Jiri Strasky Jiri Strasky Stress ribbon and cable-supported Stress ribbon and cable-supported pedestrian bridges pedestrian bridges| Stress ribbon and cable-supported | pedestrian bridges Jiri Strasky aa ‘L' ThomasTelfordPublished by Thomas Te Ena, ‘www thematic nd Publshing thomas Teed Li, 1 Heron Quay: Landon Distsibulos for Thomas Tolono are U9: ASCE res, 101 Alexander Bell Drive, Resin, VA 20191-4100 a: Mazen Co. Book Department 3-1ONthonbash2home, Cho, Tokyo 02 Ausra: DA Books an Journals 48 Whitehorse Road, Micharn 3132 Vicia nt pubished 005, Also available fom Thomas Telford Books Begining shal pope: Laoar Fernand Teyana BN 0727732383 Cate seis. Rene Wale. SBN 072772737 he actrees Da Brat SBN 0727725297 Preresedcmeedsg al orc, Nig R, Hewson. ISBN 0727732234 ‘catalogue record for hs book avaiable from the eis Libary ISHN: 072773282 1 Stray ed Thomas Teo 205 All sighs oclug tration, reserved. Facept as permite by the Copyright, Desig and Patents Act 1985 no part ofthis putin muy br sepals ced imaretreal system or transmit in any for ot by ny means elton eae holocopying or others, without the prio ten periion ofthe Pabahing Director, Thomas Telford Publshing Thomas Tend Ui T Heron Quay, Landon E1310 "his bok is puis onthe understanding tha the authori sly espns rhe tems made and opiions expres inn that ubatin does at rece ‘mpl tha sch statements andlor opinions ae cert the ews opie ofthe Publishes. Whe every fot has teen made o ensue tht the statements made ne the opinions express in his pubaton prove sate andar ui, no habity ‘or responsi canbe accept inthis teapot bythe author or pbs Types by Academic = Tecnica Bristol Prine arbour in Groat Bain be MPG Books. Bain, Comal Introduction Structural systems and members 21 Stctutal systems Design criteria 1 Geos condone 32 Leads 301 Physiological effect of vibrations 332 Aerodynamic behaviour 333 Seamic design Cable analysie 41 Single cabo 42 fending ofthe cable 43. Natura modes and frequencies Etfects of prestressing Creep and shrinkage of concrete Stress ribbon structures 7a 3 ‘rac! arrangement Pressed ban Per and abutments “Tramerring tes bon force nt the sot Eton ofthe deck Static and dari analyse Speslarangnents ‘Sacre silened external tendons Contents " 20 as a7 ey‘STRESS FIBBON AND CABLE-SUPPORTED PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES {8 Suspension structures 15 1 Stactral rangement ns 82 Becton of stuns 2 83. static and dymamic analysis @ 83.1 The init stage of an carthanchone suspension structure 130 32 Analysis of suspension tuctares, 132 834 Hsamples of anh sis Ww 83.5 Static ard dynamic lang ets bs 8 Cablostayed structures vat 21 Squctralarangeent Mm 92. Ereton of statues 15 93. Sutic and dynamic aalis 7 881 Stycabes us 932 Relistuton of tees duet csep and svinkage 1S) 10 Curved structures 155 11 Examples 161 TLL Baehersed Bridge, Swiverand oa 1112 _Lignon-Lsex Bdge, Geneva, Steen 1 1113 reburg ridge, Germany 18 TELE DSL Beads, Cech Repulie 164 HAS Sacramento River Tell edge, Reding, Calorie, USA 116 Unenai-Todoro Pak Bre. Japon m 1117 Yometsur Bdge Japon vm 118 Tonbo No Hash Bridge, Japan mB TL19 le Valley Ranch Bridge, Colorado, USA, vs 11110. Rogue River Bie, Grane Fans Oregon, USA a HLLI1 Kiko Bridge, Japan 1% TLLA2_ Rent Messenger Millenium Bg Maidstone, UK ” LLIB. Rosenstein Brie, Statgrt. Germany 189 AM Phorzheien Mt Bridge, Germany 18 LLIB Punta SransuneBrgeSvtaciand 12 11.148 Bridge across freeway RESIS ner Olmos, Ceeth Republi 183 TLLIT Tokimel Bdge apon Iss 11238 Morne Walaa Bd apn 185 112 Suspense strates Iss 1121 Bridges over the Segre River in Alt Ungl Lida, Spin 188 M122 MavEyhSee Bridge Stupor, Germany 7 1123 Phoeaim 1k Carma 1 1124 Vianor Lake Bridge, Coch Republic ry 1125 Willamete River Bae, Eugene, Oregon. USA, 184 11.26 Mckenzie River Bdge, Eugene, Orsgon USA 6 1127 Halgwor Bdge, UK ws Bridge Kec, Germans = nas nan na mais cdg in Detches Moseum in Munich, Germany Iskana Zoo Brg, Japan ‘Sos Bra. Japan (Ganon Bridge, fp ‘Ajum’ Bide, apan Tob rig apa nachus Beda Japan Jotsan Crock Brie, Organ, USA 34 mas Reterences Index ‘Neckar Riser Brg, Monocim, Geran Scripps Croming at UCSD, La Jolla. CA, USA. Hiangerford Brg, London, UK IP, Coach Republic Bridge arosfreway lckmendow Bridge, Maidstone, Ker UK Cloris Catalans Brie, Barcelona, Spin Rvewood Gal Clu re Japan ridge across fseway DI, Cash Repubic CONTENTS: 2 Et a5 206 a a0 221 225Foreword {sts oy profession cane in 199 one year alter Raman rope soci’ out ‘ounty nt rine our hopes fora fee and creative ie. Some of my colgbes have lcd to enigrate many ofthe oers hive rsgned and become passive. Ths Supported by som profosors who had to lave the universes beasse of thet pions, together we create a group of sinirty minded people. Twas fuky to have collate eth these engineers who Rave tied to prove ut we Were sll aie even under the given dificult Gacumstances 10 develop and build progressive lodge sutures. Inthe company Dopeva Stavby Olomouc weave developed ou own prestesing, system and ou own segmental technology Tor constructing highway overpass and Viaduct, We have built cablestayed trdges and, mote inprtanty, realized sts ‘inbon an suspension pees bes, These stricto corespand tomy desig ‘hosp: they ae light and waneparent. their stracura sites xpress he function ‘the bridging ofthe sie, they can be Bul without any inlvenes onthe erin under the bridge an ther denstons hve sharma scale. And, alhoug they have been Afeveloped from neo the ole structural ystems they eguiea dsp understanding, ‘of ucural syste functioning of prstessing and srt! materi We have not oly bul thee structure, bu we have ar veri he arti by staid ttc and dyna est. We have also publod the eractral stone and "ess of he teste in outstanding tecricl magazines, fr seich we have reed firsts in international ards In 87, hanks to au artis, ws invite optic ‘on the design ofthe fist US sos ibn edge that was bit aes the Sacraments River in Resing, Caloris Since the “ett revolton in 1569 tof things ve changed have tact ‘wo in the USA. and together with my Sends, Wwe have opened oar own design ‘and ave bon wsching bnge design and constuction te Techical Unive sity of Bro, Freight yar Twas also member ofthe pei ofthe FIP (FédSraton Internationa du Beton = the International Feseration foe Staal Corer). Lave slko hod an opportunity to pasta onthe design of large-scale projets that have tee bl in Calforia and Japon Tram entre galt he fact that my sign work has haps me to become cau wth many engers win ate ot ony uttaning experts, buat impor tan ave extremely gd andere people: Duco my sg work ave bacon 3 member of a amily of proesianals wo rmbine tna Koowtedge with aethete Fling and crests brides howe aretectare is developed tory fone! tu, “hey -incamtat ood fanaa ahs cho eles rateSTRESS RIBBON AND CASLE-SUPPORTED PEDESTRIAN BRIOGES ‘hat protect our envzeament and who ase as a measure of appropriates an economy of the material. am grateful to Thomas Tlior Fusishing forthe opportunity to publish my expe ewes tlt to the design and consrcton of Stes Ribbon and Cable Supprted Structures, Thetl, fist al woul ket ees shy than fo my partners Hasty, tail Susy and Ptr Hulk fr hain ne with te design ur st str tures omy younger llagaes, sinter mek and Vem le for their to further develop them, and ra. Mis Pier and De. Mate Shick forthe lp with dhe dinars nays a ests, Furhrmow would Ike to tha my tenn the USA and UK: Chases Reick BI al Gary Reyor, oe Togo nt CeztryBecnarei for he opportunity op Paton thir projet. My than ls gt frend of ie Br AKo Kasia fo the ‘opportunity to i Japanese snes and bin infomation abut em Tn his book I presen thereat of parancr tiies an fest peor by my former and presen PMD stints De Fa Kah, Dr. Robert Broz, Tomas Rory por Richard Novak and fan Bold, It was very exting to work with them would sho ike to thank my fend De. Tomas Kompner for ccking the txt and Jarek Bron fo preparing sages of our new sutures. Bt mos ofall wen He tothank my wife Nada task for deawingallthe gies and her suppor and under Standing for my work ise ‘two be the Bs rie? I he ome eich cul ref Wa Be ie, ten ani gt wer: wie failed ry ifn o wing prt” Cablesupportod ridges have been designed fom the teaming of human his Tie development i fine ingand eoresponde ot development of engloerng (8) 2. 40) and 9, The Beaty of thse structures owes fom thir cle i funtion, sebieh determines ie arcisectal expression “The ahtectre of bre ot some ind of eatnent ached to oF porno the tact! design of a ridge The architecture sould anerge fr and be given by the land's as ution, Te fnton of ge iw ee over some partici spn der ht some loo ae tray be convey oer a utr cbt or anther man- Inne though An form ofa begs mest expres the ba funtion. The eet seacal clon should be some form inert in hse, that Bes false farton of bridging these, Tht ofthe structural designer Chscover tat fom in suck a way that can be ealzed both ‘sconomialy and licen 7 Pesan bodger should te Ught and transparent Of course bridge race mist Be maf, should wt we, ‘ecofrtabeorth wean desig are const tohurnan cae ibratons fhe deck under the excaton of setae walking on ofa wi must ot peta felings of cof inthe users. ‘rsh ard engines generally agree that the whole structure and_srucurd_mombers forming the bee Should expr = Dy thar shape ~ dhe Dow of intemal forces though the stracual sytem, which i ntegeated in the socal scroundi store and lehnolog Calan psi environments (3, The structures desi inthis book are dedkatd to betong us fo ull howe envionment cultural an soil 1 Introduction ‘tjectves within the consains of seaaMe «cononic sources. These tuctres ee 2s a mai load bening tember a hanging cable, whose shape - Fucus Tews gin by ie pe state foncson “The decks of cablesupporis stores are formed by steeland corte, In many designs the ifr the tare sven by te sien ofthe space net of he cas or rom the Bening a torsion stifoess of he dock In several rect designe the stifcss of the structures tomes om the tension ve compression (ermal) Sins the ste itbon deck 8) ‘Stn i brief he tr that as teen sind 10 dese statutes fons! by dtl wale prestressed toners deksthat have he shape of acatenary Theconce tras ft inroduceé by Ulrich rsterwaider who repeat fly proposed sch a strstre for bridging Ize spans ‘Amun the bigs sagged were thos over he Bosporus (eee Fig 1) Lake Geneva and the 220 im Kole 2 “The bearing site consist of slighly sogsing ten sioned cable ede in concrete ab tht Is very thin Compared wih dhe span, Thin slab serves asa dock but Spat fom cstiuting hel oly ane preserving he Contin its her ncn ea Ke of suspension Structure where the bles ane eens so igh that afc {an be places eso he concrete sab ebecding the cables Compared seth ote rectal pes the troctre SS extemely simple. Oh the ler and the force inthe abies ety lange Mange snore Uae ey ress rion sructres combine te structural form of primitive bridges, formed by rope rom Tso harboo [bee Figs 12 and 13, ith the sroctorl amergeront of proresed suspended os [9,5], Fr itatrato, to tf the most artistry sucessful rots te poset in Fie Ltand 18 “heist oof was bi forte Dulles eration Alport seminal Washington,DC. USA, in 62 oe Fig. TeINTRODUCTION STRESS FIBSON AND CASLE-SUPPORTED PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES‘STRESS FIGEON AND CABLE-SUPPORTED PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES wrRoDUCTION Fig. 18 Sadcledome, Calgary. Canada Sires rion stature can be signe! with ene a more spans and are characterized by succesrive ane complemen tary smooth curves The carves lod in the url environ ment and thi forms, the mostsimple sr basic of srt solutions (ee Figs 19 an 1.10), cll arse the fw of Internal forcs, Tei fine diensions als onrspon ho 2 man cae F117 Borin Congress Mal exmany~eractra ararge From Fig. L115 event that a ses ton tre repress the sinpewt strc ore. Bth he engnering ad sesthtic Beauty ofthis type of bridge Ie inthe fact thatthe suspend wallway isl the ect Hate ‘sel without the need for any ans props, mass fables, dampers, Ie fess and tabiity tel om i grometry Sus structures can Be siher cast into oF formed of precast units nthe cave of pres structs the deck ie tssembled from psa segments that ae suspended on tearing ables nd moved ing the cables thei pos thon ore Fig, 112, Prestige applied ter casting the joins between the sepmert ensue sulcent git of The main advange of thse troctre shat they have rnimal eneronmenta irpct becuse they use very ite Frail and on be eta rte encrocking onto the extn lean, Since thay’ donot ne eas oF espa So joins they reguize only minimal foe sin They areableto resist not only fry stb fads but alo lage concentrated lad from the wes of heavy tracks, Exteel large fo that ecured in the Cee Republic in the summers of 1987 an 20D, lo conte that hey ane able fo resist ange tnt loud Alou ale sit aie function remained with ny changes t the Bridges two bridges Fig. 190 Roding Grigge. CA USASTRESS RIBBON AND CASLE-SUPPORTED PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES: Even though re frequencies, our motion of the deck limits foe Fig confined that the ‘Syamicaly (Over the couse f tne people have realize at decks ‘am be suspended! fom cables having larger sags and in (6c Fig. 118) The fis suspen 1 Fey who sien Ue jor compe sepension bridges 8 ster of man cable om The concept behind ths system was develope i Bry sanpenson chains of ciclar epee were used for the lopment of he constrastion of modern suspension nt 138 rues due to wind Boa was ridge dew the attention of engineers o the aerodynamic stably of suspension structures (65. Therofow new inTRODUCTION can be adopted, However these solutions stem 10 be suspension stractres have a deck fem by an open sti main cables (oe Fg. 118} Engineers fom France subst tuted wie cables forthe chains (ae Tig, 116). 1 as [Roebling who developed cable sinning, which Ind 0 fered sel ruse of sie torsional and Renin iiss (oe Fig. 11) or wea stained tel Boe gder oe Fig. 13905) [9 To guaranee the aeroiynamic saility of psestran bridges sstons ane inthe designs of highway brie Inappropriate, being tas sy and expensive, or pees ridge “Anoher approach o providing fins sto construct a slender somerte desk and sen the srastre wing & fystem of inlined sespenders (se Fig LK). ThsSTRESS RISEON AND CASLE-SUPPORTED PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES. ae ig, 117. Brookiyn Bridge, Now York, USA pproach has ben succesfully developed and eect rm Cesigns by roesorJ-ScHach However, the mantic of 0 many suspenders snot an easy ask ‘Slnderizing the eck can be combine ih sigue ten used to labile wiity bridges fe Fig. 118). (n suchas, thecoctete deck sien bythe pases, ‘tetera cables wih an opposite cumatare Yo toto fe tain suspension abs Sar effets canbe achive by ‘imnaing he longtudinal movement o he dc, “The combination ofthe stifining ofthe deck by extemal cables stunted within the deck al sininating the cia tal movement was used inthe design ofthe Vranoy Lake edge built in 1993 nthe Coach Repub (ee Fig. 120, “The deck ofthe 232mm spa i an ase of pee oncat segments of only Daan doth ee Fig. 123) The Tidge deck. which haw a depth tng rll of 1:63 Fp. 118 Golson Gate Brag, Ser Francine, USA and sone af the lendret ever bait was rst without ny eet onthe environment se Fig. 123, From Fig. 125, which shows possible Brie optons, Ks evident that suspension structures have mine impact on the envionment tes arch woud dominate the ake fn the pylons of « calestyed sation would fower stove the tees. The modest suspension ride produce he right proportion forthe sting we Fig, 120) and a the same te prove economia fo canst A ridge deck can ao be suppor by siepension cables (sce Fig, 124) or say cable ae Fg, 129, Wie suspension suctreshuve bee widely designed tosh the nintventh and tenth centri, the develop rent f mkrn coblespporsd structures stich ater ‘he Second Weld Wa, Poteseor Dishing fist epi Sand the imporance of Ngh tial tess sm the stay able, an designs the fst mexer calestped bridge built in Seems, Sweden, 9 1 cablestayed states with oth steel and concrete decks have ben construct (40) (42) (4), (5), (0) ant (6 ‘The development of prestressed conctte choy sg carly contbuta! tothe development of eben! 22 Vranov Lake Brage, Caeen Republic INTRODUCTION Fig. 12 Vranov Lake Bridge, Czeen Republic stuctra! Fig 128 Varapas Braye, Pere[STRESS RIBBON AND CABLE-SUPPORTED PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES At present concrete bridge deck sus forthe may of bridges and stay cables develope! from retesing cabs are aoe oth for concrete and sts structures, Sie the 170s, the decks of many peetrian ries ave ad he form of sender concrete, Profer Leona it ted slender concrete slabs fr lange span cablestayed praesvian bridges (9) Prose R- Wabi hae proved that + deck of depth averaging $5 canbe ed aly Sor bridges with pars of up to 200m (sc Fig 1.26) 5 (Calesupported pesestan tne can hive tnber, steel concer composite dels and the sifness of the erates can be piven bythe Bending stiffs of the deck, the space arangement of cables oy the tension nse of pretend concrete deck The ides of prestescng, 2 product of the tweneth century, give designers the abilty to conta racial lshasour and atthe sen ie enabled fori hem fo ‘hunk move deply aout the contraction. While enor concrete combines cnerete and tel ars by simply puting thom togetier and etn them sc in combination. pe strened concrete combines highstength conceit Iighstrngth sto in an active manner, The pestising allows us Blanc the lad, change tourer onions fd eae support within the structure. Prestesing ‘ada tp ftom psivereiforcemen to erestve Ng snd developmen (121 [0 [9] an Tofocus on tatfot and omar the cope of he book i Primarily describes cbesuppori srwtures formed by Prestressed srs ton decks ig. 126. Model est of cable stayed stature wth len lor concrete deck (eurasy 018 Walter) Although shes tractus havea very skp shape, thie design 4 noe sephora. I rogues 9 deep er standing of strctral forms, the fonctions of sacar dems and he behaviour of prestesed concrete ruts Postnsonod by inal andor extemal trons, Ako Static and dynamic analyse rule a understanding of the fandion of cables and resale varios goose and teri nonin probes 2 Structural systems and members 24 Structural systons ‘he tealy of suspension an arch scr comes Fam Ahi economic trac shape. Thee economy eden from Fig 21a) which sows the tletores of peincpal stress I a unlormly bes. simply supported bam. From the figure it event dat the masimum sexes ‘eeu nly the m-spn section and ony inthe tp and tein fies. The bear har 2 sgn amount of dead mas tht dows not onthe a al to resisting the external loud rom the figure it clr that f we want reduce the weight ofthe beam we vet ciminate ax much dead thas as posible and wilize the tension or compression ‘apes ofthe struc members, From the Beam we can derive. suspunon cable oF an atch in which the Ica foe Ie eit by an internal set or He (ce Fig. 2100; whom the foundations ate capable of essing, Forza forces, we can subsite the sat othe He By sf ootigs (6 Figs 21), 22 and 23) ‘A aniorly lad concrete arch can span several eies ant suspension cab can span even ore. But thei shape has fo be funicular tothe gem lad a he structures nee fo have an esonomie nse o 588 "The lyout of pedestrian bres incr by So requirements. In cblesupportedstuctres where the ‘sk follow the ape of he cals any lite slope with cormaponing sg can be ascepcs. Furthermors those vides nes 4 have enough stlness fo guarantee eoSTRESS FIBSON AND CABLE-UPPORTED PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES: both comotable way Fig 23)- is thercfre racer 0 tf the, The deformation of the suspension races (Fl 2 can te seco by ening the cables ing deo Toad (oe Fig, 240), by exter cales (see Fig, 240) oF tyr cresting prestese concote band with a ceiain amount of bending snes to guarantee the dlstibuton of leat foods andthe sabi of the overall shape (oe Figs 2442) ard ‘Altatvly,cablesupported tractres can be stifles by beams that dnb the ln and give salty othe system (ce Hg, 26), In this way a suspension stem formed by beams and sspersion cables of esonomis sags canbe developed oe Figs 243) 260), 27 and 29) These pension cable cou also be subtitted by 3 systom of tay ‘les (se Figs 268),-26), 28 and 210), ‘When we think abou a uapenion sac we usually assume thatthe cables faded at several pois bee, the anchorages when we imagine we assume thatthe cables are Id ony tthe aoe pons. The stay cables can hive diferent rangement dat hss suse in grater dtl in Copter 9 1 he sunperson cables ae ated above the deck the logs artes rom he deck it the calles by esioned Tanger: th structures with cae stunted under the deck ‘he ou ranefere fom the dk in heels by com pression tut. The suspension and sty cables an be anchowsd outside of the stulering beam sn anchor bcc ranslering the forse from the cas nt the i oe Figs 211) and 21) oF thy cam be achond in the beam acest a salle sl anchored stor se Figg 21) and 210() othe ater ‘ne the footings a seed by verti reactions on “ypleal arrangements cble-suppte strates With cable stunted above or under the dack ae presented in Fig. 21, Figure 212 show stractral sates an hich bles are stunted both above and under the deck. Is ‘ear that ts posible o combine the suspension an ty STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND MEMBERS ables stat teow or above Suspension or sry cables anchored in achor bi incline ess anchors in the eck, From al the possi Variations, wo soltions for longapan stuctres ae pe= igure 21) shows abridge in which he ene portion ofthe deck is supported on suspension cables hie the potion of the deck close 1 he tower i supported on F928 Golaen Gate Brae.[STRESS RIBBON AND CABLE-SUPPORTED PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES Fg. 210 be Bridge, Coach Rendle ig 212 James Fey's chain eidge ables. This arrangement, which was wed In the pst om Several structures will have 2 moder equivalent in a Proposed cablesisyed suture called the “BSiayed id (5) (68 Fin 213), In this stractre the Jonge Teck sty cable ave anchored in abutments ht alo serve 2 anchor Hock. in the main epan the longest says Schon in the msn spas are overlapped (coupled) by fan tendons, Since the Iz ommponent of the ay ‘ible the same asthe force in the span tendon, the stay cable Together with the apan tendon behaves a Suspension cable in tat doesnot tes the srutare With a compreson fre. This rei is crcl for the esgn of support sections of lng pan cablestayed trac tures From the above itis eset his structure anc mia othe stature posted In Fig 21%). Tes woth mentioning it the fares Brooklyn ridge sce Fig. 218), competed in 1883 acrms the Eas River in New York already combined suspension and stay ables, and in the side spans the suspension cable are situated tet above and below the dk The decison on what pe of sractre can be sedi ato strongly influenced by the construction posi. aspension structure Ihe ables have 19 Bo eect Sit thon the ern of the deck proces without onsderaton| of the tru under the bridge (ee Section 82) Fora et {then the suspension cabascan be ented an tensioned The ft thatthe rection ofthe deck depends athe eran under the igen ae cases climate the uso this Contry to the cantare suspension struct, the sedans cablestaved rte canbe ercd without onsiration ofthe erin under he bridge The deck can te erent progessvely by cantever and suppor! on mmc sa cabs oe Sexton STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND MEMBERS Fig.214 Brookyn 8rd, New Yor, USA The importance ofthe stlfening of dec walla su person strc, shown im Fig. 24, evident Sr the Fig 215m ich ive streets ae compat igure 215 shows abr of 8m span ith nena ead oad Hope of St hich yields ata a spam of Lm. The beget 1 by to cables on which timber boards ate placed. The {otal aes ofthe cables is A. = D188 The dead Bod {2 5kN/m an the horizontal fre = 30004, by two aes hat suppor 25m concrete panel ‘The oa ar ofthe cables i A, = 00252, 5. bya 125mmthick concrete and hats supported by wo cables, The otal are ofthe cables i A, = 00 (les are embed i the Bud, wich & fally pre Steel and therefore unracked, 4. bya 125mmaick coments band thats support by to cles. The otal aren ofthe cables A, = 002521 The ‘Sib are emi inthe nd, eich rurally pe ‘trend and therefore cracks can or the concrete Ih te sesumed tat te cack spcng te 3mm and tt the concrete between cack es enon, The a6 once tht resist the lenin ken 3 ArH shown in Fig. 21518) Iya 280mm-hck concrete band of tha supported ‘sich i fall presesed an heeoveuneacked The cables ane emu in the an{STRESS RIBBON AND CABLE-SUPPORTED PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES. ina CF tow mrctres 23 and are stressed by a dead lod = T7EN/on with comeing horzortal fore 1H, —103198N, Strate 5 Is stressed bya dead Toad gE RASKN/m wilh comesponding horizontal force Hy 206351 The comin the prestessing tendons an reinforsing to othe enionsifines ofthe Bandi elects! strate 34 and 5 “These strates were analyte fits of he dead loud and ave lad p = 2UKN/m placed om ne half he strc, The analysis was performed forthe stuctre ‘modelled as 9 cable of effective tension sf EA, and Perobendng sities, Te lfective sins EA, was deer- fined trom the modulus of eastcty of the cable BIOS MOMs and a ffectie ares A, that depends o8| the ares ofthe cable A, and cnctete Band A fr A) 3 ‘well the allo ofthe modus of elaty of sel E and Ana Bana Resting dormations ofthe structures are presented a Fig 25) and Table 21. ror these ts event that the fly prestressed 250mm band a the salle lefrmtions, Also ful and ply prestresed structure have reasonable deformations, Athough the deformations of stractures Yaad 2 could be reed by sbsiting he ‘bles by spe ofsrstral stot hat have lover allowable Stresses and theretore ree a leger cos ston, the ‘efoto ate stil sigan We event thatthe prstesed concrete deck (ll oF partly prestressed) hae 9 superior beswior. The mone Te concrate dck gis the structs not nly a suet tension sfc buts membrane tf so guaranscs the araversesfiss ofthe Bridge. Tawesratores are Further i following tet) ale es lon structs, Tabla 21 Maximom deermavion EA WN wre au ara Tete 51a ee we te Sttfesng ofthe suspension stractare by 2 tension cable of opposite curvature (ee Fig 24) has sila tacts the tifeningo he strate by dead Ko oe Fig. 2405), Te the cables cose 4 spice tute ke that shown in Fig 1245, thesis ofthe sytem can e further msproved Dutin both of tee cases he tracaresroeire complied ‘ble connections an goed maintenance “The srtes were aad witht consiering Ue tending fies, To undstand the iniaence of the Bee ing silos of the protsed Dan, extensive sais twee pevformed on thy onespan structure (ee Fig 2: The strctre tht ad span L= 99m and sag 188m {/ OAL) ws developed rom stsctute 5 of Fig. 215 The dak, which ha constant area but diferent ening sites, wes aly fn veal poo of the ive loud ad for the fst of temperate changes From all the of results ni deformation, bending moments and orm fn fort lings are presented in Figs 2a and 238, ‘concrete Bad of Sn with nd 0.5m dep having rls of east E,~ 36000 was asin [STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND MEMBERS. The analysis was performed or he llocing vale of he S110!‘STRESS RIBBON AND CABLE-SUPPORTED PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES: oa yaa onl | “tS monmaricnianese 148) = 50010" mt 147) = 300m 4149) = 500 «100 1410) = 100010 The band was suspense on bearing tendons of ttl art AL 0002! and mols of lst E—195000 The tnt had 9 constant are and therefore he dead oad wea ala conetat vale ising the weight of easing terns as ¢= 33. 35KN/m The ils inthe Boring tendons were derived fram the rizona force oA 58! 1 AE BS anes “Te stactare was analysed a a twoimenstonal QD) goo meray online siracture sing the program stm |ANSYS Inthe analyse Hoh age deformations and hes tale tension titening were considered (6e Section 7.3) Figure 217 shows the deformation (3) and tending moments fs) lang the length ofthe bie, for long ty dead! Hod ana ive Kad p —2000kN/m stated on only oe Ralf ofthe stretare an he vasa he noel foe in the baring tendons and nthe concrete desk at he isp scion function of is Bending snes “The sae results for lading by dead loud ad tempera= ture rap of = 20°C ae presente in Fi 218. From the gues itcan Beteen how the deformations aed bering, moments depend onthe stfnss of the deck Ii evident that in the range of Bending snes fom 651 = 10" nt to 540210"? the deformation ad bending omens te netiy the sane The scr resists the load by terion ais and ot by ts bending ifs. The defor ‘maton a ona forces ate the same a he one or he ‘le without being ties Ie alo evident thatthe Bending stresses in slender str. tures are very low and enignate only close tothe end snckor Mocks Along the Whole length the strcture i ‘Asimuar anal was performed for the suspension (5 Fy, 216) sal caliestipa setae ore Fae 224) ‘The deck was upportat on moveable Bearings ad con cd 1 he abutments by Raion springs “The suspension structure ie formed By a suspension cable of spun L— 99m and 9g f= 01L = 99 on hich 2 comerete deck i suspend. The total area ofthe cables fe A,—doUseta? and modulus of elastty Is E, 195000MPa I is assim that the suspenders ane pit connected si br. At the mi-span de suspen cable te deck ‘STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND MEMBERS “4 t I Kol 1 | Fi. 219. Dolton end mamas in euspenson structure def ve 038 Te doc has he same material ar sectoral characteris tisasthe deck inthe previeus example Since the deck has a tant are, the dead aed = 31254Nje i also co ‘lont Theft resin he suapensoncablesare derived from the boil force Bmax j= BAM _oyossun, The structure was analyses a 2D gsometcaly nonin structure with dhe progam system ANSYS fea) aro and (init ito of he Friant peng Figure 219 shows the deformation ws) ane bending norments Ms along the Bg of the bedgefor eaing 1p Gel hada ive aad p= 208N/m sted on only fone bal of the stu. From the gues he Way ‘which deformation and tending moments depend! on the Ses the dick and Boundary contions is evden. I Is cer tha te dotormatin and ening mom in the deck cam bsg eco ty restraining te oez0n- tak moverent of he dock ‘Similar resus were one fom the amass of the cablestayed structs (se Fg. 220). The stuctte was Siso anivend as 220 grometically nonlinear atactare with ANS. Te nl foe in ses ales were dete ited nich x way St ht vereal components ey {lend the den lod, Te orn sping were a etd othe dock afer sere Tooks deangcablesye stirs analy demon ene bet baeror teavincs gure 221 shows the Tltve deformation saps rid, # ae Syed teiige with in towers and (@) # cleaayed Wedge wih Aone (3), The ele Soran are {cuted by s lve load apple fs chet pater From the rss tiv cvlent tha th higher sf of te Catestayed acre and te tower cian he tutotrlane Geos of he ee sane te tessonce The radon ofthe dttion fhe deck fr he ae Joan on alo be chee by luting he boson movement of te deck, Pe 2295) shows the vere ‘Roan fede of he snl span ofthe Willa Se Her Bdge Ge Seton 1) fora ning stated ‘von al often sa and Sree aie of the Tevtznl speing preset te fee conten of the drk Sr edt of decline an corey ing ses afore st in he msn spe in