Sistema Digestivo

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nal-disease-lectureppt

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 1
 Palatosquisis:

Palato: Paladar
Quisis: Abierto- avertura

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 2
 Braquignatia.

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 3
Erosive stomatitis and lingual
cyanosis
• Bluetongue (NTD:
ovine catarrhal
fever)
• Cyanosis due to
vascular
compromise

Glositis: Inflamación de la
lengua.

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 4
 Erosive and ulcerative stomatitis,
glossitis
• No distinct margins /
hyperemic or
proliferative rim
• DDx (bovine): IBR,
BVDV, Rinderpest,
Vesicular stomatitis,
FMD, MCF, BTV
• DDx (small ruminants):
Peste des petite
ruminants, Rinderpest,
Border disease, FMD,
BTV, BVDV

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 5
Vesicular glossitis
• DDx: FMD and Vesicular
stomatitis (VS)
• o VS does not occur in sheep
and goats. FMD more severe
in cattle than small ruminants
• VS: papules, vesicles, erosions
and ulcers of mouth,
coronary bands and teats
FMD: Epithelial fluid filled vesicles of oral cavity,
lips, rostral palate and tongue (may extend to
esophagus and rumen in cattle) + conjunctivitis
and vesicular dermatitis of teats and vulva,
coronary bands, interdigital,
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI
hooves may slough.6
Hard palate: Proliferative and
necroulcerative stomatitis
• Bovine parapox (NTD: Bovine papular
stomatitis)
• Gross: characteristic sharply demarcated round
macules with central necrosis and peripheral
hyperplastic, hyperemic edges, no vesicles o
Muzzle, nares, oral cavity, tongue (not dorsal)
as far as esophagus and forestomachs
• Histo: Mucosal hyperplasia, ballooning
degeneration w/ necrosis and eosinophilic IC IB
• Mild disease in young, debilitated older
animals
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 7
 Gangrenous stomatitis, gingivitis
and osteomyelitis

• Fusobacterium necrophorum
• Primary underlying stomatitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis,
glossitis
• Gross: grey-yellow foci of coagulative necrosis
surrounded by rim of hyperemic tissue
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 8
Ulcerative and pyogranulomatous
glossitis
• Actinobacillus lignieresii (NTD: Wooden tongue)
• Stomatitis, glossitis (not in sheep), lymphadenitis,
lymphangitis o Mastitis in sheep, cattle
• Histo: Pyogranulomatous inflammation centered
on colonies of bacilli surrounded by eosinophilic
club-shaped (Splendori-Hoeppli) material, fibrosis

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 9
 Necroulcerative
esophagitis/pharyngitis

• Fusobacterium
necrophorum
(NTD:
Necrobacillosis)
• + initiating
trauma, viral,
other + other
bacterial

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 10
Ulcerative esophagitis
• BVDV, Rinderpest, MCF, IBR
• Acute BVDV – erosions and ulcerations in oral cavity
• Mucosal disease - characteristic linear esophageal
ulcerations, erosions and ulcerations extending from oral
cavity through forestomachs, abomasum, cecum and
colon, Peyer’s patch necrosis, erosive interdigital
dermatitis and coronitis

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 11
Thoracic cavity: Persistent right 4th
aortic arch with megaesophagus
• Vagal indigestion more common cause of
megaesophagus in cattle

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 12
 Esophagus: Regional congestion
and blanching
• Ruminal tympany (bloat)

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 13
Esophageal Gonglyonemiasis
• Gongylonema pulchrum

Gongylonema pulchrum,
pared del esófago y
del rumen
Gongylonema
verrucosum, pared
del esófago
Gongylonema ingluvicula,
pared del buche, esófago
y a veces proventrículo

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 14
 Esophagus: Esophageal Papillomas
• Bovine Papillomavirus 4 (BPV4)

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 15
Ulcerative rumenitis
• BVDV, Rinderpest, Bluetongue, adenoviral, IBR,
Parapox (Papular stomatitis, ORF), FMD
• Necrosis / hemorrhage of ruminal pillars
suggestive of BTV in sheep
• Note loss of pigment on rugal fold

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 16
 Acute ulcerative and necrotizing
rumenitis
• Altered ruminal pH typically due to increased CHO
and secondary bacterial –(esp. Fusobacterium
necrophorum) and or fungal infection
• Cattle > goats > sheep

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 17
Ruminal stellate scars
• Evidence of previous rumenitis, F.
necrophorum
• Note loss of pigment on rugal folds

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 18
Necrohemorrhagic
rumenitis/omasitis (thrombotic)

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 19
Necrohemorrhagic
rumenitis/omasitis (thrombotic)
• Mycotic rumenitis (Aspergillus, Mucor, Rhizopus Absidia,
Mortierella)
• Characteristic (often) round areas of necrosis with sharply
demarcated edges (infarction) typically with hyperemic rim
particularly in ventral rumen, reticulum, and omasum.
• Transmural with serosal reaction/peritonitis may occur
• Predisposing condition (BVDV, ruminal acidosis,
Immunosuppression, chronic antibiotic therapy, etc.) →
vasculoinvasive fungi → vasculitis, thrombosis, infarction
• DDx: Necrobacillary rumenitis which is typically less severe
and less extensive and centers on papillated areas of ventral
sac and pillars. Both may have associated hepatic lesions.

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 20
 Rumen: Fibropapilloma vs.
papilloma + SCC (bov)
• Fibropapilloma – smooth, nodular, pearly white to
grayish black. BPV2
• Papilloma – small, broadly pedunculated, frondy.
BPV 4
• Squamous cell carcinoma – assoc. with BPV4
induced papillomas (not fibropapilloma) + bracken
fern

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 21
 Palatosquisis:
Rumen: Bezoar
Palato: Paladar
Quisis: Abierto- avertura

• Hair (trichobezoar), foreign material, plant

material (phytobezoar)

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 22
Ruminal paramphistomiasis

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 23
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 24
 Hemorrhagic abomasitis
• Clostridium spp. in all ruminants, Rift valley fever
(phlebovirus) – sheep

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 25
Necrohemorrhagic and emphysematous
omasitis and abomasitis (dairy calf)
• Abomasal dilation and tympany is a syndrome
thought to be associated with improper
feeding conditions + failure of passive transfer
+ proliferation of Cl. perfringens type A
• Hemorrhage, edema, necrosis + emphysema
due to abomasal fermentation of high energy
digesta

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 26
Necrohemorrhagic and
emphysematous abomasitis
• Clostridium septicum most common (NTD:
Braxy – sheep > cattle)
• Extensive edema and emphysema in abomasal
submucosa, diffuse, transmural inflammation,
vasculitis thrombosis and hemorrhage
• Mixed infection: Clostridium spp (most
commonly Cl. septicum, Cl. sordellii), other
Gram – bacT, Sarcina-like bacteria, fungal
(mixed)

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 27
Abomasal dilation with feed
impaction

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 28
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 29
Abomasal dilation with feed
impaction
• Dilation and impaction of feedstuffs may occur
at any level of GI tract
• o Poor quality roughage, dehydration, vagal
disorders (Hoflund’s syndromes), displacements,
obstructions to outflow due to neoplasm
(papillomas, other), foreign material (sand), others

• Specifically in sheep (Suffolk, Hampshire)

• o Abomasal emptying defect – cause undetermined,
may be a form of acquired dysautonomia (cranial
mesenteric ganglioneurodegeneration)
• Scrapie should also be considered in sheep

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 30
Abomasal volvulus with venous
infarction

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 31
Abomasal ulcers
• Acute can result in significant blood loss, chronic
– perforation and septic peritonitis
• Stress, infectious agents (BVDV, Rinderpest, MCF,
IBR, BTV), nutritional, toxic (arsenic – particularly
fond of abomasum, thallium, phosphorus, zinc),
lymphoma (w/o inflammation)

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 32
Fibrinosuppurative peritonitis

• Rupture of a tubular organ (abomasal in this case)

• For (generally) less severe fibrinous peritonitis
consider sepsis, localized enteritis (Cl. Perfringens
B/C and or Salmonella spp)
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 33
Proliferative abomasitis with mucus
metaplasia and intralesional ostertagia
• Ostertagia ostertagia (cattle), O. circumcincta (small
ruminants)
• Characteristic gross cobblestone appearance described as
“Moroccan leather.” - PathOgnomonic
• Characteristic clin path: Hypoproteinemia, anemia,
hypergastrinemia, hyperpepsinogenemia
• DDx: Abomasal coccidiosis, Trichostrongylus axei, nodular
lymphoma

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 34
Abomasal Haemonchosis
• Haemonchus contortus (small ruminants), H.
placei (cattle)
• Anemia, hypoproteinemia (with associated
edema – bottle jaw typical)

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 35
Abomasal lymphoma
• Bovine leukemia virus associated: HULAS
(heart, uterus, lymph nodes, abomasum, spinal
column)

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 36
Hemorrhagic enteritis
• Clostridium, toxic (caustic like mercury, arsenic),
parasitic (coccidiosis, other)

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 37
v

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 38
Necrohemorrhagic and fibrinous
enteritis

• E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium, Coccidiosis,

Adenovirus

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 39
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 40
 Small intestine: Intraluminal fibrin
cast

• E. coli, Cl. perfringens, other bacteria

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 41
 Small intestine: Peyer’s patch
necrosis
• Pestiviruses (BVDV),
Morbilliviruses
(Rinderpest), acute
Salmonella, rarely
mycotic

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 42
Granulomatous enteritis with
lymphangitis/lymphadenitis

• Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (NTD:

Johne’s disease, Paratuberculosis)
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 43
Granulomatous enteritis with
lymphangitis/lymphadenitis
• Typically ileum, cecum (particularly ileocecal),
proximal colon, rugose mucosa; segmental to
diffuse
• Mesenteric lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, hepatitis
• Non-caseating granulomas (cattle) or variably caseating
(small ruminants)
• Other lesions include: Hose pipe diarrhea
(uncommon in small ruminants), emaciation,
serous atrophy of fat, hypoproteinemia leading to
edema (bottle jaw), mineralization of vasculature,
lymphangitis*

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 44
Small intestine: Intussusception
• Any cause of hyper or hypomotility
(predominantly enteritis) or obstructive disease
(enteric parasites, neoplasia, foreign material,
abscess)

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 45
Small intestine: Mesenteric torsion
with infarction and necrosis

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 46
Segmental jejunal hemorrhage
(dairy cattle)
• NTD: Jejunal hemorrhagic syndrome
• Typically associated with Cl. perfringens type A
(recent paper negates?). May be a dietary
change?

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 47
Catarrhal enteritis with
intralesional tapeworms

• Monezia spp (cestodiasis).

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 48
Proliferative enteritis with intraepithelial
coccidia (small ruminants)
• Goat: Eimeria christenseni (small intestine), E.
ninakohlyakimovae, E. caprina (typhlocolitis)
• Sheep: E. ahsata (small intestine), E. ovinoidalis
(typhlocolitis)
• This lesion is pathoOgnomonic in goats for
coccidia

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 49
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 50
Hemorrhagic colitis with
intralesional coccidia (bov)
• Eimeria bovis, E. zurnii
• Mucosal thickening, minute ulceration,
hemorrhage. Finbrinohemorrhagic typhlocolitis in
animals dying from coccidiosis, perhaps
hemorrhagic cast
• o 1st generation schizonts of E. bovis may be visible
to naked eye in distal small intestine as small white
mucosal foci
• Disease mainly cattle <1 yr: Diarrhea, + dysentery
with mucus, tenesmus, rectal prolapse.
• Signs of disease associated with second generation
schizonts in cecum and colon

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 51
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 52
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 53
Granulomatous enteritis
• Oesophagostomum radiatum (cattle), O.
columbianum (sheep)

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 54
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 55
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 56
Intestinal adenocarcinoma
• Coexistence of Granulomatous Enteric Inflammation
and Neoplasia in an Adult Sheep

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 57
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 58
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 59
Omentum: Fat necrosis

• DDx: Acremonium coenophalium (a fescue

endophyte), steatitis, genetic (Jersey, Guernsey,
Channel Island breeds), trauma, ketosis
• Sequelae include obstruction (ileus) and stenosis
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 60
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 61
Omentum: Cysticercosis with locally
extensive saponification of fat

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 62
Omentum: Carcinomatosis

• DDx: Mesothelioma –
these are uncommon, but
mostly seen in cattle

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 63
Spiral colon: Mesocolonic edema
• Sepsis, hypoproteinemia

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 64
Fibrinohemorrhagic (typhlo)colitis
• Fatal coccidiosis, Salmonella, BVDV, Rinderpest,
MCF, Bovine adenovirus

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 65
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 66
Necroulcerative colitis
• Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Salmonella (less
likely in a goat)
• Yersinia causes transmural hemorrhage and
necrosis of small and large intestine,
caseonecrotic lymphadenitis, splenitis, hepatitis,
+ lungs, kidney, bone marrow, abortion

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 67
Atresia coli + Spiral colon agenesis
(segmental aplasia)

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 68
Imperforate anus (atresia ani)

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 69
HEPATOBILIARY - PANCREATIC

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 70
 Multifocal hepatic telangiectasis
• Patches of dilated sinusoids

Feline hepatic telangiectasia

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 71
Multifocal necrotizing hepatitis
• “Little white spots” in a miliary pattern
• Bacterial neonatal septicemia – E. coli, Listeria
monocytogenes, Salmonella spp, other gram(–
)s, Clostridium piliforme in calves (NTD:
Tyzzer’s)
• Viral: Herpes viral (BoHV-1, caprine herpes
virus), adenovirus

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 72
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 73
 Multifocal hepatic abscessation
• Larger foci of necrosis / inflammation, embolic pattern still
• Secondary to omphalophlebitis, enteritis

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 74
Multifocal hepatic abscesses or
chronic suppurative hepatitis
• Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus equii, Corynebacterium
pseudotuberculosis
• T. pyogenes more chronic suppurative appearance

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 75
 Multifocal necrotizing hepatitis
• Even larger spots still, well demarcated, dry,
often zone of hyperemia peripherally
• Fusobacterium necrophorum

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 76
 Multifocal necrotizing hepatitis

• Ruminal acidosis / omphalitis in calves and lambs → access to

circulation → dissemination to liver → infarction → eventual
abscesses

Fusobacterial diseases of cattle:

Calf diptheria: Stomatitis, laryngitis
Rumenitis, metritis
Contagious foot rot: Pododermatitis
Fusobacterial disease of sheep
• Contagious foot rot: F. necrophorum +
Dichelobacter nodosus
• Rumenitis, metritis, placentitis

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 77
Multifocal hepatic granulomas or
granulomatous hepatitis
• Tuberculosis

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 78
Diffuse hepatic necrosis
• General overall pallor, color change, swelling

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 79
Liver: Marked fibrosis, atrophy, and
nodular regeneration
• Chronic toxic hepatic damage
• Pallor, quite firm, small, variably distinct
nodules of regeneration

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 80
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 81
 Hepatic necrosis with intralesional
fluke and fluke pigment

• Fasciola magna lives in hepatic parenchyma all ruminants

• F. magna fatal in small ruminants (aberrant hosts), larval stages keep
migrating → progressive liver necrosis, peritonitis, acute death.
• Migration of larvae causing hepatic necrosis (direct trauma or toxin
excretion) with hemorrhage, deposition of fluke pigment.

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 82
DDx: Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica (larger lesions with
cavitation) of cattle and sheep
• Adults live in bile duct causing fibrosing
cholangiohepatitis – “pipe stem” appearance
• Heavy infestation by immature flukes may cause death
from acute hepatitis, particularly in sheep (cattle rarely
get severe disease)
• DDx: Dicrocoelium dendriticum – lancet fluke
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 83
Multifocal hepatic necrosis and
hemorrhage
• Cl. novyi type B (NTD: Infectious necrotic hepatitis, Black
disease)
• Predisposed by fluke migration
Ingestion of spores with dissemination to liver →
hepatic necrosis due to immature fluke migration →
decreased oxygen tension → germination of spores →
exotoxin production
• DDx: Cl. hemolyticum (NTD: Bacillary hemoglobinuria,
redwater)
• o Pathogenesis and hepatic necrosis very similar. Cl.
hemolyticum produces hemolytic beta toxin
(phospholipase C). Hemoglobinuria feature of Cl.
hemolyticum, NOT Cl. novyi
• Large focus hepatic necrosis, edema, hemoglobinuria,
hemorrhages, icterus

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 84
Multifocal hepatic cysts / Hepatic
ecchinococcosus
• Echinococcus granulosus (from dogs) or E.
multilocularis (wild canids)
• E. multilocularis progressive, continuous growth
like a tumor!

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 85
Liver: Chronic passive congestion
• Centrilobular degeneration and fibrosis

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 86
Diffuse hepatic lipidosis
• Cattle: Ketosis, endometritis, endotoxemia,
fat cow syndrome
• Sheep: Pregnancy toxemia (multiple births),
metabolic disease in pregnant ewes, cobalt
+ vitamin B12 deficiency (NTD: White liver
disease)
• Goats: cobalt + vitamin B12 deficiency
• All: Hepatotoxicity

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 87
Hepatocellular carcinoma

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 88
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 89
Hepatic lymphoma + Hepatic LN
lymphoma
• BLV associated in sheep, possibly BLV associated in
goats
• Multicentric lymphoma most common form in
goats

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 90
Hepatic (metastatic)
hemangiosarcoma

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 91
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 92
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 93
Fibrinous cholecystitis + edema
• Classic for Salmonella dublin in cattle (less
often S. typhimurium)

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 94
Pancreatic duct calculi

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 95
Pancreatic duct calculi

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 96
Multiple pancreatic adenomas /
adenocarcinoma

27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 97
27/06/2019 Pathology of GI 98