Science Reviewer

I. Branches of Science

A. The Life Sciences (Biology)

1. Botany: The study of plants.
2. Zoology: The science that covers animals and animal life.
3. Genetics: The study of heredity.
4. Medicine: The science of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness, disease,
and injury.
5. Anatomy : study of human body

B. The Physical Sciences

1. Physics: The study of matter and energy and the interactions between them.
Physicists study such subjects as gravity, light, and time.
2. Chemistry: The science that deals with the composition, properties, reactions,
and the structure of matter.
3. Astronomy: The study of the universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere .

C. The Earth Sciences

1. Geology: The science of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth, and the
physical, chemical, and biological changes that it has experienced or is
experiencing.
2. Oceanography:  study of the ocean.
3. Paleontology: The science of the forms of life that existed in prehistoric or
geologic periods.
4. Meteorology: The science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena,
such as weather and climate.

II. Scientists/Inventors
1. Albert Einstein – Theory of relativity
2. Alexander Fleming – Penicillin
3. Alfred Nobel – Dynamite
4. Alessandro Volta – Battery
5. Anders Celsius – Celsius
6. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – Microscope
7. Blaise Pascal – Calculator
8. Charles Parson – Steam turbine
9. Dmitri Mendeleev – Periodic Table of Elements
10. Edwin Hubble – Modern Telescope / Hubble Telescope
11. Evangelista Torricelli – Barometer
12. Hans Lippershey – Telescope
13. Isaac Newton – Laws of Motion
14. James Watson – structure of DNA
15. John Dalton – atoms theory
16. John Bardeen – Transistor
 17. Michael Dibake – Artificial Heart
18. Neil Bohr – Atomic Model
19. Rene Laennec – Stethoscope
20. Whittaker R.H – Five Kingdom Classification
21. Wilhelm Roentgen – x-rays
22. William Kroll – Titanium
23. William Stanley –Transformer
24. William Sturgeon - Electromagnet
25. Louis Pasteur- pasteurization
26. Robert Oppenheimer - atomic bomb

III. Scientific Method

Steps of the Scientific Method

1. Ask a Question

The scientific method starts when you ask a question about something that you observe: How, What,
When, Who, Which, Why, or Where?

2. Do Background Research

find the best way to do things and ensure that you don't repeat mistakes from the past.

3. Construct a Hypothesis

A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work. It is an attempt to answer your question with
an explanation that can be tested. A good hypothesis allows you to then make a prediction:
"If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen."

State both your hypothesis and the resulting prediction you will be testing. Predictions must be easy to
measure.

4. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment

tests whether your prediction is accurate and thus your hypothesis is supported or not.

● Variables
a. Independent – one that is changed by the scientist.
b. Dependent – things that the scientist focuses his or her observations on to see how they respond
to the change made to the independent variable.
c. Controlled - quantities that a scientist wants to remain constant,

5. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion

you collect your measurements and analyze them to see if they support your hypothesis or not.

6. Communicate Your Results.

 IV. Human Body System

THE HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS

Interactions-

System Function Diagram Major Organs Working with Other

Systems

1. Take in food Mouth, 1. w/circulatory – absorb &

esophagus, deliver the digested nutrients
(ingestion) stomach, to the cells
2.Digest food into 2. w/muscular – control
Digestive Small Intestine,
smaller molecules the contractions of many of the
and absorb Large intestine, digestive organs to pass food
nutrients along
Rectum
3. remove 3.w/nervous – hypothalamus
undigestable food anus maintains homeostasis by
from body (feces) triggering appetite
Salivary glands, (stomach growling), digest.
pancreas,

liver,

gall bladder

Transport materials Heart 1. w/respiratory – deliver

O2 from lungs to cells and
to and from cells Veins drop off CO2 from cells to
Arteries lungs
Circulatory
2. w/digestive – absorb
Capillaries
and deliver digested nutrients
Red blood cells to cells 3. w/excretory –
kidneys filter cellular waste
out of blood for removal
4. w/lymphatic – both
transport things to and from
cells
5. w/immune –
transports WBCs throughout
body to fight disease 6.
w/nervous – brain controls
heartbeat
7. w/endocrine – trans.
hormones
 1. gathers and Brain Controls all other systems
interprets
information 2. Spinal cord
responds to
Nervous information 3. Hypothalamus – maintains
helps maintain homeostasis by working with
homeostasis Nerves all systems
Nerve cells =
neurons

hypothalamus

Interactions-

System Function Diagram Major Organs Working with Other

Systems

1. Removes waste Kidneys 1. w/circulatory – filters waste

products from out of blood 2. w/lungs –
Excretory cellular Ureters removes excretory waste 3.
metabolism (urea, w/integumentary – removes
Bladder excretory waste
water, CO2) 2. filters
blood Urethra

Lungs

Skin – sweat
glands

Liver (produces
urea)
 Takes in oxygen and Nose 1. w/circulatory – takes in
removes carbon dioxide O2 for delivery to cells and
Respiratory and water Trachea
removes CO2 brought from
Bronchi cells

Bronchioles 2. w/excretory – removes

excretory waste
Alveoli lungs
3. w/nervous – controls
breathing

4. w/muscular –
diaphragm controls breathing

1. protects organs 2. Bones 1. w/muscular – allow

provides shape, movement
Skeletal support Ligaments -
connects bone to 2. w/circulatory –
3. stores materials
bone produce blood cells 3.
(fats, minerals) 4. w/immune – produce white
produces blood Tendon - connects blood cells 4. w/circulatory
muscles to bones. and respiratory – protects
cells it’s organs
5. allows movement

Interactions-
 System Function Diagram Major Organs Working with Other

Systems

Allows for 1. Skeletal 1. w/skeletal – allow

movement by muscles - movement
Muscular contracting connected to bone
and aid in voluntary 2. w/digestive – allow
movement. organs to contract to push
food through 3.
2. Smooth w/respiratory – diaphragm
muscles are found controls breathing
inside organs and 4. w/circulatory – controls
help to move pumping of blood (heart) 5.
substances through w/nervous – controls all
organs. muscle contractions

3. Cardiac
muscles are found
in the heart and
help pump blood.

Regulates body Glands 1. w/circulatory –

activities using transports hormones to target
Endocrine hormones. Slow *Hypothalamus
organs
response, long *Pituitary 2. w/nervous – maintain
lasting homeostasis, hormone
*Thyroid release
*Thymus 3. w/reproductive –
controlled by hormones 4.
*Adrenal w/skeletal – controls growth of
bones
*Pancreas

*Ovaries

*Testes

Glands produce

Hormones

Fights off foreign White Blood 1. w/circulatory –

invaders in the body transports WBCs to fight
Immune Cells
invaders
*T cells 2. w/lymphatic – has
lots of WBCs to fight
*B cells invaders, spleen filters
-produce bacteria/viruses out of
antibodies blood
*Macrophages 3. w/skeletal – WBCs
made in bone marrow 4.
w/integumentary –
prevents invaders from
 Skin getting in

Interactions-
System Function Diagram Major Organs Working with Other

Systems

1. barrier SKIN 1. w/excretory –

Integumentar against *Epidermis
removes cellular waste
y Infection (1st line
2. w/nervous –
of defense)
controls body
2. helps *Dermis temperature (sweating,
regulate goose bumps) 3.
- sweat
body temp. w/immune – prevents
gland -
3. removes pathogens from entering
sebaceous
excretory waste
(urea, water) gland (oil) -
4. 4. protects hair follicle
against sun’s - blood
UV rays vessels -
5. produces nerves
vitamin
D

1. stores and Lymph (liquid 1. w/immune – holds

carries WBC’s part of blood – lots of WBCs to fight
Lymphatic
that fight plasma, when pathogens
 disease it’s in lymph 2. w/circulatory – to
2. collects vessels) transport materials to
excess fluid and and from cells
returns it to
blood (2nd Lymph
circulatory Vessels
system-reaches
Lymph Nodes
places other one
can’t – between Contain WBCs
cells)

Allows organisms Ovaries 1. w/endocrine –

Reproduct- to reproduce controls production of
*produce
which prevents sex cells
ive eggs
their species from 2. w/muscular – uterus
becoming extinct. contracts to give birth
– controlled by
Testes
hormones
*produce
sperm

Common Diseases/Ailments of the Body System

Skeletal System

● Osteoporosis –The bone loses calcium and becomes thinner, resulting in the loss of bone tissue.

Nervous System

● Epilepsy – This disorder results in abnormal electrical discharges from brain cells causing seizures.

● Parkinson’s Disease – Parkinson’s is a progressive nerve disease that affects movement.

● Multiple Sclerosis (MS) – With MS, the protective lining of the nerves is attacked by the body’s
immune system.

● Huntington’s Disease – This is an inherited condition that causes the nerve cells in the brain to
degenerate.
● Alzheimer’s Disease – This disorder impacts mental functions and memory.

Muscular System

● Polymyositis – Polymyositis results in inflammation and progressive weakening of the skeletal

muscles.

Body System #4: Respiratory System

● Influenza – The flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose,
throat, or lungs.

● Pneumonia – Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs.

● Asthma – This results in constriction of the lung’s airways causing coughing, wheezing, chest
tightness, or shortness of breath.

● Covid-19 – also known as coronavirus, that attacks the lungs and causes upper-respiratory tract
illness.

Body System #5: Endocrine System

● Diabetes – This condition affects the body whereby it does not properly process glucose due to a lack of
insulin or the body’s inability to produce enough insulin.

● Hypoglycemia – Low blood sugar occurs when blood glucose drops below normal levels.

● Hypothyroidism – Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough
thyroid hormone to meet the body’s needs.

Body System #6: Immune System

● Allergic Rhinitis – This diagnosis results in an allergic response causing itchy, watery eyes and sneezing.

● Lupus – Lupus is an inflammatory disease caused by the immune system’s attacking its own tissue.

● Rheumatoid Arthritis – RA is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the body’s joints, most commonly
in the hands and feet.

Circulatory System

● Cardiovascular Disease – This disease comprises heart conditions that include diseased vessels,
structural problems, and blood clots.

● Arteriosclerosis – Fatty deposits in the arteries cause the walls to stiffen and thicken which can restrict
blood flow.

● Stroke – A stroke is characterized by a blockage of the blood vessels to the brain.

● Hypertension – Hypertension is high blood pressure that causes the heart to work harder.

● Aortic Aneurysm – This is a condition in which the aorta is damaged and starts to bulge or tear causing
severe internal bleeding.
 Urinary System

● Kidney Disease – This is a disease of the kidneys where they are damaged and can’t filter blood properly.
Kidney disease can cause waste to build up in the body, leading to sepsis.

● Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) – A UTI occurs when bacteria enters the urinary tract and affects the
processes of the urethra, bladder, or kidneys.

● Kidney Stones – These are stones found in the urinary tract.

Integumentary System

● Acne – Acne is a disorder of the hair and oil glands presenting itself as red bumps on the face, chest,
and/or back.

● Warts – Warts are bumps caused by a viral infection most commonly on the hands and feet.

● Eczema – This is a condition that presents as red, itchy, flaky skin.

● Psoriasis – This inflammatory skin condition presents as red, itchy plaques that occur most commonly on
the knees and elbows.

Reproductive System

● Cervical Cancer – Cervical cancer results in a malignant tumor of the cervix.

● Prostate Cancer – This type of cancer occurs in a man’s prostate, a small sized gland that produces
seminal fluid.

● Endometriosis – Endometriosis is a condition where tissue that normally lines the uterus ends up outside
the uterus.

● Gonorrhea – Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection that may cause infertility if left
untreated.

Digestive System

● Irritable Bowel Syndrome – IBS is an intestinal disorder causing pain in the stomach, gas, diarrhea, and
constipation.

● Diverticulitis – Diverticulitis is an inflammation of one or more small pouches in the digestive tract.

● Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease – GERD is a condition in which stomach acid irritates the esophagus.