E~RORS IN ME.

ASIJREMENT
11t "' Ph~sic!> Cno.pt~:c 2 po.:it 3
UNITS 1 l)IMENSIO"-J S
~tt.tbe . com/C.1'~&hup • Cr-o.,~up.,.
The. u.nce-fto.."l nit~ in e.ve'i~ me.a.su -reme nt bj o__

tnel\Su.Y·,Y\~ ·,n.sf"t"u.Yl1eY\t is c..o.lleJ. e.XYo-r.

rneo..su..'fe.d vo.lue - t-ru.e.. va.lu.e. + e.,¥ot

Accu Yo. c..~ : mea.su-re of hol.,I) cJo.se. -the me.a. su ,eJ

vo.1 u.e ·,.s to ine. true. valu.e
PYe.c..i~ion : mea...suxe. of the -lim·,t oY Yesolu.-1ioY\ of the.
tneasu.-r1Y\j inst-Yu.YY\e..nt.

! ' I I

rne.a s.u..-red \ tvu.e. val i,e

vo..1 u..e (~ MlrcFi/f if,,: it- i# wrr d t I)
~ .scale. ~ dr 'rneasureJ va.(u...e/ it
-i:rc,,-- 7IM <ta,a"r ~ I

E~RORS
I
-i
s~~ terna.ti C.
Erro-rs

RAtJnoM cR.RoAs
ETroos wi-uc.V\ oc.c.u...- "f'o..v\tkom\~ o,:nd. o..Ye '(c,.Y\JOWl 1\,-\

~j~ C)..Y)! SiJVl .

e-3 · e.-rro't d u.e to v iht~iion of to.b)e wh.i le rriea..sur ,·.., .
8
SYSTEMATIC ERRO~S
I NSTRtJMENTA L. ERROR~ : eyroy Ju.e to ·,mpel'rec.,t
clesi~ 1ll o .,- poo"i' c.o.U-, b"i' oJ i oY\ of tlte. meo._!, u.Y 1"'d
iV\~J-<u meY\t. e~. Z:C.Yo eYYoY

TECHN \QUE R.ElATE=l> e-RR.oR : er'fo--r c\u.e. to im petfec.tioY>

·,V\ e1'pe Y ·, me Y\to. \ t..ecl,,Y\Ciu.e. .
e.~. ~ oleic. ~id a tR expei,rneY\t * rnolec..ules 4'tr
pe:rfe.ct sphe-re. fflrJJ filp:-w rnolec.u.l~ ~ cifu a/fr 431?9
Space ~ C.oV'lside?r riff 14, DI I ~ 0.14. 'l"tloleGt,vle s
peyfec..t .spheYe s ~ '5ft- if# l I

Pc-RsoNAL ERRo ~~ : crY-o-rs due to O.Y\ iVldividua.\s bia!; I

CtAYe.le.s5 ne.ss.
c.3. eno"t" du.e. to po..-yo.\l°';x '
I ,I
1 I I,,;,,]
~ ,' .
S~ste moJic e"(--(o"(S ~Ye. H(
I
I

oJ-rec.t\·OY\oJ o..~ Ca.,,() be e '('( OY d u.e. to ~Ya.\ \o..)(

'rY\·1Y\i~i zeA O-Y conected •

Lee1~t Cou.V\t E..TYOY : The e"t'Yo-r °'s..soc., o.teJ w·,ti,, ihe

resolu.t ion of the in.stYument .
.3-f~l'l vo.\u.e. 13. 2qg>3 cvn ~ i1t-r-~ ~ scoJe ~
rrea.su.:te. Ch°U) 1 a-,- va\ue 311p.1ft 13 .3 GY"\ . T"r~ ·, t .
CALCULATION OF ERRORS
AbStolu.te e't1o'C : ti,,e mo.1Y1'1tude of tl,,e difference
be.twe.eY\ ~ ',ndiv ,cl w:,,. \ me.Asu.reme 4 t il-u_ t-rue
vll. Iu.e of ti,. e. 't,UllVI t i tq'
bQ = I a. rneo.~u.yeJ - Qtn..1.e. valt.te l
jf tYu-e vo.\u.e is not known :
LYl- = I O.. M~Su~ed. - Q'tne°'YI \

* Dfl. ls a.\wa.~.s pos', tive

ffNAL ov fVleo.Y\ Absolute Er<oY

Meo.."' of ~.l I a. lo so IuJe e YY o "< ~
..1 Q.,.., "" Q.60., I + ILia. ,J + . . . . + l ~a.~I) /n
= ~ lha:,I
.,~1 n

Re..\CA..'l, Vt! EYroy = 6°'

a_

Pe-rc.e""to.1~ E"rY'oY :::: ~ x ,oo "I. _ &,o..

ComB1NATtoN of ERRoA.~
if z .::= A+ B i A tft eY-<oY l:lA ; Bit'enoy b.B J
6z: = LJA +~G ,Abso lu.te e -f'!O t" ~ o.dd ~
fi1\o.l 0-.Y\.St..ue:c bec.o'Y\'\QS c±bc; Ac= .6A-+bB
if ~-=-AB OY A/8
~2 = D'1 + DB
Z A e:,
relative e.""YOY 61r o.Jd. au,
 if c:::.A'3
:t;, 2:A-ftPi

=t> ~ == 6A_-\ DA -t bA = 3 6.A

Z. A A A A

~ e Yte --c-o..l
Ru..\ e.
if :c:= AP c, 1/ct

~ = p~A -t q,QG + "£JC

2 A B c

Sl~NIFICANT PIGURES
In plLt!> the..
a.l"~ m eo..su"<e meY'\t, t he --reJ io.lole di1·1t.s
fi-r5t u.nc,eria.iVI d[j it o.xe k.rlowY\ °'s s.iy.,,;f'ic.a..Y\t d.i~i t~
O"r ~13yi '1 ti C.O. 't'\t "ti~Ul'e ~ .
if le'f\~tlA of o... pen is rriea....s1....-,ecl
13. 2 9 8 3 CYY'\ _,, t, u..e. voJu.e.
J.~· 3 C.-VV"'\ , mea.suYed u.5j .,,j -Sc.a.le
l"dio.b( \ l . . . .
d.;~its ~t d.,9,t •s a.lw~.s LL.Y'ce--<k,n
( ~ cft- dnTf .3 cMeo..su-re Jt )
th.is is a.\so --reJoJeci wit'-" k.o.st c.ou.,vd e.Y-<oY .

u:r~·itiV\J 13.3 c.M

a...s t3 . 3ooc..'rf\ wou.\d be wYOV\~ .

-=P we YJleed Some --ru.le.s io write rnea..su Yecl 4-u.a.mt',t ie~

..tea.di~ ~oe.s ~ i~ Crfft~) 2 eYOC5

002003000
3f JJ2 -t;ro.ilinJ cc.:roes s ~~,if,·cat1t ~- rl7"~xpe. ri merJ ~ dT&
~ d.ec.irr1~I ~ cli1:. <Slrll~I ill~P I
 Lea.di1 2e-rnes.: oev-e'< .s~nif,·c:a.>1.t
Tro.iliVIJ ~e"foe!;: si~i,,jfica.nt if kcil'V>al IS rye,;e.,,t.

ADDITION WITH 61~- flG$,

aJ~Y\ -tne clec.1 ~a.ls o..v'ld t hen ~ound -off f he.. va.f ue.s u.e
oo Y'I' i le."' ow
'-i2,,.32 + 221. 2 t o.3o2.

, 1
,36.
3~2
,
?r fvrn-
~
values ~ ~ o-lfr
~
V1 irfA,
-t 2 2 ,- . 2.: ? ·1 ;:j<rE add efTit ~ =h2fl /
+ 0-3:0 ·2.
6 b 3 · c9! 2.. 2...
·~
! '-.... > ~
'::Jtr~ vou~
•, I - 1'-'f
0. 01
d,'}_~ ~df.riJ mrr
fYlOLTl PLICATION /o,v, 510N
2,etaiY\ t~e nu.m be.¥ of si~-fi~s of t he meo.~u-<evne.,)1.t
wiih l e.a.st .si~-fi s.
0
c.1 x 1.oC)l = 1
1 Si8f'd 3 Si3f13s

~ 1 is s "1'\ IIe" t1,,,..,, 3, !, o a. n s we• ~ hoWJ ha, ve 1 !. i

3f,g
wa.td,-. v',tleo fo"'< .SOived e..X£AV'f\plef;.

1( Coul'\leJ. vo.llM!s ho.ve no e..'f°'<o-r. The✓

0-.. wee. k. "1a~ .,Z. da j ~ 7
o.. Lvee k lia_ s t.o o ooo da.:J !. J i'

a fdOU.tv.be .c.om C..l"Clt;~ up

b~ Vi kro.'()t kj -ra."'
I
11 T K ~o..."("(). ~ PL,L'(