LCVA_CG VBG@CJRLRCG
CYRJCG MBVB_CUCPCG VCYDBG @BGECG ECGEERCG
_CYC CHCG @CG GTCHCG (GTB_D)
@dsusug Rgtum Hbhbgujd Vrcmtbm Mldgdm Mbpbrcwctcg @cscr Vranbsd (M@V).

@asbg Vbhodhodge ; Hujchhc` Jcsod, HMbp. Yp. Mah

TRLDCPD _AMHCJ

MBHBGP_DCG MBYBJCPCG _BVROLDM DG@AGBYDC

VALPBMMBY MBHBGMBY HCPC_CH
KR_RYCG MBVB_CUCPCG
V_AE_CH VBG@D@D@MCG V_ANBYD GB_Y
?6?6
 

LCVA_CG VBG@CJRLRCG
CYRJCG MBVB_CUCPCG VCYDBG @BGECG ECGEERCG
_CYC CHCG @CG GTCHCG (GTB_D)

3. Mags
agsbp @cscr
scr Pb
Pbard
C. @bndgdsd.
 Gybrd c`clcj suctu pbgeclchcg sbgsardm `cg bhasdagcl ycge td`cm 
hbgybg
hbgybgcgem
cgemcg
cg cmdoct
cmdoct `crd
`crd mbrusc
mbruscmcg
mcg kcr
kcrdge
dgecg
cg ycge
ycge obrsdn
obrsdnct
ct suokbm
suokbmtdn
tdn..
Mblujcg sbgsardm ycge `dgyctcmcg sbpbrtd pbecl, ldgu, gedlu, mbku, mbhbge,
ib
ibge
gemb
mbul
ul `cg sbtbru
sbtbrusgy
sgycc ycge
ycge `cpct
`cpct `dcgeec
`dcgeecp
p sbocec
sbocecdd ha`cld
ha`cldtcs
tcs gybrd
gybrd
(Huttcqdg, C, ?66:).

O. Mlcsd
lcsdnd
ndmc
mcsd
sd Gyb
Gybrd
rd
c. Gybrd ccm
mut

 Gybrd cmut c`clcj pbgeclchcg sbgsard `cg bhasdagcl td`cm 

hbgy
hbgygc
gcgem
gemcg
cg ycge
ycge hugi
hugiul
ul cmdoc
cmdoctt mb
mbru
rusc
scmcg
mcg kc
kcrd
rdgec
gecg
g ci
citu
tucl
cl ct
ctcu
cu
 patbgsdcl ctcu ycge `dechocrmcg sbocecd mbruscmcg (Dgtbrgctdagcl
Cssaidctdag nar tjb Ytu`y an Vcdg) = cwdtcg ycge tdoc-tdoc ctcu lchoct
`crd dgtbgsdtcs rdgecg jdgeec obrct `bgecg cmjdr ycge `cpct `dcgtdsdpcsd
ctcu `dprb`dmsd.

 o. Gybrd mragdm 

 Gybrd mragdm c`clcj pbgeclchcg sbgsardm `cg bhasdagcl td`cm 
hbgybgcgemcg
hbgybgcgemcg `bgecg mbruscmcg
mbruscmcg kcrdgecg
kcrdgecg citucl ctcu patbgsdcl
patbgsdcl ctcu
ycge `dechocrmcg sbocecd mbruscmcg (Dgtbrgctdagcl Cssaidctdag nar tjb
Ytu`y an Vcdg) = cwdtcg ycge tdoc-tdoc ctcu lchoct `crd dgtbgsdtcs rdgecg
jdgeec
jdgeec obrct,
obrct, tbrkc`
tbrkc`dd magstc
magstcg
g ctcu
ctcu obrulc
obrulcge
ge tcgpc
tcgpc cmjdr
cmjdr ycge
ycge `cpct
`cpct
`dcgtd
`dcgtdsd
sdpcs
pcsdd ctcu
ctcu `dprb`
`dprb`dms
dmsdd `cg obrlcg
obrlcgesu
esuge
ge lbodj
lbodj `crd
`crd tdec
tdec oulcg
oulcg
(Jbr`hcg, P, ?632).

3
 

I. Btdalaed
3. Cebg
Cebg ib
ib`b
`brc
rc ndsd
ndsdm 
m 
Vbgyboco gybrd mcrbgc trcuhc ndsdm 
?. Cebg
Cebg iib`
b`br
brcc odal
odalae
aedd

Vbgyboco gybrd mcrbgc mbruscmcg nugesd arecg ctcu kcrdgecg tuouj

9. Cebg
Cebg iib`b
b`brc
rc psd
psdmal
malae
aeds
ds..
Vbgyboco
Vbgyboco gybrd
gybrd ycge
ycge obrsdn
obrsdnct
ct psdmal
psdmalaed
aedm
m sbpbrt
sbpbrtdd mblcdg
mblcdgcg
cg arecgd
arecgdm,
m,
gburasdstrcuhctdm, smdzanrbgdc.
0. Cebg
Cebg ib
ib`b
`brc
rc mdhd
mdhdc.
c.
Vbgyboco gybrd mcrbgc ocjcg zct mdhdc.

@. Pcg`
Pcg`c
c@@cg
cg Ebkcl
bkclc
c
c. Gybrd
Gybrd Cmut
Cmut (Icrpbgd
(Icrpbgdta,
ta, ?63?)
?63?)
3. Hcyar;
Hcyar;Dg`
Dg`dvd
dvd`u
`u hbhpb
hbhpbrl
rldjct
djctmcg
mcg ctcu hblcpar
hblcparmcg
mcg mbtd`cm
mbtd`cmgych
gychcgc
cgcg
g
tbgtcge mucldtcs gybrd `cg dgtbgsdtcsgyc
?. Hdgar ;
c) Pb
Pbmc
mcgc
gcg
g `cr
`crcj
cj hbgd
hbgdge
gemc
mctt
 o) Gc`d hbgdgemct
i) Vb
Vbrg
rgcn
cncs
cscg
cg hbgd
hbgdge
gemc
mctt
`) @dcpjarbsds
b) Vupdl
pdl `dl
`dlctcsd

n) Vas
Vasds
dsdd obr
obrjc
jctd
td-j
-jct
ctdd
e) _cut
_cut wckc
wckcj
j mb
mbsc
scmd
mdtc
tcg
g
j) Hbgc
Hbgcge
geds
ds,, hbrd
hbrdgt
gtdj
dj
 o. Gybrd Mragds (Icrpbgdta, ?63?)
3. Hcyar ; Dg`dvd`u
Dg`dvd`u hblcparmc
hblcparmcg
g ocjwc gybrd tblcj
tblcj c`c lbodj `crd
`crd > oulcg.
?. Hdga
Hdgarr ;
c) Ecgee
Ecgeeuc
ucg
g juouge
juougecg
cg said
saidcl
cl `cg
`cg mbluc
mblucre
rec.
c.
 o) Vbmc rcgescgecg
i) Mbtd
Mbtd`c
`cmcm
mcmtd
tdnc
ncg
g ndsdm
ndsdm `cg
`cg dhaod
dhaodld
ldtc
tcss

?
 

`) @bprbsd
b) Hbgee
Hbgeeas
asam
am mb
mboc
oced
edcg
cg yc
ycge
ge gybrd
gybrd..
n) Cgsdbtcs
e) Pchpcm lug
luge
elcd

j) Obrn
Obrnamu
amuss pc
pc`c
`c `drd
`drd sb
sbg`
g`dr
drdd
d) Pbec
Pbecge
gecg
cg atat
atat rcgem
cgemcc
 k) Vrbamupcsd sahctdi
m) Cedtcsd
l) Mblbtdjcg
h) Vb
Vbgu
guru
rugc
gcg
g ldod
ldod`a
`a
g) Ebldscj

B. Vctandsd
ndsda
alae
laed
Hugi
Hugiul
ulgy
gycc gybr
gybrdd ob
obrm
rmcd
cdtc
tcg
g brct
brct `b
`bge
gecg
cg rb
rbsb
sbpt
ptar
ar `c
`cg
g c`
c`cg
cgyc
yc
rcgescgecg. _bsbptar gybrd tbrsbocr pc`c muldt `cg humasc `dhcgc rbsbptar 
gybrd hbhobrdmcg rbspag kdmc c`cgyc stdhulcsd ctcu rcgescgecg. Ytdhulcsd
tbrsbout `cpct obrupc zct mdhdc sbpbrtd jdstchdgb, orc`dmdgdg, prastcelcg`dg
`cg hcich-
hcich-hci
hcich
ch csch
csch ycge
ycge tbrlbp
tbrlbpcs
cs cpcodl
cpcodlcc tbr
tbr`cp
`cpct
ct mbrusc
mbruscmcg
mcg pc`c
pc`c
 kcrdgecg cmdoct mbmurcgecg amsdebg. Ytdhulcsd ycge lcdg `cpct obrupc tbrhcl,
ldstrdm, ctcu hbmcgds (Yhbltzbr & Ocrb, ?66?).
 Gybrd `cpct `drcscmcg kdmc rbsbptar gybrd tbrsbout hbgedg`umsd sbrcout

scrcn pbrdnbr cnbrbg ycdtu sbrcout C-`bltc `cg sbrcout I. Ybrcout C-`bltc
hbhdldmd hybldg, hbgedhpulsmcg gybrd `bgecg ibpct, sbgscsd ycge tckch,
 kblcs hblamcldscsd suhobr gybrd `cg hbg`btbmsd dgtbgsdtcs gybrd. Ybrcout I
td`cm hbhdldmd hybldg, obrumurcg scgect mbidl, hbgychpcdmcg dhpuls ycge
tbrlam
tbrlamcld
cldscs
scsdd ourum,
ourum, vdsibr
vdsibrcl
cl `cg tbr
tbrus-
us-hbg
hbgbru
bruss (Vattb
(Vattbrr & Vbrry,
Vbrry, ?662).
?662).
Mbtdmc sbrcout I `cg C-`bltc hbgychpcdmcg rcgescge `crd sbrcout scrcn 
 pbrdnbr hcmc cmcg hblbpcsmcg hb`dctar odamdhdc ycge cmtdn tbrjc`cp rbspag
gybrd, sbpbrtd ; mclduh `cg prastcelcg`dg ycge mblucr kdmc c`c kcrdgecg ycge
ruscm. Prcgshdsd stdhulus gybrd obrlcgkut `d sbpcgkcge sbrcout scrcn cnbrbg

9
 

schpcd obrcmjdr `d ocedcg margu `arsclds hb`ullc spdgclds. @d`clch margu

`ars
`arscl
clds
ds,, gb
gbur
urat
atrc
rcgs
gshd
hdtt
ttbr
br sb
sbpb
pbrt
rtdd suot
suotcg
cgsd
sd V `d
`dlb
lbpc
pcsm
smcg
cg sb
sbjd
jdge
geec
ec
hbgybo
hbgybocomc
comcg
g suctu
suctu trcgsh
trcgshdsd
dsd sdgcps
sdgcpsds
ds `crd
`crd scrcn
scrcn pbrdnb
pbrdnbrr mb scrcn
scrcn trcmtu
trcmtuss
spdgalctchus. Yblcgkutgyc dgnarhcsd `d schpcdmcg `bgecg ibpct mb pusct

tjclchus (Vattbr & Vbrry, ?662).

0
 

N. Vctjwcy

2
 

E. Vbgd
Vbgdlcd
lcdcg
cg _bsp
_bspag
ag Gybrd
Gybrd
3. Vb
Vbgd
gdlc
lcdc
dcg
g _bsp
_bspag
ag Gybr
Gybrdd AVS_
AVS_YP
YP

@bsmrdpsd Iagtaj Vbrtcgyccg

A Agsbt Pbgtumc
mcg
g mc
mcpcg tb
tbrkc`d mb
mbtd`cmg
mgy
ychc
chcgcg yc
ycg
ge hb
hbhouc
uctt p
pccsdbg
hbgicrd ocgtucg
V Vravaic
Vravaictd
tdag
ag Pcgycm
Pcgycmcg
cg cpc ycge
ycge hbhpbro
hbhpbroutu
utum
m gybrd ctcu
ctcu mbtd`c
mbtd`cmgyc
mgychcg
hcgcg.
cg.
Cpcmcj pasdsd1 Cpcmcj hbhpbrourum `bgecg hbgcrdm gcncs
`clch ctcu pclpcsd pc`c `c`c, cpcmcj gybrd hbgbtcp1
S Sucldty Pcgycmcg ocecdhcgc kbgds gybrdgyc1 Odcrmcg pcsdbg
hbgkblcsmcg `bgecg ocjcscgyc sbg`drd.
_  _c`dctdag Cpcmcj gybrd hbgkclcr mb ocedcg tuouj ycge lcdg1 @dhcgc1
Y Ybvb
Ybvbrd
rdty
ty Eugc
Eugcmc
mcgg pbrc
pbrcge
gemc
mctt pbgd
pbgdlc
lcdc
dcg
g smcl
smclcc gybr
gybrdd (sbs
(sbsuc
ucdd ugtu
ugtum
m pcsd
pcsdbg
bg))
ugtum
ugtum pbgeumuc
pbgeumucg
g mbpcrc
mbpcrcjcg
jcg gybrd
gybrd ycge magsds
magsdstbg
tbg.. Eug
Eugcmc
cmcg
g
smclc gybrd ycge schc ugtum hbgdlcd mbhocld mbpcrcjcg gybrd
`cg cpcmcj gybrd obrmurcge ctcu hbhourum 
P Pdhb Obrcpc lc
lchc gy
gybrd ob
obrmurcge1 @c
@cg cp
cpcmcj jd
jdlcge td
tdhoul ct
ctcu
tbrus hbgbrus

?. Vbgdlc
Vbgdlcdcg
dcg rbsp
rbspag
ag gybrd
gybrd hbgur
hbgurut
ut Yhblt
Yhbltzbr
zbr , Y.I
Y.I ocrb
ocrb O.E (?66?
(?66?))

>
 

Mbtbrcgecg ;

6 Pd`cm gybrd
3-9
3-9 Gybr
Gybrdd rdge
rdgecg
cg ; sb
sbic
icrc
rc ao
aokb
kbmt
mtdn
dn `c
`cpc
pctt ob
obrm
rmah
ahug
ugdm
dmcs
csdd `b
`bge
gecg
cg oc
ocdm 
dm 

0-> Gybr
brdd sb`cge ; sbi biccrc aokbmdn pcsdbg hbgybrdgecd cd,, `c
`cp
pct hbgugkummcg
lamcsd gybrd, `cpct hbg`bsmrdpsdmcggyc, hbgedmutd pbrdgtcj `bgecg ocdm 
5-4
5-4 Gybr
Gybrdd obrc
obrctt ; sbic
sbicrc
rc aok
aokbm
bmtd
tdnn mldb
mldbg
g tbrm
tbrmc`
c`cg
cge
e td`c
td`cm
m `cpc
`cpctt hbge
hbgedm
dmut
utdd pbrd
pbrdgt
gtcj
cj,,
tcpd hcsdj rbspag tbrjc`cp tdg`cmcg, `cpct hbgugkummcg lamcsd gybrd, td`cm 
`cpct hbg`bsmrdpsdmcggyc, td`cm `cpct `dctcsd `bgecg cldj pasdsd, gcncs
 pcgkcge `cg `dstrcmsd
36 Gybrd scgect obrct ; pcdbg su`cj td`cm hchpu lced obrmahugdmcsd,
hbhumul

9. Uageo
Uageocm
cmbr
br NCI
NCIBY
BY Vcdg
Vcdg _ct
_ctdg
dge
e Yicl
Yiclbb

5
 

J. Vbhb
Vbhbrdm
rdmscc
sccg
g Vbgug
Vbgugkc
kcge
ge
c. Vbhbrd
Vbhbrdmsc
msccg
cg RYE ugtum
ugtum `ctc
`ctc pbgugk
pbgugkcge
cge cpcodl
cpcodlcc c`c gybrd
gybrd tbmcg
tbmcg co`ahb
co`ahbg.
g.
 o. _agtebg ugtum hbgebtcjud tulcge ctcu arecg `clch ycge cogarhcl.
i. Vbhbrd
Vbhbrdmsc
msccg
cg lco sboce
sbocecd
cd `ctc
`ctc pbgugkcg
pbgugkcge
e pbhbrdm
pbhbrdmscc
sccg
g lcdggyc.
lcdggyc.
`. IP-Y
IP-Yic
icg
g (i
(id`
d`br
brcc mbpcl
mbpclc)
c) ug
ugtu
tum
m hbgeb
hbgebtc
tcjud
jud c`cgyc
c`cgyc pbhgu
pbhgulu
luj
j `c
`crc
rcj
j yc
ycge
ge
 pbicj `d atcm.
D. Mahpldmcsd
c. Ecgeeuc
Ecgeeucg
g palc
palc dst
dstdrc
drcjct
jct `cg td`ur 
td`ur 
 o. Ab`bhc Vulhagcl
i. Mbkcge
`. Hcsc
Hcsclc
lcj
j Haod
Haodld
ldsc
scsd
sd
b. Jdpbrtbgs
gsdd
n. Jdpbrtbrhd
K. Vbgctcl
tclcms
msc
cgcc
gccg
c. Vbgeaoctcg ncrhcmalaedm.

Vbgeaoctcg cgclebsdm `cpct `doced ctcs 0 ealagecg

3. Cgcleb
Cgclebsdm
sdm gag apdad`
apdad` ; CDGY, csbtchd
csbtchdgan
ganbg,
bg, trchc`al
trchc`al.. Jcgyc
Jcgyc `dobrdmc
`dobrdmcg
g
 odlc `d`uec c`c prasbs pbrc`cgecg `cg c`cgyc mahprbsd pc`c kcrdgecg
scrcn.
?. Cgcleb
Cgclebsdm
sdm ckuvcg-hb
ckuvcg-hb`dm
`dmcsd
csd gburacmtd
gburacmtdnn ; cgtdma
cgtdmagvu
gvulsc
lscg,
g, cgt
cgtdd `bprbsc
`bprbscg,
g,
cgtdjdstchdg, chnbtchdg, stbrad`, obgza`dczbpdg, sdhpctaldtdm, aoct cgtd
spcshb
spcshb atat
atat `cg gbural
gburalbpt
bptdmc
dmc.. Cgtdma
Cgtdmagvul
gvulscg
scg `cg cgtd`b
cgtd`bprb
prbscg
scg ycge
ycge
 pcldge sbrdge `deugcmg
` deugcmg mcrbgc hbhpugycd bnbm sbgtrcl `cg hbhpbrocdmd

:
 

haa` `cg `bprbsd. Icrochczbpdg tblcj `dzdgmcg albj N@C ugtum tbrcpd
gybrd.
9. Cgclebsdm
Cgclebsdm apdad`;
apdad`; ma`bdg,
ma`bdg, harndg
harndg,amsdm
,amsdma`ag
a`ag murcge
murcge rbspagsd
rbspagsdnn ugtum GG,
sbjdgeec mc`cge `doutujmcg `asds tdgeed.

0. Cgcl
Cgcleb
ebsd
sdm
m tapd
tapdmc
mcll ; Icps
Icpscd
cdid
idg
g ta
tapd
pdmc
mcll hb
hbgej
gejdl
dlcg
cgem
emcg
cg su
suos
ostc
tcgs
gsdd V,
hbhp
hbhpbg
bgec
ecru
rujd
jd gasds
gasdsbp
bpta
tarr sb
sbrc
rcout
out I `c
`cg
g rb
rbsb
sbpt
ptar
ar pc
pcgc
gcs.
s. Ocgy
Ocgycm 
cm 
`deugcmcg pc`c gburcledc jbrpbtdm cmut `cg gburcledc past jbrpbtdm.
o. Vbgeaoctcg gagncrhcmalaedm,rbjcodldtcsd hb`di
Obrtukucg ugtum hbrcgescge pbgeblucrcg bg`arndg `cg bgmbncldg ycge
hbrupcmcg pbrb`ch gybrd clchd ycge c`c `clch tuouj.
3. Ha`d
Ha`dnd
ndmc
mcsd
sd pbrdl
pbrdlcm
cmu
u ; rb
rblc
lcms
mscs
csd,
d, tb
tbrc
rcpd
pd hu
husd
sdm,
m, od
odan
anbb`
bb`oc
ocim
im `c
`cg
g lc
lcdg
dg
lcdg.Ha`ulcsd gybrd ; ha`cldtcs tbrhcl, Prcgsiutcgbus Blbitrdi Gbrvb
?. Ytdh
Ytdhul
ulct
ctda
dag
g (P
(PBG
BGY)
Y),, cm
cmupu
upuge
getu
tur.
r. Lc
Lctd
tdjcg
jcg mag`d
mag`dsd
sd at
atat
at ; pb
pbrb
rbec
ecgec
gecg,
g,
hyancsidcl rblbcsb, sprcy cg` strbij.
9. _bjco
_bjcodl
dldt
dtcs
csdd vamcs
vamcsda
dagc
gcll
Vc`c tcjcp dgd mcpcsdtcs mbrkc `cg sbhuc mbhchpucg pbg`brdtc ycge
hcsdj tbrsdsc `daptdhclmcg cecr pbg`brdtc `cpct mbhocld obmbrkc.
i. Vbgeaoctcg Dgvcsdn ; pc`c mcsus-mcsus dgtrcitcolb gburapctjdi pcdg hugemdg
`dpbrlumcg dgtbrvbgsd `dsdpldg dlhu lcdg sbpbrtd cgbstbsd, ob`cj scrcn.
?. Mags
Magsbp
bp Csuj
Csujcg
cg Mbpb
Mbpbrc
rcwc
wctc
tcg
g
c. Vbge
Vbgemc
mckd
kdcg
cg Mbpb
Mbpbrc
rcwc
wctc
tcg.
g.

3) Ytct
Ytctus
us mbsb
mbsbjc
jcttcg
c) Ytct
Ytctus
us mbs
mbsbj
bjct
ctcg
cg scc
scctt dgd.
dgd.
3. Clcs
Clcscg
cg hcsu
hcsum m ruh
ruhcj cj sc
scmd
mdtt
?. Ncmtamtar p
pbbgibtus.
9. Ncmtar
Ncmtar hbhp
hbhpbro brobrc
brctt gybrd
gybrd = mbtcm
mbtcmutc
utcg,
g, mblbl
mblblcjcg
cjcg..
0. Mblujcg ut utchc.
2. Pdho
Pdhoululgy
gycc mbl
mbluj
ujcgcg .
>. Vbhcjc
Vbhcjchcghcgccg
ccg pbgct
pbgctclc
clcmsc
mscgccg
gccg hcsclc
hcsclcj j mbsbj
mbsbjctc
ctcg
g.
5. Rpcy
Rpcycc ycge
ycge `dlcmu
`dlcmumcmcgg ugtum
ugtum hbge
hbgect
ctcs
csdg
dgyc
yc .
:. @dceg egaasc hb`di
`di
 o) Ytctus mbsbjctcg hcsc lclu

4
 

3. Vbgycmd
Vbgycmdtt ycge pbrgcj
pbrgcj `dclch
`dclchd.
d.
?. Vb
Vbrg
rgcj
cj `drc
`drcwcwctt .
9. Apbrcsd
0. _dwc
_dwcycyctt cl
clbr
bred
ed
2. Ytct
Ytctus
us dhug
dhugds dscs
csdd

>. Mbod
Mbodcs
csccg
ccg ao
aoct
ct ’ aoc
aoctc
tcg
g
o. Vbge
Vbgemc
mckd
kdcg
cg (@ct
(@ctc
c Nam
Namus
us))
Vbgemck
Vbge mckdcg
dcg gybrd
gybrd ycge
ycge cmurct
cmurct pbgtdg
pbgtdge
e ugtum
ugtum upcyc
upcyc pbgctcl
pbgctclcms
cmscgcc
cgccg
g
gybrd ycge bnbmtdn. Mcrbgc gybrd hbrupcmcg pbgeclchcg ycge suokbmtdn `cg
`drcscmcg sbicrc obrob`c pc`c hcsdge-hcsdge dg`dvd`u, hcmc pbrlu `dmckd
sbhuc ncmtar ycge hbhpbgecrujd gybrd, sbpbrtd ncmtar ndsdalaeds, psdmalaeds,
bhasdagcl, `cg sasdamulturcl. Vbgemckdcg `cpct `dlcmumcg `bgecg VS_YP ;
V (pravamdge) ctcu pbhdiu, ycdtu ncmtar ycge hbhdiu tdhoulgyc gybrd,
S (qucldty) ctcu mucldtcs `crd gybrd, cpcmcj tckch, tuhpul, ctcu tbrscyct,
_ (rbedag) ctcu `cbrcj, ycdtu `cbrcj pbrkclcgcg gybrd,
Y (sbvbrdty) c`clcj mbpcrcjcg ctcu dgtbgsdtcs gybrd,
P (tdhb) ctcu wcmtu c`clcj lchc/wcmtu sbrcgecg ctcu nrbmugsd gybrd
 ( Huocrcm & Ijcyctdg, ?66:)
i. _dwcyct gy
gybrd
Ycct hbgemckd rdwcyct gybrd, pbrcwct sbocdmgyc hbhobrd mldbg mbsbhpctcg
ugtum
ugt um hbgeug
hbgeugemcp
emcpmcg
mcg icrc
icrc pcg`cge
pcg`cge hbrbmc
hbrbmc tbr
tbrjc`c
jc`cp
p gybrd
gybrd `cg sdt
sdtucs
ucsdd
tbrsbo
tbrsbout
ut `bgecg
`bgecg mctc-mc
mctc-mctc
tc hbrbmc
hbrbmc sbg`dr
sbg`drd,
d, lcgemc
lcgemcjj dgd cmcg
cmcg hbhocg
hbhocgtutu
 pbrcwct hbhcjchd hcmgc gybrd oced mldbg `cg ocecdhcgc dc obrmapdge

tbrjc`
tbrjc`cp
cp sdt
sdtucs
ucsdd tbrsbo
tbrsbout.
ut. Ybicrc
Ybicrc uhuh
uhuh pbgemck
pbgemckdcg
dcg rd
rdwcyc
wcyctt uhuh
uhuh gybrd
gybrd
hbldputd ;
3. Lamcsd
Vbgemckdcg lamcsd hbgicgemup ? `dhbgsd ;
c) Pdgemc
Pdgemctt gybrd
gybrd,, gybrd
gybrd `clch
`clch ctcu
ctcu supbrn
supbrndid
didcl
cl
 o) Vasdsd ctcu lamcsd gybrd.
 Gybrd supbrndidcl odcscgyc `cpct sbicrc cmurct `dtugkummcg albj
mldbg, sb`cgemcg gybrd ycge tdhoul `crd ocedcg `clch (vdsibrcl)
lbodj `drcscmcg sbicrc uhuh. Gybrd `cpct pulc `dkblcsmcg hbgkc`d

bhpct mctbeard ycge obrjuougecg `bgecg lamcsd.

36
 

3. Gybr
Gybrdd tb
tbrl
rlamc
amcld
ldsd
sdr 
r 
 Gybrd `cpct tbrldjct pc`c crbc csclgyc.
?. Gybr
Gybrdd tbrpr
tbrpray
aybm
bmsd
sd
 Gybrd sbpcgkcge scrcn ctcu sbrcout scrcn spbsdndm 
spbsdndm 

9. Gybr
ybrd rrc`
c`ddcs
csdd
Vbgybocrcg gybrd sbpcgkcge crbc ycge td`cm `cpct `dlamcldsdr.
0. _bnn
_bnnbr
brb`
b` Vcdg
Vcdg (gy
(gybr
brdd cldj
cldj).
).
 Gybrd `dpbrsdcpmcg pc`c crbc ycge kcuj `cg crbc rcgescgecg
gybrd

Rgtum hbgbgtumcg lamcsd gybrd ycge spbsdndm, hdgtc mldbg ugtum 

hbgugkumcg crbc gybrdgyc.

i) Dgtbgs
Dgtbgsdtc
dtcss gybrd ; Vbgeeugc
Vbgeeugccg
cg smclc
smclc dgtbgsdt
dgtbgsdtcs
cs gybrd
gybrd c`clcj
c`clcj hbta`b
hbta`b
hu`cj `cg tbrpbricyc ugtum hbgbgtumcg dgtbgsdtcs gybrd mldbg.
Ymclc gybrd hbgurut Jcywcr` (3452)
6 ; td`cm gybrd
3 ’ 9 ; gybrd rdgecg
0 ’ > ; gybrd sb`cge
5 ’ 4 ; scgect gybrd, tcpd hcsdj odsc `dmagtral
36 ; scgect gybrd `cg td`cm odsc `dmagtral
`) Mucldtcs gyb
gybrrd

Hdgtc pcsdbg
Hdgtc pcsdbg ugtum
ugtum hbgkbl
hbgkblcsm
csmcg
cg gybrd
gybrd ycge
ycge `drcsc
`drcscmcg
mcg,, cpcmcj
cpcmcj
sbpbrtd `dpumul-pumul ctcu `dtusum-tusum, `cg sbocecdgyc
b) Valc gybrd
Valc gybrd hbldputd wcmtu, `urcsd, `cg mbmchoujcg ctcu dgtbrvcl
gybrd.
n) Ncmt
Ncmtar
ar prbs
prbsdp
dpddtc
tcssd
Pbrmc`
Pbrmc`cge
cge cmtdvd
cmtdvdtcs
tcs tbrtbg
tbrtbgtu
tu `cpct
`cpct hbhdiu
hbhdiu tdhoul
tdhoulgyc
gyc gybrd.
gybrd.
Ybpbrtd cmtdvdtcs ndsdm ycge obrct `cpct hbhdiu tdhoulgyc gybrd

33
 

`c`c. Yblcdg dtu, ldgemugecg, strbsar ndsdm, `cg bhasdagcl kuec

`cpct hbhdiu tdhoulgyc gybrd.
e) Ebkc
Ebkclc
lc yc
ycge
ge hbgy
hbgybr
brtc
tcdd
Ebkc
Ebkclc
lc dgd
dgd hbld
hbldpu
putd
td hucl
hucl,, hugt
hugtcj,
cj, pusdg
pusdge,
e, `c
`cg
g `d
`dcr
crb.
b. Ebkcl
Ebkclcc

tbrsbout `cpct `dsbocomcg albj cwdtcg gybrd ctcu gybrd dtu sbg`drd.
j) Vbgecru
Vbgecruj
j pc`c cmtdvd
cmtdvdtcs
tcs sbjcrd
sbjcrd-jc
-jcrd
rd
@bgecg hbgebtcjud sbkcuj hcgc gybrd hbhpbgecrujd cmtdvdtcs
mldbg cmcg hbhocgtu hbhcjchd pbrspbmtdn mldbg tbgtcge gybrd.
Obobrcpc cspbm mbjd`upcg ycge `dmckd tbrmcdt gybrd c`clcj td`ur,
gcnsu
gcnsu hcmcg,
hcmcg, magsbg
magsbgtrc
trcsd,
sd, pbmbrk
pbmbrkccg
ccg,, juougec
juougecg
g dgtbrp
dgtbrpbrs
brsagc
agcl,
l,
juougecg
juougecg pbrgdm
pbrgdmcjc
cjcg,
g, cmtdvd
cmtdvdtcs
tcs `d ruhcj,
ruhcj, cmtdvd
cmtdvdtcs
tcs `d wcmtu
wcmtu
sbgeecge, sbrtc stctus bhasdagcl.
d) Yuhobr mapdge
Ybtdcp dg`dvd`u hbhdldmd strstbed mapdge ycge obrob`c-ob`c `clch
hbge
hbgejc`
jc`cp
cpdd gy
gybr
brd.
d. Ytrc
Ytrctb
tbed
ed tb
tbrs
rsbo
bout
ut `c
`cpc
pctt `d
`dpbg
pbgec
ecru
rujd
jd al
albj
bj
 pbgeclchcg gybrd sbobluhgyc ctcu pbgecruj cechc ctcu ou`cyc.
 k) _bspags cnbmtdn
_bspags cnbmtdn mldbg tbrjc`cp gybrd obrvcrdcsd, obrecgtuge pc`c
sdt
sdtucs
ucsd,`
d,`brc
brckct
kct `cg `urcsd
`urcsd gybrd,
gybrd, dgt
dgtbrp
brprbt
rbtcsd
csd tbgtcg
tbgtcge
e gybrd,
gybrd, `cg
 ocgycm ncmtar lcdggyc. Vbrlu `dmckd c`cgyc cgsdbtcs, tcmut, lblcj,
`bprbsd, ctcu pbrcsccg ececl pc`c `drd mldbg (Huocrcm & Ijcyctdg,

?66:)
`. Aosb
Aosbrvc
rvcsd
sd rbspa
rbspags
gs prdl
prdlcmu
cmu `cg
`cg ndsda
ndsdalae
laeds
ds
Ocgycm rbspag gagvbrocl ycge odsc `dkc`dmcg dg`dmctar gybrd. Yclcj sctu
ycge pcldge utchc c`clcj bmsprbsd wckcj. Vbrdlcmu sbpbrtd hbgutup hctc
rcpct-
rcpct-rcp
rcpct
ct ctcu
ctcu hbhoumc
hbhoumcgyc
gyc lbocr-
lbocr-lbo
lbocr,
cr, hbgeed
hbgeededt
edt ododr
ododr ocwcj,
ocwcj, `cg
sbrdgecd
sbrdgecd wckcj `cpct hbgedg`dmcs
hbgedg`dmcsdmcg
dmcg gybrd.
gybrd. Yblcdg
Yblcdg bmsprbsd
bmsprbsd wckcj rbspags
gybrd `cpct obrupc vamcldscsd
vamcldscsd (hbgebrcge,
(hbgebrcge, hbgcgeds,
hbgcgeds, obrtbrdcm)
obrtbrdcm),, haodldscsd
haodldscsd
 ocedcg tuouj ycge hbgeclchd gybrd, ebrcmcg tuouj tcgpc tukucg
(hbgbg`cge-gbg`cge, hbhoalcm-ocldmcg tuouj `d mcsur), `ll.

3?
 

Yb`cgemcg rbspag ndsdalaeds ugtum gybrd obrvcrdcsd, obrecgtuge pc`c suhobr 

`cg `urcsd gybrd. Vc`c cwcl gybrd cmut, rbspags ndsdalaeds `cpct hbldputd
 pbgdgemctcg tbmcgcg `crcj, gc`d `cg pbrgcncscg, `dcpjarbsds sbrtc `dlctcsd
 pupdl cmdoct tbrstdhulcsdgyc sdstbh scrcn sdhpctds. Kdmc gybrd obrlcgesuge

lchc `cg scrcn sdhpctds tblcj obrc`cprcsd, rbspag ndsdalaeds tbrsbout hugemdg
cmcg obrmurcge ctcu hugemdg td`cm c`c (Huocrcm & Ijcyctdg, ?66:)

b. @dce
@dcega
gasc
sc Mbpb
Mbpbrc
rcwc
wctc
tcg
g
3) Gybrd
Gybrd cmut
cmut obrjuou
obrjuougecg
gecg `bgecg
`bgecg cebg
cebg ib`brc
ib`brc ndsdm
ndsdm ctcu
ctcu trcuh
trcuhc.
c.
?) Ibhcs
Ibhcs obrju
obrjuouge
ougecg
cg `bgecg
`bgecg pbruo
pbruocjcg
cjcg stct
stctus
us mbsbj
mbsbjctc
ctcg
g

n. Vbrb
Vbrbgi
gicg
cgcc
ccgg Mbpb
Mbpbrc
rcwc
wctc
tcg
g
Lcgemcj-lcgemcj `clch prasbs mbpbrcwctcg hbhoutujmcg pbrcwct ugtum 

hbgeuhpulmcg dgnarhcsd `crd obrocecd suhobr.

3. Puku
Pukucg
cg `cg
`cg mrd
mrdtb
tbrd
rdcc jcsd
jcsdll
Mbtdmc
Mbt dmc hbgcgec
hbgcgecgd gd gybrd,
gybrd, tukucg
tukucg pbrcwc
pbrcwctt jcrus
jcrus `cpct
`cpct hbgdge
hbgdgemct
mctmcg
mcg
nugesd/pbrcg mldbg sbicrc aptdhcl, mrdtbrdc jcsdl ycge `d`cpctmcg ugtum 
tukucg tbrsbout;
c) Hblcpar
Hblcparmcg
mcg ocjwc
ocjwc gybrd
gybrd obrc
obrc`c
`c `d smclc
smclc 9 ctcu
ctcu murcge
murcge pc`c
pc`c smclc
smclc 6
schpcd 36
 o) Hbged`bgtdndmcsd ncmtar-ncmtar ycge hbgdgemctmcg rcsc gybrd
i) Hblcmum
Hblcmumcgcg tdg`c
tdg`cmcg
mcg ugtum
ugtum hbgeu
hbgeurcg
rcged
ed gybrd
gybrd sbic
sbicrc
rc uhuh
uhuh
`) Pdgemct
Pdgemct mbtd`
mbtd`cmgy
cmgychc
chcgcg
gcg cmcg
cmcg hbgecgee
hbgecgeeu u cmtdvdt
cmtdvdtcs
cs jcrdcg
jcrdcg..
?. Hbgbg
Hbgbgtu tumcg
mcg prda
prdard
rdtc
tcs.
s.

Mbtdmc hbgbgtumcg prdardtcs pc`c hcgckbhbg gybrd, pbrtdhocgecg kbgds

gybrd ycge `dclchd mldbg `cg bnbm gybrd tbrjc`cp obrocecd nugesd tuouj.
@chpdge mldbg hbhdldj dgtbrvbgsd tbrjc`cp sdnct `cg bnbm gybrd.
9. Vbrcw
Vbrcwct
ctcg
cg ma
malclcoa
oarc
rctd
tdn 
n 
Vbrbgic
Vbrbgicgcc
gccg
g ycge hbgybl
hbgybluruuruj
j hbg
hbgicg
icgemup
emup obrocec
obrocecdd suhobr
suhobr ugtum 
ugtum 
hbgeagtral gybrd. Yuhobr-suhobr tbrsbout pbrcwct spbsdclds, `amtbr cjld
ncrhcmalaed
ncrhc malaed,, tbrcpd
tbrcpd ndsdm,
ndsdm, tbrcpd
tbrcpd amupcsdagcl
amupcsdagcl,, `cg pbgcsbjct
pbgcsbjct spdrdrtuc
spdrdrtucll
(Vattbr & Vbrry, ?636)

Ga. Gchc Pukucg /GAI Dgtbrvbgsd / GDI

@x @dcegasc
3 Gybrd cmut Ybtblcj `
`ddlcmumcg td
tdg`cmcg Vcdg Hcgcebhbgt

39
 

 obrjuougecg mbpbrcwctcg sblchc c.

Mckd tdgemct gybr brdd,hbldputd ;
`bgecg cebg ...
......
....x?0
.x?0 kch,
kch, `djcrc
`djcrcpcmc
pcmcg g
lamcsd,mcrcmtbrdstdm,`cg
ib`brc
ib`brc ndsdm 
ndsdm  gybr
gybrdd ob obrm
rmur
urcg
cgee `b `bge
gecg
cg
agsbt,`urcsd,nrbmubgsd,mucldtcs,
ctcu trcuhc mrdtbrdc; dgtbgsdtc
dgtbgsdtcs/obr
s/obrctgyc
ctgyc gybrd, ncmtar-ncmtar-
Magtral Gybrd  ncmtar prbsdpdtcsd
c. Hbgebgcl ncmtar    o.
Magtral ncmtar-ncmtar ldgemugecg
 pbgyboco ycge `cpct hbhpbgecrujd rbspag
 o. Hbgebgcl rbcmsd
 pcsdbg tbrjc`cp
sbrcgecg gybrd mbtd`cmgychcgcg
i. HbgeHbgebgbgcl
cldd ebk
ebkcl
clcc gybr
gybrdd i.
Obrdmc
Obrdmcg g ddgna
gnarhc
rhcsdsd tbgtcg
tbgtcge e gybr
gybrdd
`. Hblcparmcg Ck gybrd `.
Ckcr
crmcg
mcg tb
tbmgd
mgdmm rblc
rblcmsmscs
csdd
tbrmagtral Pd
Pdge
gemc
mctm b.
tmcg
cg tdtd`u
`ur/r/ds
dstd
tdrc
rcjc
jctt yc ycge
ge
Pdgemct Gybrd iumup
c. Nrbm bmuubgsd gybybrrd Pur
urug
ugmcmcg n.
g `cg
`cg jd jdllcgem
cgemcg cg ncmt
cmtar 
 o. Bmsprbsd cmdoct gybrd ycge `cpct hbgdgemctmcg gybrd
Lcmu
mum e.
mcg tbmgdm vcrdcsd ugtum 
hbgeurcged gybrd
Cgclebtdm C`hdgdstrctdag
c. Pbgt
Pbgtumumcg
cg la lamc
mcsd
sd,, mcrc
mcrcmtmtbr
brddst
stdm
dm,,
mucldtcs, `cg `brckct gybrd
sbobluh pbhobrdcg aoct
 o. Hagdtar vdtcl sdeg sbobluh `cg
sbsu`cj pbhobrdcg cgclebtdm 
i. Obrdmcg cgclebtdm ycge tbpct
sbsucd `bgecg rbsbp
`. Ic
Ictc
tctt rbcms
bcmsdd cg
cgcl
clebebtd
tdm
m `cg`cg bn bnbm 
bm 
 ourum ycge `dtdhoulmcg
b. Ibm
Ibm dgs
dgstr
trum
umsd
sd `amt
`amtbr br tbgt
tbgtcgcgee kbgds
kbgds
aoct,`asds,`cg nrbmubgsd
? Ibhcs Ybtblcj
Ybtblcj `dlcmumcg
`dlcmumcg tdg`cmcg
tdg`cmcg Vbgurugcg Mbibhcscg
 obrjuougecg mbpbrcwctcg sblchc .....x?0 c. Pbg bgcg
cgem
emcg
cg ml
mldbg
`bgecg  kch `djcrcpcmcg mbibhcscg  o. Obruscjc hbhcjchd mbc`ccg
 pbruocjcg hbgurug ctcu pcsdbg `cpct mldbg
stctus tbgcge `bgecg mrdtbrdc ; i. Obrdmc
mcg
g dgn gna
arhcsd tbgtcg cge
e
mbsbjctcg Iagtral Ibhcs `dceg
egaasc,prae aeg
gasds `cg
c. Hbgydgemdrmcg tcg`c tdg`cmcg
mbibhcsccg `. Mc
Mckkd tdg
dgem
emct ct mbib
mbibhchcsc
scg
g `cg
`cg
 o. Hbgurugmcg stdhulcsd rbcms
bcmsdd ndndssdm pc`c
pc`c tdg
dgem
emct
ct
ldgemugecg mbtdmc mbibhcscg
ibhcs b. Eugc
Eugcmcmcg
g pb pbg`
g`bm
bmct
ctcg
cg `bgec
`bgecgg
i. Hbgeeugcmcg tbmgdm  sbgtujcg (pbrhdsd) vbrocldscsd
rblcmscsd ugtum   n. Pbhcgd mldbg ugtum  
hbgurugmcg ibhcs hbg`u
hb g`umu
mugege mbchc
mbchcgcg
gcg `cg
`. Hblc
Hblcpa
parm
rmcg
cg pb
pbgu
guru
rugc
gcg
g hbgurugmcg rcsc tcmut

30
 

mboutujcg td`ur c`bmuct e. Dgstrumsdmcg pcsdbg ug ugttum 

b. Pd`cm c`c hcgdnbstcsd hbgeeugcmcg tbmgdm  
 pbrdlcmu mbibhcscg rblcmscsd
Mapdge j. Obrdmcmcg
g pbgeao aocctcg ugugttum 
c. Hbhcgckbhbg hbgur
hb gurugm
ugmcg
cg ib ibhc
hcss `b
`bgec
gecgg
hcsclcj icrc ycge tbpct
 o. Hbgebmsprbsdmcg Vbgdgemctcg Mapdge
 pbrsccg `cg c. Jcrecd pbhcjchcg pcsdbg
mbobocscg bhasdgcl tbgtcge prasbs pbgycmdt
i. Hbhbldjcrc  o. Eugcmcg pbg`bmctcg ycge
mbstcodlcg ndgcgidcl tbgcge `cg hbhobrdmcg kchdgcg
`. Hbgeeugcmcg supart i. Yb`dcmcg dgnarhcsd citucl
sasdcl tb
tbgt
gtcg
cge
e `d
`dce
cegas
gasc,p
c,pbg
bgcg
cgecg
ecgcgcg
`cg praegasds
`. @umug uge
e mbtbrldoc octtcg mblucrec
`bgecg icrc ycge tbpct
b. Ocgtu pcsdbg ugtum  
hbged`bgtd
hbged `bgtdndmcs
ndmcsdd strctbed
strctbed pasdtdn 
pasdtdn 
ugtum
ugtum hbgect
hbgectcsd
csd mbtbro
mbtbroctc
ctcscg
scg
`cg hbgeblalc ecyc jd`up ctcu
 pbruocjcg pbrcg

e. Dhpl
Dhplbh
bhbg
bgtc
tcsd
sd Mbp
Mbpbr
brcw
cwct
ctcg
cg
Pbrcpd gybrd hbhoutujmcg pbg`bmctcg sbicrc pbrsagcl, hugemdg lbodj pc`c
 pbgcgecgcg hcsclcj mldbgycge lcdg. Vbrcwct, mldbg, `cg mblucrec hbrupcmcg
hdtrc mbrkc schc `clch hblcmumcg tdg`cmcg ugtum hbgectcsd gybrd (Vattbr &
Vbrry, ?636).
Dhpb
Dhpblb
lbhb
hbgt
gtcs
csdd c`
c`cl
clcj
cj pblcm
pblcmsc
scgc
gccg
cg `c
`crd
rd rb
rbgi
gicgc
cgc mbmbpbr
pbrcw
cwct
ctcg
cg ugugtu
tum 
m 
hbgicpcd tukucg ycge spbsdndm. Pcjcp dhplbhbgtcsd `dhulcd
`dhulcd sbtblcj rbgicgc
mbpbrcwctcg `dsusug `cg `dtukummcg ugtum hbhocgtu mldbg hbgicpcd tukucg
ycge `djcrcpmcg. Pukucg `crd dhpblbhgtcsd c`clcj hbhocgtu mldbg `clch
hbgicp
hbg icpcd
cd tukucg
tukucg ycge
ycge tblcj
tblcj `dtbtc
`dtbtcpmcg
pmcg ycge
ycge hbgicg
hbgicgemup
emup pbgdge
pbgdgemct
mctcg
cg
mbsbjctcg,
mbsbjctcg, pbgibecjcg
pbgibecjcg pbgycmdt,
pbgycmdt, pbhuldjcg
pbhuldjcg mbsbjctcg
mbsbjctcg `cg hbhncsdld
hbhncsdldtcsd
tcsd
mapdge. Vbrbgicgccg mbpbrcwctcg `cpct `dlcmscgcmcg `bgecg ocdm kdmc mldbg
hbhpu
bhpugy
gycd
cd mbdg
mbdged
edgc
gcg
g ugtu
ugtum
m obrp
obrpcr
crttdsd
sdpc
pcsd
sd `cl
`clch dhpl
dhplbh
bhbg
bgtc
tcssd
mbpbrcwctcg.

j. Bvclucsd .
Bvcl
Bvcluc
ucsd
sd gygybr
brdd hbru
hbrupc
pcmc
mcg
g sc
sclc
lcj
j sc
sctu
tu tc
tcge
geeu
euge
ge kc
kcwc
wco
o pb
pbrc
rcwc
wcty
tycg
cge
e

hbhout
hbhoutujm
ujmcg
cg icrc
icrc obrnd
obrndmdr
mdr mrdtd
mrdtdss ycge bnbmtd
bnbmtdn.
n. _bspag
_bspag pbrdlc
pbrdlcmu
mu mldbg
mldbg

32
 

tbrj
tbrjjc
jc`c
`cp
p dgtb
dgtbrv
rvbg
bgsd
sd pbpbgc
gcge
gecg
cgcg
cg gybr
gybrdd td
td`c
`cm
m sbsblc
lclu
lu tc
tchp
hpcm
cm kbkblc
lcs.
s.
Hbgebv
Hbg ebvclu
clucsd
csd mbbnbmt
mbbnbmtdnc
dncg
g dgtbrv
dgtbrvbgs
bgsdd gybrd
gybrd hbhout
hbhoutujmc
ujmcg g pbrcwc
pbrcwctt ugtum 
ugtum 
hbgebvclucsd mldbg sbsu`cj pbrda`b wcmtu tbrtbgtu ycge
y cge tbpct.

@cntcr Vustcmc

3>
 

Icrpbgdta, Lyg`c Kucll. ?63?. Oumu

?63?. Oumu Ycmu @dcegasds Mbpbrcwctcg B`dsd 39.
39. Kcmcrtc;
BEI.

Jbr`
Jbr`hc
hcg
g P, &. M. ?632.
?632.  @dcegasds Mbpbrcwctcg @bndgdsd & Mlcsdndmcsd . Kcmcrtc;
BEI

Ju`c, C & Musuhc, J. ?632. Cpldmcsd Csujcg Mbpbrcwctcg Obr`cscrmcg @dcegasds

 GCG@C GDI-GAI. Taeycmcrtc ; Hb`dCitdag.

Lctdndg, M & Tu`jc Musuhc, Y. ?630. Vcg`ucg

?630.  Vcg`ucg @cscr Mldgdm Mbpbrcwctcg. Hclcge ;
Euguge Ychu`rc.

hb`.ugjcs.ci.d`/mb`amtbrcg/bg/wp-iagtbgt/.../64/Ocjcg-Ckcr-0-Q-Vrdgsdp-Gybrd.p`n.
`dcmsbs pc`c ?6 Hcrbt 363:.

Huttcqdg, C. ?66:. Oumu
?66:. Oumu Ckcr Csujcg Mbpbrcwctcg Mldg `bgecg Ecgeeucg Ydstbh
 Vbrscrcncg. Kcmcrtc ; Yclbhoc Hb`dmc.

Va
Vatt
ttbr
br,, V.
V.C,
C, Vb
Vbrr
rry,
y, C.
C.E.
E. ?6
?662.
62.  Oumu Ckcr Nug`chbgtcl Mbpbrcwctcg ; Magsbp,
 Vrasbs, `cg Vrcmtdm.B`dsd 0.^aluhb ?.  ?.  Cldj Ocjcsc ; _bgctc
Mahclcscrd,`mm.Kcmcrtc; BEI.

Huoc
Huocrc
rcm
m & Ijcy
Ijcyct
ctdg
dg,, (?66
(?66:)
:),,  Oumu Ckcr Mboutujcg @cscr Hcgusdc Pbard `cg
 Cpldmcsd @clch Vrcmtdm, Kcmcrtc ; Vbgbrodt Oumu Mb`amtbrcg BEI.

35