. Transmission rate of edge users under the new architecture.

After the flow control buffer receives the master base station’s transmission rate Si,m (t)
and buffer load Bi,m (t) at time t, it will immediately calculate its current transmission time
Ti,m (t):

Bi,m (t)
Ti,m (t) = (18)
Fig. 5. Improved flow control architecture. Si,m (t)

Similarly, after the flow control buffer receives the transmission rate
performance. S(t)i,s and buffer load B(t)i,s of the subbase station at time t, it will
As shown in Fig. 4, when the delay of port X2 increases, the performance of edge users immediately calculate the current transmission time T(t)i,s of the sub­
under the original flow-control algorithm decays rapidly. The main reason is that edge users base station:
are dependent on the traffic scheduling between base stations. As the delay of port X2
continues to increase, the performance of the original flow control algorithm is greatly limited,
B(t)i,s
T(t) (19)
and a large amount of data to be sent cannot be allocated according to the real-time trans­ S(t)i,s + Δi,s
mission performance between base stations, which leads to performance degradation. More­
For each PDU in the flow control buffer, if
over, the user data transmission of the edge users will depend on the transmission of the
master base station, and a poor traffic scheduling mechanism will reduce the load balance SizePDU SizePDU
Ti,m (t) + > T(t) (20)
between the base stations, which is more unfavorable for the transmission of the edge users. Si,m (t) S(t)i,s i,s
However, the new algorithm considers the transmission performance of the master base
station. In addition, we have also optimized the amount of data requested and sent to ensure the PDU will be sent to the buffer of the master base station for trans­
that the data select the best transmission path. mission, and this PDU will be added to the transmission queue of the
To design a new flow control algorithm architecture, we must first buffer of the master base station. Then,
consider feasibility. Although the architecture design under the ideal
model has excellent performance, the feasibility is almost zero. There­ Ti,m (t) = Ti,m (t) +
SizePDU
(21)
fore, it is necessary to consider the difficulty of implementation while Si,m (t)
improving the architecture design. Based on the previous analysis, an
improved dual-connection flow control architecture is proposed. Its In this way, the data transmission waiting time of the current master
biggest feature is that the architecture also considers the transmission base station is updated. If
quality of the master base station instead of relying solely on the
microcell of the subbase station for transmission.
As shown in Fig. 5, the most obvious feature of the new architecture
is that an independent flow control buffer is set in the master base sta­
tion, which is separated from the buffer of the master base station. This
design draws on the flow control buffer design in the ideal architecture,
but the flow control buffer in the ideal architecture is set at the core
network, which is difficult to achieve in a nonindependent networking
architecture. Therefore, the improved flow control architecture places it
in the master base station to be responsible for flow control so that the
data that need to be scheduled will not interact with the data to be sent
in the master base station. It is worth noting that there is no delay in
sending data to the master base station buffered by the flow control area
because they are all in the master base station. However, the link used by
the flow control buffer to send data to the subbase station still uses port
X2 , which has a significant delay and will also have a great impact on the
"request-send" mechanism of flow control.
The data scheduling under the new architecture is based on the fastest path selection. That
is, the base station that can transmit the fastest for each PDU is selected for transmission
instead of transferring the allocated data packets. Under this mechanism, the subbase station
needs to periodically report its transmission status and buffer load to the master base station.
Only in this way can the master base station calculate the waiting time. The specific
implementation is as follows. Fig. 7. Average transmission rate of users under the new architecture.

6
Y. Zhou et al. Technological Forecasting & Social Change 170 (2021) 120906

the data can start transmission when it arrives at the subbase station.
However, if the previous data transmission time is greater than the port
delay, then the data need to wait after reaching the base station. At this
time, the data sent from the flow control buffer to the subbase station via
the X2 port and the data sent to the buffer by the subbase station can be
synchronized.
In this way, the optimal path can be selected for each data packet, the characteristics
brought by the congestion control algorithm of TCP can be satisfied as much as possible, and
sequential transmission can be realized.
As shown in Figs. 6 and 7, after adopting the new flow control ar­
chitecture, the transmission performance of edge users and the average
transmission performance of all users have been greatly improved. The
transmission performance of the UDP protocol is always better than the
transmission performance under the TCP protocol, and the introduction
of the new architecture enables the dual connection under the TCP
protocol to no longer reduce the user’s transmission rate. Whether it is
an edge user or a core user, through the dual connection under the new
architecture, TCP data transmission has a gain of 10%− 33%. When the
load in the cell becomes larger, the gain advantage of the dual connec­
tion over a single connection will gradually decrease. However,
compared with the TCP transmission under the original architecture,
after the load in the cell increases, it still maintains a certain trans­
mission quality and does not drop to almost zero.

5. Plans for intensive social development model

Fig. 8. Principal framework of ecological green space planning. (For inter­
pretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to
the web version of this article.)
Urban planning generally refers to the activities that the government
consciously manages and intervenes in the urban land development
process. The regulation and control of land use has always been a focus
SizePDU SizePDU
Ti,m (t) + < T(t) (22) of urban planning. Early planning work focused on land use issues has
Si,m (t) S(t)i,s i,s
been conducted in many countries and regions, and land use control was
conducted to promote public interests and promote economic develop­
the PDU will be sent to the buffer of the master base station for trans­ ment. The pioneers of early planning advocated "environmental ethics
mission, and this PDU will be added to the transmission queue of the and aesthetics as a background" to support planning practice. Land use
buffer of the subbase station. Then, planning also pays attention to environmental issues. Landscape pro­
{ } SizePDU tection is characterized by the protection of "ecological islands" and
T(t + Δ)max Ti,m (t), Δ (23) emphasizes the decoration and natural beauty of the landscape, thereby
S(t + Δ)i,s i,s
protecting the habitat and species. Under the background of integrating
This updates the data transmission waiting time of the subbase sta­ ecological, bionics, and low-impact development into the major prin­
tion. The calculation here means that if the time for sending all the ciples of green space planning, by comparing traditional green space
previous data in the subbase station buffer is less than the X2 port delay, planning methods, the author draws the principle framework (Fig. 8)

Fig. 9. Mapping process of ecosystem service value space.

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Y. Zhou et al. Technological Forecasting & Social Change 170 (2021) 120906

Fig. 10. Identification of the urban green space hub. Fig. 11. Identification of green space links.

and specifically proposes the core planning principles that should be

followed in the planning process.
In order to scientifically determine the ecological importance level of
green space to identify key green space areas, provide a basis for green
space planning, and further effectively manage land use and develop­
ment patterns, manage ecosystems, and protect biodiversity, we need to
use natural solutions to explore how to give full play to the maximum
ecosystem service potential of green space within the limited urban land
area. Furthermore, we need to analyze the current land cover pattern,
evaluate the ecosystem service supply potential spatially and perform
spatial mapping to provide intuitive and visualized technical support for
green space planning and ecosystem management decisions.
(1) On the basis of the prepared geographic information system data
set and the derived intensity matrix related to land use, natural themes,
and ecosystem service supply capacity, the ecosystem service value
score results are input. Through the use of geographic information sys­
tem spatial analysis modules to analyze and process data, the value maps
of various ecosystem service categories such as the nutrient supply,
material supply, flow adjustment, physical environment adjustment, Fig. 12. Identification of urban green space nodes.
biological environment adjustment, esthetic and spiritual, wisdom and
experience are output. (2) The value maps of each ecosystem service natural green space link element (Fig. 11). River corridors located in the
category are subjected to grid weighted overlay analysis to gather three buffer zone of ecosystem services need to be protected, and river cor­
ecosystem service themes of supply services, regulation and mainte­ ridors in the transition zone need to be maintained or new stepping
nance services, and cultural services. The value maps of each ecosystem stones need to connect large ecological land patches in the river corri­
service theme are output. (3) The theme value map of ecosystem services dor’s buffer zone. However, in the river corridors in areas with low
is superimposed and merged to obtain the overall value map of ecosystem service value-sensitive areas, due to the construction of
ecosystem services in the entire region (Fig. 9). The overall ecosystem concrete bank revetment, the rivers are being buried or covered, man-
service value map can accurately and intuitively display the ecosystem made destruction occurs, or the stream is polluted by garbage and do­
service value or supply potential of each region within the research mestic sewage, resulting in the decline of its ecosystem service functions;
scope. therefore, the restoration of river corridors is needed.
Through the evaluation of the value of the supply services, regulation The scale of green space nodes is relatively small, and they are not
and maintenance services, and cultural services of the ecosystem, the necessarily connected to the entire green space network or regional
value map of various services in the research area and the comprehen­ protection system. Moreover, it is a niche patch that is independent of
sive value map of ecosystem services are drawn. Based on ecosystem large natural areas and is mainly located in the transition zone and low-
service value zoning and existing patches, corridors, substrates, and sensitivity zone of ecosystem service value (Fig. 12). However, the niche
other landscape structural elements, one of the main green space patch also has certain ecological, economic, and social values, such as
structures in hilly cities, namely, the green space hub, is identified. The the protection of temporary wildlife habitats or shelters and the provi­
green space hub is a large natural area with high ecological value. sion of recreational space for residents. Therefore, it is of great signifi­
Therefore, the natural vegetation patches, corridors, and ecological land cance to the entire complex ecosystem.
matrix in the core area and the ecological land matrix in the buffer zone
constitute the hilly urban green space hub. This hub is mainly composed 6. Model effect analysis
of hills and mountains and is the main protection area in the future
(Fig. 10). Based on the construction of the above model, a simulation analysis
River corridors located in the ecosystem service value buffer zone, of the green city innovative development plan is conducted. This paper
transition zone, and low-sensitivity zone and the patches in the buffer takes the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as an example for analysis and
zone need to be incorporated into the green space network system as a uses ArcGIS analysis to identify the ecosystem service hotspots of the

8
Y. Zhou et al.
Fig. 13. Distribution of service hot spots in the regional ecosystem.
counties in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, as shown in Fig. 13.
Through the model constructed in this paper, the green city inno­
vation development plan in this area is assessed, the results obtained are
scored, the statistical score chart is drawn, and the method proposed in
this paper is evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1 and Fig. 14.
The above chart shows that the model constructed in this paper has a
certain effect on the green city innovative development plan and meets
the expected design requirements, so it can be applied in practice.
7. Conclusion
Along with urbanization activities in pursuit of scale and speed, the
natural environment has gradually been eroded by cities; and a series of
ecological and environmental problems have emerged, such as the
decrease in the number of green spaces, the decline in the quality of
ecological spaces, the weakening of production space functions, and the
decline in the quality of living spaces. Green spaces provide various
ecosystem services, such as maintaining and improving the urban
ecological environment, producing food and water, and providing rec­
reational places. Moreover, their ecological, economic, and social ben­
efits have been highlighted, and it has been considered the basic element
of a well-functioning and sustainable ecological city. In addition, an in-
depth understanding of green space can compensate for the lack of un­
derstanding of green space itself so that it can be given due attention and
9
Technological Forecasting & Social Change 170 (2021) 120906
reasonable planning. The control of space development through green
space planning has a broader scope than green space system planning.
Furthermore, green space planning studies urban ecological problems
from the overall planning of urban and rural areas and the whole range
and is a remedial measure for urban environmental problems. Based on
Internet of Things technology and 5 G technology, this paper combines
the environmental effects brought by economic growth to construct a
green city innovation and development planning model. Finally, this
paper verifies the performance of the model. The research results show
that the model constructed in this paper has certain effects.
Author statement
Yang Zhou, Zhen Tang and Abbas Mardani designed the research
framework and wrote the manuscript, Xiaoyan Qian was responsible for
proofreading and optimization of the results, Yang Zhou and Zhen Tang
were responsible for Data.
Supplementary materials
Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in
the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120906.
Y. Zhou et al. Technological Forecasting & Social Change 170 (2021) 120906

Table 1
Statistical table of the scores of planning results.
Soil formation and protection Biodiversity conservation Raw material production Food production Waste disposal Entertainment culture

1 66.46 85.39 71.83 79.35 69.16 75.48

2 63.54 83.56 71.21 70.17 78.56 76.07
3 61.11 88.47 61.04 64.88 79.74 65.39
4 74.46 70.03 67.06 73.92 87.43 74.21
5 76.02 75.34 70.00 58.16 65.67 66.88
6 65.61 84.50 73.65 55.33 81.12 76.55
7 85.83 78.71 77.81 79.95 79.97 70.83
8 76.78 83.87 63.73 72.97 79.71 59.98
9 78.54 78.37 61.77 64.98 68.58 59.14
10 77.37 82.37 77.84 75.93 67.13 62.23
11 63.61 87.58 63.11 75.62 87.14 73.44
12 74.17 77.38 76.55 63.32 73.19 73.39
13 61.85 76.38 68.47 54.48 86.46 60.05
14 65.85 75.37 75.43 61.60 85.06 63.20
15 61.64 73.21 73.32 78.49 66.37 79.89
16 63.51 88.72 71.82 55.58 80.91 65.49
17 78.47 87.72 67.55 54.72 79.14 67.49
18 82.27 78.16 62.76 68.68 77.87 63.12
19 64.76 65.28 66.54 56.19 86.51 69.40
20 61.20 65.27 64.33 56.39 73.43 68.97
21 74.41 76.50 68.66 57.85 70.60 78.97
22 62.57 81.98 62.74 60.24 79.46 74.19
23 83.83 90.57 68.25 78.27 78.13 67.01
24 81.21 77.04 64.92 82.88 64.85 59.02
25 77.76 72.63 63.98 68.66 81.48 75.69
26 82.37 78.83 78.96 77.45 80.97 75.78
27 65.11 65.41 70.62 75.42 68.15 74.04
28 64.79 84.71 73.20 49.43 73.23 59.38
29 80.75 67.20 74.05 59.45 86.46 71.62
30 81.23 87.38 67.54 76.66 83.17 69.80
31 70.80 67.12 70.77 78.41 78.29 59.43
32 74.71 67.41 65.21 61.87 80.32 79.32
33 75.24 81.49 74.80 59.97 87.25 66.06
34 75.92 88.89 72.35 62.98 72.11 79.47
35 85.33 84.93 67.83 83.99 83.38 75.26
36 68.37 68.52 64.95 76.72 74.83 63.69
37 79.19 72.82 73.77 58.54 70.45 69.52
38 68.24 69.18 70.70 55.88 77.03 73.35
39 59.62 74.94 70.73 51.28 65.93 64.14
40 59.36 86.25 65.36 49.24 71.01 72.51
41 65.34 75.79 67.24 60.40 68.15 76.68
42 59.74 75.53 69.60 68.56 76.86 73.30
43 80.48 72.33 61.19 75.19 75.92 79.00
44 80.27 82.35 69.55 68.57 74.83 74.37
45 81.22 86.57 62.72 69.43 74.71 69.46

Fig. 14. Statistical diagram of the planning results scores.

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Y. Zhou et al. Technological Forecasting & Social Change 170 (2021) 120906

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