466 Chapter 8: Microwave Filters S. Pel—1 EXAMPLE 8.6 Low-Pass Filter Design Using Stubs Design a low-pass filter for fabrication using microstrip lines. The specifications are: cutoff frequency of 4 GHz, third order, impedance of 50 ©, and a 3 dB equal-ripple characteristic. Solution From Table 8.4, the nofmalized low-pass prototype element values are 91 = 3.3487 = Li, 92 = 0.7117 = Op FIGURE 8.36 1y=33487 15=3,3487 MAA a een omi7 1 Zy=3.3487 Z=33487 © Filter design procedure for Example 8.6. (a) Lumped-eleient low-pass filter prototype. (b) Using Richérd’s transformations to convert inductors and capacitors to series and shunt stubs. (c) Adding unit elements at ends of filter.S. fly @ 8.5 Filter Implementation 93 =3.3487 = Ls, 94 = 1.0000 = Rr, with the Jumped-element circuit shown in Figure 8,36, ‘The next step is to use Richard’ transformations to convert series inductors {6 Series stubs, and shunt capacitors to shunt stubs, as shown in Figure 8 36b, According to (8.78), the characteristic impedancé of a series stub (inductor) is 2) and the characteristic impedance of a shunt stub (capacitor) is 1 /C. For oer amurste Tine synthesi, all stub@ are 2/8 long at us = we, (It is usually eat venient to work with normalized quantities until the last step in the The series stubs of Figure 8.366 would be very difficult to implement in ‘microstrip form, so we will use one of the Kuroda identities to convert these te shunt stubs. First, we must add unit elements at either end of the filter, as shows in Figure 8,36¢. These,redundant elements do not affect filter performance since FIGURE 8.36. Continued. (@) Applying the second Kuroda identity. (e) After impedance i SSGURE 8:36 and frequency scaling. (f) Microstrip fabrication of final filter 467Za 468 ofa p, S Fills 3 Chapter 8: Microwave Filters nz) i , oe nreZe they are matched to the source and load (Zp = 1). Then we can apply Kuroda identity (b) from Table 8.7 to both ends of the filter. In both cases we have that = 1.299, ‘The result is shown in Figure 8.364. Finally, we impedance and frequency scale the circuit, which simply in- yolves multiplying the normalized characteristic impedances by 50 {1 and choos- ing the lirie and stub lengths to be A/8 at 4 GHz, The final circuit is shown in ~.. Figure 8.36e, with a microstrip layout in Figure 8.36f. ‘The caletlatéiamplitude response of this design is plotted in Figure 8.37, along with the ne of the Iumped-element version. Note that the passband characteristics are very similar up to 4 GHz, but the distributed-element filter has a sharper cutoff. Also notice that the distributed-element filter has a response which repeats every 16 GHz, as a result of the periodic nature of Richard’s transformation. Oo Impedance and Admittance Inverters As we have seen, itis often desirable to use only series, or only shunt, elements when implementing a filter with a particular type of transmission line. "The Kuroda identities can be used for convérsions of this form, but another possibility is to use impedance (K) or admittance (J) inverters [1], [4], [7]. Such inverters are especially useful for bandpass or bandstop filters with narrow (< 10%) bandwidths. ° NLT 10- T 30 Atenuation (4B) Distributed elements Frequchey (GHz) FIGURE 8.37 Amplitude responses of lumped-clement and’ distributed-element low-pass filter —— of Example 8.6,Couples Filet * 484 Chapter 8: Microwave Filters where A = (w2 ~ w1)/u is the fractional bandwidth of the filter. Then (8.118) can be solved for the inverter constants with the following results (for = 2): = (St) fxd SZ = (ea = og? 8.1204, 2 aay" nA lp = 03 (22) = ; 8.1206 ial (3 ain 8.120e After the Jys are found, Zo, and Zoo for each coupled line section can be calculated from (8.108). The above results were derived for the special case of N’ = 2 (three coupled line sections), but more general results can be derived for any number of sections, and for the case where Zz, # Zo (or gn41 # 1, as in the case of an equal-ripple response with V even). Thus, the design equations fot a bandpass filter with NV +1 coupled line sections are [ra 2g1" nh 2VGn=15n" 7A \ 2owons1” Zod, = 8.121 ZoIn = ~for n = 2,3,...,., 8.121b ZoIny1 = 8.121¢ ‘The even and odd mode characteristic impedances for each section are then found from (8.108). EXAMPLE 88 Coupled Line Bandpass Filter Design Design 2 coupled line bandpass filter with N’ = 3 and a 0.5 dB equal-ripple response. The center frequency is 2.0 GHz, the bandwidth is 10%, and Zy = 5002. What is the attenuation at 1.8 GHz? Solution ‘The fractional bandwidth is A = 0.1. We can use Figure 8.27a to obtain the attenuation at 1.8 GHz, but first we must use (8.71) to convert this frequency to the normalized low-pass form (wi, = 1): fig (Acorn) e418) 20)\ ener oz (2-2)-a(G-8)- 21.Co4flas Abe 8.7 Coupled Line Filters 485 ‘Then the value on the horizontal scale of Figure 8.27a is ~211)-1=1.11, which indicates an attenuation of about 20 dB for V = 3. ‘The low-pass prototype values, g,., are given in Table 8.4; then (8.121) can be used to calculate the admittance inverter constants, Jj. Finally, the even- and odd-mode characteristic impedances can be found from (8.108). These results are summarized in the following table: n Gn Zodn Zoe) Zeo(M) 1 15963 0.3137 -70.61 39.24 2 1.0967 0.1187 56.64 44.77 3 1.5963 0.1187 56.64. 44.77 4 1.0000 0.3137 70.61. 39.24 Note that the filter sections are symmetric about the midpoint. The calcu- lated response of this filter is shown in Figure 8.46; passbands also occur at 6 GHz, 10 GHz, etc. Many other types of filters can be constructed using coupled line sections; most of these are of the bandpass or bandstop variety. One particularly compact design is the interdigitated filter, which can be obtained from a coupled line filter by folding the lines at their midpoints; see [1] and [3] for details: © Attenuation (4B) 1.0 15 20 25 3.0 Frequency (GHz) FIGURE Amplitude response of the coupled line bandpass filter of Example 8.8.