Course Code: MCS-043 Course Title: Advanced Database Management Systems Assignment Number: MCA (IV) /043/assignment/2020-21

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Course Code : MCS-043

Course Title : Advanced Database Management Systems
Assignment Number : MCA(IV)/043/Assignment/2020-21
Q1. Consider a small institute in which students register through on-line mode for programmes run by the institute. A student
can be a full time or part time . A program can be offered through a normal mode ( face to face) or on-line. Every student
necessarily registers in at least one programme and at most two programmes. After completion of a program, students are issued
a certificate. Assuming suitable attributes, design an EER Diagram for the same.
a) Draw the EER (extended ER) diagram for the above problem showing all entities, attributes and relationship. Also identify
multi-valued and derived attributes.
Answer : -
Q1. b) Draw the appropriate tables and relationship among the tables for the above diagram and normalize the tables up to 3NF.
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These are just the sample of the answers/solution to some of the questions given in the assignments. Student should read and refer the official study material provided by
the university.
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Answer : -
Table Name : course
Field Name Data Type Constraint Description
course_code varchar(10) Primary Key Uniquely identify each Course/Subject in this table
course_name varchar(50) Name of the Subject
Table Name : professor
professor_id varchar(10) Primary Key Uniquely identify each Professor in this table
p_name varchar(50) Professor name
p_address varchar(100) Professor address
p_phone bigint Professor phone number
Table Name : teach
course_code varchar(10) Forign Key Course identification code
professor_id varchar(10) Forign Key Professor identification number
Table Name : programme
p_code varchar(10) Primary Key Uniquely identify each Programme in this table
programme_name varchar(10) Name of the programme
total_fees int Total fees require for the programme
Table Name : contents
p_code varchar(10) Forign Key Programme identification code
Table Name : class
c_code varchar(20) Primary Key Uniquely identify each Class in this table
c_date date Class date
start_time time Class starting time
end_time time Class ending time
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professor_id varchar(10) Forign Key Professor identification number
Table Name : online_class
c_code varchar(20) Foreign Key Class identification code
login_url varchar(100) Login URL of the class
login_code varchar(50) Login code of the class
Table Name : offline_class
c_code varchar(10) Foreign Key Class identification number
room_no varchar(10) Room number
Table Name : student
student_id varchar(10) Primary Key Uniquely identify each Student in this table
s_name varchar(50) Student name
s_address varchar(100) Student address
s_phone bigint Student phone number
Table Name : part_time
student_id varchar(10) Foreign Key Student identification number
total_no_of_classes int Number of classes attend by the student
Table Name : full_time
percentage_of_attendance int Percentage of attendance
Table Name : register
p_code varchar(10) Foreign Key Programme identification code
Table Name : attendance
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c_code varchar(20) Foreign Key Class identification code
Table Name : exam_schedule
course_code varchar(10) Foreign Key Course identification code
exam_date date Examination date
exam_time time Examination start time
duration int Exam duration in minutes
Table Name : result
course_code varchar(10) Foreign Key Course identification code
marks int Obtain marks
grade varchar(4) Obtain grade
Q1. c) Include generalization and aggregation features in the diagram, draw their tabular representations and UML class
diagram. Explain
Answer : -
Q1. d) Identify weak entity sets in the above diagram if any. Show how will you convert a weak entity set to a strong entity set?
What is the need of such task?
Answer : - An entity type should have a key attribute which uniquely identifies each entity in the entity set, but there exists some entity type for which key
attribute can’t be defined. These are called Weak Entity type.
The entity sets which do not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key are known as weak entity sets and the entity sets which have a primary key are
known as strong entity sets.
In the above diagram exam_schedule is the week entity.

exam_schedule(course_code, exam_date, exam_time, duration)
We can convert any weak entity set to a strong entity set by simply adding appropriates attributes.
exam_schedule(exam_code, course_code, exam_date, exam_time, duration)
Q1. e) Identify multi-valued dependency in the above diagram if any. Justify.
Answer : - No multi-value dependency present in the above diagram
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Q1. f) Create an XML schema for the grade card to be issued by the division having details: student id, programme code, course
id, grade, program delivery mode, assignments marks, TEE marks.
Answer : -
GradeCard.xsd
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
targetNamespace="http://www.questionsolves.com"
xmlns="http://www.questionsolves.com"
elementFormDefault="qualified">
<xs:element name="GradeCard">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="StudentId" type="xs:integer"/>
<xs:element name="ProgrammeCode" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="Course" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="CourseID" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="AssignmentMarks" type="xs:integer"/>
<xs:element name="TEEMarks" type="xs:integer"/>
<xs:element name="Grade" type="xs:string"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
</xs:schema>
Q2. What are XML databases? What are the benefits of using XML? What are its applications? Explain.
Answer : -
Q3. Define cursors, stored procedures and triggers and write SQL syntaxes for each. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of stored procedures? What are the main features of a cursor?
Answer : -
Cursor - A cursor is a temporary work area created in the system memory when a SQL statement is executed. A cursor contains information on a select
statement and the rows of data accessed by it.
This temporary work area is used to store the data retrieved from the database, and manipulate this data. A cursor can hold more than one row, but can process
only one row at a time. The set of rows the cursor holds is called the active set
Syntax :
CURSOR cursor_name IS select_statement;
cursor_name – A suitable name for the cursor.

select_statement – A select query which returns multiple rows
Example
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Copy data from "old_accounts" table to "new_accounts" table
Old Table - old_accounts (account_number, customer_id, branch_id, balance)

New Table - new_accounts (account_number, customer_id, balance)
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE copy_table AS

account_row old_accounts%ROWTYPE;
CURSOR account_cursor IS SELECT * FROM old_accounts;
BEGIN
OPEN account_cursor;
LOOP
FETCH account_cursor INTO account_row;
EXIT WHEN account_cursor%NOTFOUND;
INSER INTO new_accounts VALUES(account_row.account_number, account_row.customer_id, account_row.balance);
END LOOP;
CLOSE account_cursor;
COMMIT;
END;
/
Stored Procedures - A procedure is a module that performs one or more actions.
Syntax :
CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name

[(parameter_name [ IN | OUT | IN OUT ] type , parameter_name [ IN | OUT | IN OUT ] type , . . . . . )] { IS | AS }
BEGIN
< procedure_body >
END;
/
Example - Create a procedure to transfer amount from account A to account B.
account (account_number, customer_id, branch_id, balance)
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE amount_transfer

(debit_account IN NUMBER, credit_account IN NUMBER, amount IN NUMBER) AS
BEGIN
UPDATE account SET balance=balance-amount WHERE account_number=debit_account;
UPDATE account SET balance=balance+amount WHERE account_number=credit_account;
COMMIT;
END;
/
Triggers - Triggers are stored programs, which are automatically executed or fired when some events occur. Triggers are, in fact, written to be executed in
response to any of the following events:
• A database manipulation (DML) statement (DELETE, INSERT, or UPDATE).

• A database definition (DDL) statement (CREATE, ALTER, or DROP).
• A database operation (SERVERERROR, LOGON, LOGOFF, STARTUP, or SHUTDOWN).
Syntax :
CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name

{ BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF } { INSERT [OR] | UPDATE [OR] | DELETE } [ OF col_name ] ON table_name
[ FOR EACH ROW ]
WHEN(condition)
DECLARE
Declaration-statements
BEGIN
Executable-statements
EXCEPTION
Exception-handling-statements
END;
/
Example - Write a trigger for a bank which show the transaction details of an account when transaction is made from this account.
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account (account_number, customer_id, branch_id, balance)
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER transaction

AFTER UPDATE OF balance ON Account
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (NEW.balance > 0)
DECLARE
amount NUMBER(10,2);
BEGIN
IF :NEW.balance > :OLD.balance THEN
amount := :NEW.balance - :OLD.balance;
dbms_output.put_line('Amount Credit : ' || amount);
ELSE
amount := :OLD.balance - :NEW.balance;
dbms_output.put_line('Amount Debit : ' || amount);
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('Old Balance : ' || :OLD.balance);
dbms_output.put_line('New Balance : ' || :NEW.balance);
END;
/
Advantages of Stored Procedures
• Since procedures are compiled once and stored in executable form, whenever you call a procedure the response is quick.
• You can group all the required SQL statements in a procedure and execute them at once.
• Once you compile a stored procedure you can use it in any number of applications. If any changes are needed you can just change the procedures
without touching the application code.
• Access to the Oracle data can be restricted by allowing users to manipulate the data only through stored procedures that execute with their definer’s
privileges.
Disadvantages of Stored Procedures
• Testing of a logic which is encapsulated inside a stored procedure is very difficult. Any data errors in handling stored procedures are not generated until
runtime.
• An extra developer in the form of DBA is required to access the SQL and write a better stored procedure. This will automatically incur added cost.
• Complex stored procedures will not always port to upgraded versions of the same database. This is specially true in case of moving from one database
type(Oracle) to another database type(MS SQL Server).
Q4. Explain primary key, foreign key, super key and composite key with the help of an example for each key. Also write the
important features of each.
Answer :
Primary Key - A primary key is a column (or columns) in a table that uniquely identifies the rows in that table.
Table Name - Employee
Employee_id Employee_name Department_id
E-0001 Debabrata Panchadhyay D-001
E-0005 Amit Das D-002
E-0008 Sohini Das D-002
E-0010 Debarghya Chakraborty D-001
In the Employee table Employee_id is the primary key.
The value placed in primary key columns must be unique for each row : no duplicates can be tolerated. In addition, nulls are not allowed in primary key
columns.
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Foreign Key - Foreign keys are columns that point to primary key columns.
Table Name - Department
Department_id Department_name Total_employee
D-001 Website Devlopment 50
D-002 Software Devlopment 25
Employee_id is the primary key of the table Employee and Department_id is the primary key of the table Department but in Employee table Department_id is
the foreign key that points to the primary key in the Department table.
Super Key - A super key is a combination of all possible attribute which can uniquely identify the rows(tuples) in a table. This means that a superkey may have
some extra attribute which isn't necessary for uniquely identifying the rows in the table.
In the given Employee table we can have the following keys as the super key.
1. { Employee_id }
2. { Employee_id, Employee_name }
3. { Employee_id, Department_id }
4. { Employee_id, Employee_name, Department_id }
Composite Key - If any single attribute of a table is not capable of being the key i.e it cannot identify a row uniquely, then we combine two or more attributes
to form a key. This is known as a composite key.
Table Name - Result
Student_id Course_code Marks
MCA-00001 MCS-041 72
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MCA-00001 MCS-043 68
MCA-00002 MCS-041 75
MCA-00002 MCS-043 62
The Composite Key in Result table is { Student_id, Course_code }
Q5. What are the algorithms that can be used to implement JOIN operation? What is the criteria for selecting a particular join
algorithm? Explain Hash Join algorithm and perform its cost calculation
Answer : -
Q6. What is concurrency control? What is the need of applying concurrency control methods in database? Give an example.
Write the algorithm of timestamp based ordering protocol and explain through an example. What are the problems with this
algorithm and what are the proposed solutions for it?
Answer : -
Q7. How is recovery with concurrent transactions performed? Discuss.
Answer : -
Q8. State the differences between classification and clustering. Write an algorithm of K-Means clustering. Explain the algorithm
with the help of an example.
Answer : -
Q9. What are Semantic databases? Give the features of semantic databases. Discuss the process of searching the knowledge in
these databases.
Answer : - The semantic data model is a method of structuring data in order to represent it in a specific logical way. It is a conceptual data model that includes
semantic information that adds a basic meaning to the data and the relationships that lie between them. This approach to data modeling and data organization
allows for the easy development of application programs and also for the easy maintenance of data consistency when data is updated.
In this data model the data is organized in such a way that it can be interpreted meaningfully without human intervention.
How Does Semantic Data Work ?

Data is organized based on binary models of objects, usually in groups of three parts: two objects and their relationship. For example, if one wanted to represent
a cat sitting on a table, the data organization might look like this: CAT TABLE. The objects (cat and table) are interpreted with regard to their relationship
(sitting on). The data is organized linearly, telling the software that since CAT comes first in the line, it is the object that acts. In other words, the position of the
word tells the software that the cat is on the table and not that the table is sitting on the cat. Databases designed around this concept have greater applicability
and are more easily integrated into other databases.
Goals of Semantic Data

Semantic data systems are designed to represent the real world as accurately as possible within the data set. Data symbols are organized linearly and
hierarchically to give certain meanings like the one described above. By representing the real world within data sets, semantic data allow machines to interact
with worldly information without human interpretation.
Applications of Semantic Data

Semantic data is very promising for the enterprise world. Database Management Systems can be integrated with one another and compared. For example, since
a company's entire infrastructure is represented within the data model, the model can be compared to those of the company's vendors to identify areas of
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inconsistency and possible improvement. This would help streamline the relationship between company and vendors, making database sharing and integration
much simpler. Environments and systems can also be organized graphically within a database to give a more visually-based representation of that system or
environment. Recently, a semantic language called Gellish was developed as a formal language to represent data models. Gellish can be interpreted solely by
computers and needs no human interaction.
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Course Code: MCS-043 Course Title: Advanced Database Management Systems Assignment Number: MCA (IV) /043/assignment/2020-21

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Course Code : MCS-043

Assignment Number : MCA(IV)/043/Assignment/2020-21

Table Name : course

Field Name Data Type Constraint Description

course_name varchar(50) Name of the Subject

Table Name : professor

Field Name Data Type Constraint Description

p_name varchar(50) Professor name

p_address varchar(100) Professor address

p_phone bigint Professor phone number

Table Name : teach

Field Name Data Type Constraint Description

course_code varchar(10) Forign Key Course identification code

professor_id varchar(10) Forign Key Professor identification number

Table Name : programme

Field Name Data Type Constraint Description

programme_name varchar(10) Name of the programme

total_fees int Total fees require for the programme

Table Name : contents

Field Name Data Type Constraint Description

p_code varchar(10) Forign Key Programme identification code

course_code varchar(10) Forign Key Course identification code

Table Name : class

Field Name Data Type Constraint Description

c_date date Class date

start_time time Class starting time

end_time time Class ending time

course_code varchar(10) Forign Key Course identification code

professor_id varchar(10) Forign Key Professor identification number

Table Name : online_class

Field Name Data Type Constraint Description

c_code varchar(20) Foreign Key Class identification code

login_url varchar(100) Login URL of the class

login_code varchar(50) Login code of the class

Table Name : offline_class

Field Name Data Type Constraint Description

c_code varchar(10) Foreign Key Class identification number

room_no varchar(10) Room number

Table Name : student

Field Name Data Type Constraint Description

s_name varchar(50) Student name

s_address varchar(100) Student address

s_phone bigint Student phone number

Table Name : part_time

Field Name Data Type Constraint Description

student_id varchar(10) Foreign Key Student identification number

total_no_of_classes int Number of classes attend by the student

Table Name : full_time

Field Name Data Type Constraint Description

student_id varchar(10) Foreign Key Student identification number

percentage_of_attendance int Percentage of attendance

Table Name : register

Field Name Data Type Constraint Description

p_code varchar(10) Foreign Key Programme identification code

student_id varchar(10) Foreign Key Student identification number

Table Name : attendance

Field Name Data Type Constraint Description

c_code varchar(20) Foreign Key Class identification code

student_id varchar(10) Foreign Key Student identification number

Table Name : exam_schedule

Field Name Data Type Constraint Description