1) IC TESTER

INTRODUCTION :
IC testers or integrated circuit tester are used to test or check the condition of IC
before it is used in any circuit. It functionally tests variety of ICs and displays
PASS or FAIL accordingly. Reasons to test after the IC has been placed on the
board:
 To verify the proper chip orientation
 To verify its correct device
 To verify basic operations of the board
 To program and verify In-System-Programmable(ISP) device contents.
It is of two kinds: Analog and Digital IC testers. We also have Universal
IC tester which can test both analog and digital ICs. The digital IC tester
is discussed in the later sections; though the universal IC tester is almost
same in its functionality.
FEATURES :
 An IC tester is normally compact, rugged and easy to use.
 It is a portable device.
 It can automatically test variety of digital ICs of 6, 8, 10, 14, 16, 18 ,
20, 24, 28, and 40 pins.
 Requires no add-on or plug-in hardware for. testing, all the required
hardware is in-built.
 Facility to test ICs now and again until it is stopped
 Self testing facility through ‘PIN TEST FACILITY’ of the keyboard.
 Facility to identify the IC number using ‘AUTO FIND’ of selective
IC only.
 Audio buzzer for bringing the user’s attention. ▪︎The front panel of
digital IC tester contains sixteen keys keyboard with the functions
engraved on it, six seven segment display and 40 pin ZIF(Zero Insertion
force) socket.
It looks like:

KEYS AND FUNCTIONS :

The IC tester has a 16 keys keyboard, each key with a specific function. The keys
can be broadly classified into two categorizes: DATA INPUT KEYS and
COMMAND INPUT KEYS.
  DATA INPUT KEYS: These keys are used to used to enter the IC
number. Keys with markings 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 come in this
category. They are sometimes called numeric keys
 COMMAND INPUT KEYS: ALGO, ENTER, AUTO FIND, PIN
TEST, LOOP TEST and CLEAR keys are the six command input keys
which are used to give command to the device.

OPERATING PRINCIPLE :
As soon as the IC tester is switched ON, a HELLO message is displayed as shown:

Now lets see how to test an IC using digital IC tester.

IC NUMBER ENTERY :
The IC number can be entered using the data input keys or numeric keys which is
displayed in the six seven segment display. Maximum 6 number can be entered.
Only numeric portion of the IC number can be entered and the batch code,
prefixes, suffixes and other specifications related to IC parameter printed on the IC
should be ignored.
Example: IC number              Number to be entered
                  74LS00                             7400
                  CD4011                            4011
The IC number display shifts to the left for every data entry. Th enter 74, one
needs to enter 7 first, then 4. The digit in the display scrolls as shown:

after 7 is entered:
after 4 is entered:
Similarly the other digits can be entered. To clear the screen CLEAR key should be
used.

IC TESTING :
First the IC need to be inserted in the ZIF socket orienting IC top (dot or the notch)
with the ZIF top taking precautions. Then lock the IC using the lever in the ZIF
socket. The system will start testing only if the IIC is inserted properly.
Enter the IC number using data input keys as discussed above and press <ENTER>
key. As soon as the <ENTER> key is pressed the system checks for a valid IC
number available in its test library. For a valid IC number it displays:

for GOOD IC:

for BAD IC:

if the given IC number is not available in the test library then an Error message is
displayed, followed by a HELLO message:

The buzzer will sound to indicate the ‘Error’ status. This means that the given
IC cannot be tested in this system.

FUNCTIOBAL OPERATION :
The command input keys offers following functions:
1. LOOP TEST
2. PIN TEST
3. AUTO FIND
4. ALGORITHM CHECK
5. CLEAR
APPLICATION
IC tester is used in labs to test ICs where we use it to make circuits. In general, IC
tester can be used wherever IC testing is required.
LIST OF ICs THAT COULD BE USED WITH THIS IC TESTER
 CMOS ICs (40 series) e.g, 4000, 4001 etc
 CMOS ICs (MC140 family) e.g, MC14XXX
 CMOS ICs (45 series) e.g, 4501, 4502 etc
 Opto couplers e.g, 521-1, 821-2s, 4N26
 TTL74/54 series e.g, 74/5400, 74/5408 etc
 Linear e.g, LM535, LM139
 75/55 series e.g, 75/55107, 75/55108
 Microprocessor, EPROM, RAM and other digital ICs
 Transistor arrays e.g, ULN2002, ULN2003 and ULN2004.

2) Multimeter :
A Multimeter is an electronic instrument, every electronic technician and
engineer’s widely used piece of test equipment. A multimeter is mainly
used to measure the three basic electrical characteristics of voltage,
current, and resistance. It can also be used to test continuity between two
points in an electrical circuit.

The multimeter has multi functionalities like, acts like ammeter,

voltmeter, and ohmmeter. It is a handheld device with positive and
negative indicator needles over a numeric LCD digital display.
Multimeters can be used for testing batteries, household wiring, electric
motors, and power supplies.

Functions of Multimeters
These instruments are capable of different readings based on the model. So basic
types of multimeter are mainly used to measure amperage, resistance, voltage,
checks continuity and a complete circuit can be tested like the following.

 Resistance in Ohms
 Capacity in Farads
 The temperature in Fahrenheit/ Celsius
 AC Voltage & Amperage
 Inductance Henrys
  DC Voltage & Amperage
 Frequency in Hz
 Conductance in Siemens
 Decibels
 Duty Cycle

Types of Multimeter
 There are different types of multimeters like Analog, Digital, and Fluke
multimeters.

Working
Types of multimeter include two probes like red and black & two or three ports.
From them, one of the ports is labeled.COM for common which is used for black
probe whereas the remaining ports are labeled A used for amps and mA/µA
(milliamps/microamps). The final port is labeled VΩ used for ohms & volts.
Sometimes, this port is integrated into the 3rd one, which is next labeled mAVΩ.

If the multimeter includes four ports, then the red probe can be plugged into the
VΩ port for measuring resistance as well as voltage. When the red probe is inserted
into the mA port then the current can be calculated & plugged into the A port then
the current can be measured in amps. For instance, the port used to test a diode
using a multimeter is the VΩ port and this port can also be used to test a transistor.

Types of Multimeter Applications

The applications of types of multimeter mainly involve various electrical and
electronic projects for components testing and also used in different
measurement applications in the multimeter.
i) Temperature and Environmental Applications

 Low-cost weather station

 DMM internal temperature
ii) Voltage Measurements

 High and low-value DC measurement

 Peak to Peak and DC average measurement
iii) Current Measurements

 DC measurement
  True RMS AC
iv) Resistance Measurement

 Micro ohmmeter
 Measuring resistance with constant voltage
 Measuring resistance with constant current
v) Time and Frequency measurement

 Fast frequency
 Time measurement
Thus, this is all about an overview of different types of multimeter, their
working, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Most of the technicians
know the value of multimeters, so they always carry them with their tool
kit. Most of the technicians know the value of multimeters, so they always carry
them with their tool kit. These instruments help in detecting faults accurately.
Generally, multimeters are used to measure resistance, inductance, frequency &
conductance. Some of the meters are used for measuring temperature and duty
cycle. But advanced meters are used with some features to measure decibels,
microamps, RPM, etc. Multimeters are available with probes, leads & clams.
Similarly, some of the meters come with warranties as well as additional batteries
to help them for a long time.

3) Breadboard
What is a breadboard?
A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with a bunch of tiny holes in it. These holes let
you easily insert electronic components to prototype (meaning to build and test an early
version of) an electronic circuit, like this one with a battery, switch, resistor, and an LED
(light-emitting diode). To learn more about individual electronic components, see
our Electronics Primer.
The connections are not permanent, so it is easy to remove a component if you make a

mistake, or just start over and do a new project. This makes breadboards great for beginners
who are new to electronics. You can use breadboards to make all sorts of fun electronics
projects, from different types of robots or an electronic drum set, to an electronic rain
detector to help conserve water in a garden, just to name a few.
Modern breadboards are made from plastic, and come in all shapes, sizes, and even
different colors. While larger and smaller sizes are available, the most common sizes you
will probably see are "full-size," "half-size," and "mini" breadboards. Most breadboards
also come with tabs and notches on the sides that allow you to snap multiple boards
together. However, a single half-sized breadboard is sufficient for many beginner-level
projects. Modern breadboards are made from plastic, and come in all shapes, sizes, and
even different colors. While larger and smaller sizes are available, the most common sizes
you will probably see are "full-size," "half-size," and "mini" breadboards. Most
breadboards also come with tabs and notches on the sides that allow you to snap multiple
boards together. However, a single half-sized breadboard is sufficient for many beginner-
level projects.

4)Trainer kit
An electronic kit is a package of electrical components used to build an electronic device.
Generally, kits are composed of electronic components, a circuit diagram (schematic),
assembly instructions and often a printed circuit board (PCB) or another type of
prototyping board.
There are two types of kit. Some build a single device or system. Other types used for
education demonstrate a range of circuits. Theses will include a solderless construction
board of some type, such as:

Components mounted in plastic blocks with side contacts, that are held together in a base,
e.g. Denshi blocksSprings on a card board, the springs trap wire leads or component
leads, such as Philips EE electronic experiment kits.[1] These are a cheap and flexible
optionProfessional type prototyping boards, (breadboards) into which component leads
are inserted, following documentation of the “kit”.

The first type of kits, those for the construction of a single device, normally use a PCB on
which components are soldered. They normally come with extended documentation
describing which component goes where into the PCB.

For advanced hobby projects, sometimes the kit may only consist of a printed circuit
board and assembly instructions, and the purchaser may have to source all the parts
independently; or, the vendor may provide hard-to-get or pre-programmed parts while
expecting the purchaser to obtain the rest of the components.

People primarily purchase electronic kits to have fun and learn how things work. They
were once popular as a means to reduce the cost of buying goods, but there is usually no
cost saving in buying a kit today.

Some electronic kits were assembled to make complete complex devices such as
color television sets, oscilloscopes, high-end audio amplifiers, amateur radio equipment,
electric organs,[2] and even computers such as the Heathkit H-8, and the LNW-80. Many
of the early microprocessor computers were sold as either electronic kits or assembled
and tested. Heathkit sold millions of electronic kits during its 45-year history.

Home assembly of common consumer electronics items no longer provides a cost

advantage over commercially manufactured and distributed devices. People still build kits
for custom devices and special-purpose electronics for professional and educational use,
and as a hobby.

Also emerging is a trend to simplify the complexity by providing preprogrammed or

modular kits and this is provided by many suppliers online often. The fun and thrill of
making your own electronics has shifted in many cases from easy to comprehend
application and analog devices to more sophisticated and digital devices
 Completely self-contained stand alone unit.
 Built in IC based DC regulated power supply.
 Test points provided on panel at various stages in the circuit.
 Set of required number of Patch cords

 Strongly supported by a comprehensive instruction manual complete with theory and

operating details.