Kinetic Theory of Gases © consists of small particles that e move rapidly in straight lines. e essentially no attractive (or nepulsive) forces. / @ are very far apart. ~~ | @ very small volumes compared 2a e volume of container occupied e! e kinetic energies ¢ increase with increased temperature.Properties that describe a gas ¢ four properties: pressure (P), volume(V), temperature(T), and amount(n). Property Description Unit(s) of Measurement Pressure (P) ‘The force exerted by gas against atmosphere (atm); mm Hg; the walls of the container torr; pascal Volume (V) ‘The space occupied by the gas liter (L); milliliter (mL) ‘Temperature (7) Determines the kinetic ene rate of motion of the gas particles Amount (1) ‘The quantity of gas present in a container rey and Celsius (°C); Kelvin (K) required in calculations ‘grams (g); moles (n) required in caleulations Copyright © 2005 Pearson Eation, Ins, publishing as Benjamin CamingsWhat is gas pressure? @ force acting on a specific area. Pressure (P) = Force Area e units of atm, mm Hg, torr latm = 760mm Hg latm = 760 torrWhat is atmospheric pressure? ® pressure exerted by a column of air | e from top of atmosphere e to surface of earth 1 e 1 atmosphere at sea level e depends on altitude and weather e lower at high altitudes e density of air less. e higher on a rainy day e than sunny dayWhat is a barometer? @ measures pressure exerted by gases in atmosphere. @ indicates by e height in mm of mercury column.Boyle’s Law (pressure-volume) law @ pressure of a gas inversely related to its volume e@ when T and n are constant ves e volume decreases a © pressure increases @ product P x V constant e as long as T and n unchanged P,V, = P,V,(T, n constant) e can be solved for any factorBreathing, an example e During inhalation e lungs expand pressure in lungs decreases e air flows towards lower pressure in lungs e During exhalation e lung volume decreases © pressure within lungs increases e air flows from higher pressure in lungs to outsideCalculation with Boyle’s Law Freon-12, CCI2F2, is used in refrigeration systems. What is the new volume (L) of a 8.0 L sample of Freon gas initially at 550 mm Hg after its pressure is changed to 2200 mm Hg at constant T? 1. Set up a data table: Conditions 1 Conditions 2 Pl = 550mmHg P2 = 2200mm Hg V1= 8.0L V2 =Calculation with Boyle’s law (continued) 2. When pressure increases, volume decreases. Solve Boyle’s Law for V,: P,V, = P.V, Vo 7 3 dese 2 8.0L x 550mmHg = 2.0L 2200 mm Hg VaLearning Check For a cylinder containing helium gas indicate if cylinder A or cylinder B represents the new volume for the following changes (n and T are constant). 1) pressure decreases 2) pressure increasesLearning Check A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 12.0 L at 600. mm Hg. What is the new pressure when the volume changes to 36.0 L? (T and n constant). % A) 200. mm Hg B) 400. mm Hg C) 1200 mm HgSolution A) 200. mm Hg Data table Conditions 1 Conditions 2 P, = 600.mm Hg P, = ??? V, = 12.0L V, = 36.0L P, =P,x V, “V2 = 600. mm Hg x 12.0L736.0L = 200. mm HgCharles’ law temperature -volume @ Charles’ Law, e Kelvin temperature of a gas e directly related to volume e P and n are constant @ temperature of a gas increases e volume increases eV,~ Ty= Vi T, e (P and n constant) ¢ rearranging Charles’ LawCalculations using charles’ law A balloon has a volume of 785 mL at 21°C. If the temperature drops to 0°C, what is the new volume of the balloon (P constant)? 1.Set up data table: Conditions 1 Conditions 2 V, = 785 mL V, =? T, = 21°C= 294K T, = 0°C= 273K Kelvin (K) temperature in gas calculations.Calculations Using Charles’ Law (continued) 2. Solve Charles’ law for V,: Vi = Me tT Ta Vz = Myx Ty T 1 Vz =785mL x 273K =729mL 294KLearning Check A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 420 mL at a temperature of 18°C. At what temperature (in °C) will the volume of the oxygen be 640 mL (P and n constant)? 1) 443°C 2) 170°C 3) - 82°CWhat is STP? volumes of gases can be compared at STP, Standard Temperature and Pressure, e the same temperature. ¢ Standard temperature (T) e0°C or 273K e the same pressure. ¢ Standard pressure (P) e 1 atm (760 mm Hg)What is Molar volume? e standard temperature and pressure (STP), 1 mole of a gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L, its molar volume @ used to form conversion factors 22.4L and 1 mole . 1 mole 22.4LPartial Pressure (Dalton’s Law) © pressure of each gas in mixture. © pressure gas would exert if e itself in container © pressure depends on total number of gas particles not on types of particles @ total pressure exerted by gases mixture © sum of partial pressures of gases © Calculate the sum of the partial pressures. Protal = PO, + PHe Prota = 342 mm Hg + 855 mm Hg = 1197 mm HgScuba Diving-! e@ When a scuba diver dives, e increased pressure causes N,(g) to dissolve in blood. e If diver rises too fast, e dissolved N, will form bubbles in blood e "the bends" e@ Helium, does not dissolve in blood, e mixed with O, to prepare breathing mixtures for deep descents.Gases We Breathe ® contains N, and O, & small amounts of other gases e O, enters blood, while CO, from e blood released ® tissues, O, enters cells, e release CO, into blood. @ O, flows into tissues e partial pressure of O, higher in blood, e lower in tissues © CO, flows out of the tissues partial pressure of CO, is higher in tissues, e lower in the blood 24