iv 1.9 1.10 141 CHAPTER 2 24 2.2 23 24 25 2.6 CHAPTER 3 3.4 32 TABLE OF CONTENTS MAJOR REVISIONS IN NBC 2005 RELATED TO STRUCTURAL DESIGN 32 ACCURACY IN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 3 1.10.1 Research Studies Versus Real-Life Design Applications 33 1.10.2 Accuracy cf Calculations 33 USE OF COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN TOOLS 6 Summary ond Review — Concrete Basics 36 Problems 39 MATERIALS 4a INTRODUCTION a CONCRETE MATERIALS AND PRODUCTION a 2.2.1 Portland Cement and Supplementary Materials 42 Water and Water-Cement Ratio 43 Air 44 ‘Aggregates 46 Admixtures 45 Concrete Mix Design and Fresh Concrete 46 Hardened Concrete 46 PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE 48 2.3.1 Compressive Strength 48 Tensile Strength 49 Shear Strength 50 Modulus of Elasticity 50, Creep 53 ‘Shrinkage 55 Temperature Effects 58 Mass Density 58 Poisson's Ratio 59 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE 59 FIRE-RESISTANCE REQUIREMENTS, 61 REINFORCEMENT 62 2.6.1 Types of Reinforcement. 62 2.6.2 Mechanical Properties of Steel 63 2.6.3 Deformed Bars 64 2.6.4 Welded Wire Fabric 66 Summary and Review — Materials 67 Problems 70 FLEXURE: BEHAVIOUR OF BEAMS AND ONE-WAY SLABS 72 INTRODUCTION 72 TYPES OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS B