-

.

,
.
:


1 barn = 10-24 cm-2

() S dx
/cm3 n ./sec

SNdx
123 S = dx

.
n
dn=-nNdx

.

nx=noe-Nx=noe-x

==(/)

-,


Avogadro

xe

-x

dx

-x

dx

.
1:
(7 .. & -)

barns/atom ,
Compton Rayleigh 30keV
1,03510-4, 5,92410-1 5,06210-3 2 4,247, 4,286 1,389
2. 2
.

:
= + Comp + Rayl
30keV :
()=0,598 barn/atom ()=10,102 barn/atom
2 :
(2)=2()+()=11,3 barn/mol
:
( 2)

. , Bragg,

,
.

2 :
/ (2) = (/) (2) = 0,378 cm2/gr
:

/ ()=

( )

. 2

=1

=1/=2,65cm

2:
(10 .. & -)

- 10keV
Be-Fe 0,05cm.
18%,
Be Fe . (e)=1,85gr/cm2, (Fe)=7,86gr/cm3
/(Be)=0,623cm2/gr, /(Fe)=169cm2/gr.
=e-x.
18% I/Io=0,82

ln

I
ln(I/I0 )
= x =
=3,97 cm-1
I0
x

()=WFe (Fe)+WBe (Be) (1)

WFe+WBe=1 (2)
W
, .
Fe :
I/I0(Fe)=e-(Fe)x=1,4310-29
Be
I/I0(Be)=0,94
0,82 .
Fe
.
=Be
(1) (2) :
WFe=0,9% WBe=99,1%
Fe
.

. 3

(- / )
:

( )

Compton ( )

( ).

:

.
.

. 4

).

,
.

p = (Ee , ep)

p = ( , p)

p = (eE, ep)

( )

(LS)

p = 0 E e = me

(ep + p)2 LS = (ep)2 LS
me2 + 0 + 2 epp LS = me2
EeE epp = 0
meE = 0 E = 0

.
:


.

. 5

,
,
( 80%
-)
. fi
2
E2
pM

TM =
2M 2M

E, >>
.
:
=30keV O2 (mn1GeV, O2 16GeV)
o 0,028eV .

e
Te = e
e . -

(eV) = 13.6 (Z-1)2
.
fi (

ph,

Z :

>>

ph 5/

>

ph 5/7/2

/ .

. 6

(pair production)
- (e-,e+).

Coulomb.

:
e+ + e
(CMS)

CMS

= 0 E

CMS

= m

(p)2 CMS = (+p + -p)2 CMS
0 = +p2 + -p2 + 2-p+p CMS = 2 me2 + 2(E+E-) = 4 me2 0


.

( ,
).
Coulomb, ,
.
( )
.

+p

+ e+ + e- +

e+

Np

LS

-p

e-

CMS

. 7

:
(p + p)2 LS = (+p + -p + Np)2 CMS
(E + EN)2 LS (p + 0) 2 LS =
(E+ + E- + EN)2 CMS - (+p + -p + Np)2 CMS
(E + M)2 - E2 = (me + me + M)2
2 + 2 = 4me2 + M2 + 4meM

E = 2me +

2me2
M

:
M >> me E = 2me = 1 MeV
M = me E = 4me= 2 MeV


.
E < e
.

:
,
,, , fi ,fi;
-2me=2me2/M, =mp1GeV.
5keV,
. ,
,
.

Te + e
TM

1
(2m) 2
2m
2
=
=
1
M
M 2
2

. 8

Compton
( ) ,

.

ep
. .

p = (E, p)

p = (Ee, ep)

p = (E, p)

p = (Ee, ep)

:
p + ep = p + ep (ep)2 LS = (p + ep - p)2 LS

( LS CMS = 0 .)

me2 = E + Ee E

) ( p+ p p)
2

me2 = E 2 p 2 + e2 e p 2 + E' p 2 +
2

+2EeE-2EeE-2EE-2epp+2epp+2pp

E2 p 2 = E' 2 p2 = m2 = 0 e2 e p 2 = me2

EeE-EeE-EE-epp+epp+pp=0

= p = p

pp = eppcos = -epp = -Eep

pp = eppcos(-) = -eppcos = -Eepcos

pp = ppcos = Ecos

. 9

EeE-EeE-EE+ Eep-Eepcos + Ecos = 0

E' =

(E

(e + e p )

) (

+ Ee E e p cos

(), ep=0 ( e=me)

me

Compton:

E =
'

Ee + E (1 cos )

ep

E =

1+

E
me

(1 cos )

=:
E =

E
1+
me

fi
( =h)
, :
m

E E'
'

EE

= 1 cos

1
1

= m(1 cos )
'

1 1
h
2h 2
= '- = (1 cos ) =
sin
'
m
m
2

Compton 1, 2
E =

1+

E
me

(1 cos1)

, E' ' =

'
1+

E'
me

(1 cos2 )

. 10

E' ' =

1+

E
me

(1 cos1) +

E
me

(1 cos 2 )

1, 2,
.
,
:
+ me = E + e + me
Te = E -
= :
= 0 = e,min = 0
= = / (1 + 2 / me)
e,max = (1 + me / 2E)

x y:
x:

p = (p)x + (ep)x p = pcos + epcos

p = , p = E = cos + epcos
cos=

E E' cos
e

p'

(1)

y:
0 = (p)y + (ep)y 0 = psin + epsin
Esin = epsin
sin=

E' sin
e

p'

(2)

(1) (2) ,
cot =

- ' cos
'

E sin

(1+

)(1 cos )
sin

m
2
=

2sin cos
2
2
(1 +

)2sin2

. 11

tan
cot = 1+
2
me
90.
fi Compton
( E 1 ).
( )

(30keV)

. 12

i ip
() m
,
Ef fp p.

(Ef,fp)

p = (Ei, ip)

(m,0)

p = (m, 0)
f

(Ei,ip)

p = (Ef, fp)

(E,p)

p = (E, p)
:
p + p = fp + p

(ip p)2 = (fp p)2

M2 + m2 -2(EiE ipp) = M2 + m2 2Efm
EiE- ippcos = Efm
...
Ei + m = Ef + E Ef = Ei + m E

EiE (Ei + m E)m = ippcos

(Ei + m) (E m) = ippcos
(Ei + m)2 (E m)2 = ip2 (E2 m2) cos2
(Ei + m)2 (E m) = ip2 (E + m) cos2
2mi p 2 cos 2
(Ei + m) T = ip (T + 2m) cos T' =
(E + m)2 i p 2 cos 2
2

m. max
cos2=1,

. 13

'
Tmax
=

2mi p 2
2m(Ei2 M2 )
2m(Ei + M)(Ei M)
2mTi (Ti + 2M)
=
=
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(E + m) i p
(Ei + m) (Ei M )
2Eim + m + M
2(Ti + M)m + m2 + M2
'
=
Tmax

2mTi (Ti + 2M)

(m + M)2 + 2mTi

(m=me=0.511MeV)

.

(=938.3MeV >> m,i Ti/M 0, m/M 0).

2m Ti
Ti ( + 2)
2mTi (Ti + 2M)
4m
M
M
=
=

Ti
2
1
m
2
mT
(m + M) + 2mTi 2 ( + 1)2 +
M
i
M
M
M2
1

'
Tmax

M2

(2,17keV
).

(=m)
'
Tmax
=

2mTi (Ti + 2m)

T (T + 2m)
= i i
=Ti
2
(m + m) + 2mTi
2m + Ti

-
.

.
mM ( )

. 14

'
Tmax
=

2MTi (Ti + 2M)

T (T + 2M)
= i i
=Ti
2
(M + M) + 2MTi
2M + Ti

(m>>M, Ti/M 0)
1

'
max

2mTi (Ti + 2M) M 4mM

=

Ti
(m + M)2 + 2mTi 1 (m + M)2
M

m,M (GeV) i (MeV).

,
. ,


.

. 15

:

( )

()
,
Bethe-Bloch
.

dT 4 e 4 Z 2 2meu2
=
e ln
ln(1 2 ) 2
2
dx
me u
I

e:
(/)

: (eV)=16Z0.9

u-2.

H Bethe-Bloch .

R=
T

dT
dT

dx

,
Wilson-Brobeck
T
Rp(T)=

9.3

1.8

(TMeV)

. 16

Bethe-Bloch (
):
2<<1
ln(1-2) -2+... ( ) -ln(1-2)-2 2-2 0
Bethe-Bloch

ln
2=

2meu2
2meu2
I
>0
> 1
< 2
I
I
2me

p 2 E2 M2 T(T + 2M)
2T
=
=
>>, 2
2
2
2
E
(T + M)
(T + M)
M

I
2T
IM
<
T >
2me M
4me

:


: (=938.3MeV, =20eV)

: Al (Al=13 AAl=26,98 Al=2,7gr/cm3)

=16130,9=160,94eV ( >74keV,
0,5eV )

2(=u2)=T(T+2M)/(T+M)2=4,1310-2
ln(1-2)-2=8,7710-4 ( )
ln(2meu2)/I=5,567
Ne=NA(/)=7,831023 e-/cm3
(4e/me)e4=(4Ne/me)( h ca)2=41025 MeVfm2/cm3=0,4MeV/cm

-dT/dx = 0,4 (MeV/cm) (1/4,1310-2) (5,567 + 8,7710-4)

-dT/dx = (53,9176 + 0,0085) MeV/cm

0,0085/53,9175=0,016%

. 17

:

;

Bethe-Bloch

dT
= 2 f(u)
dx

, f(u)
.

dT
dx p p2
= 2
dT

dx

f(u) Zp=1, Z=2

d
dT

= 4
dx p
dx

R=
T

dT
dT

dx

=m(-1)=m[(1-2)-1/2 -1] =(mu2)/2 m=mp =100MeV

=0,43.

R=

d(u)
m
=
F(u)
2
f(u) 2

mp
Rp
R

Zp2
m
R = Rp
m
4mp
Z 2

m4mp

RRp

. 18

Cherenkov

.
( )
. .

p=(E,p)

p=(E,p)

(,p)

p=(E,p).

(,p)

:
(,p)

p = p + p (p p)2 = p2
p2 + p2 2pp = p2
m2 + E2 p2 2( pp) = m2
E2 p2 2+2ppcos = 0
cos =

2 - (2 - p 2 )
2p p

=p cos=/p>1 .
n=c/cn cn
,
= h = h(cn/) = (h/)(c/n) = (c/n)p

2 p
cos =

2
2 c

c
- p 2 1
2
n
n
= E + p n 1
np
p 2n2
2p p

eV ( ) p/p 0,

cos =

1
=
n p n

. 19

cos1

1
n

,, Cherenkov.

2
=arcos

1
n

. Cherenkov
= m = m - m = m[(1-2)-1/2 1]
m [(1-

1 -1/2
) 1]
n2

p2 = E2 m2 = m2 (2 - 1)
p = m (2 1)1/2 = m(1-2)-1/2
pm

1
1
(1- 2 )-1/2
n
n

dE Z12e 2
=
dx h 2c2

2
n2 E dE

:
(8 .. & -)
Cherenkov
(n=1,33) (me=0,51MeV), (m=139,6MeV)
(mp=938,3MeV). , p
Cherenkov ;

=0,517m

e=0,264MeV

T=72,14MeV

p=484,88MeV.

(0,26MeV) .
- Compton

. 20

.
Cherenkov
.

Cherenkov:
p=159,2eV pp=1069,7MeV

159,2MeV 1069,7MeV.
Cherenkov, (
).

:
( )
,
10GeV.
Cherenkov ,
,

-4

P (atm) : n=1+310 P
m=0,140GeV, m=0,494GeV, mp=0,938GeV.

p = m

1
1
(1- 2 )-1/2
n
n

2
p
=

m2
n2(1

1
)
n2

n2 1 = (

m 2
m 2
) n= (
) +1
p
p

n=1+310-4P

1
m 2
P(atm) = ( (
) + 1 1) 104
3 p
p=10GeV
.
m(GeV)

P(atm)

0,140

0,327

0,494

4,065

0,938

14,632

. 21