9.4. PROJ LE j A projectile is an object that is thrown into air and then moves under the influence of gravity talone. | a 45°), Iwo projection angles for same R, The reader may ¥ note another remarkable thing in Fig. 9.5 above. For the given initial speed vq, there are two projection angles @ and (90° — 6) for which the horizontal range of the pro- %o jectile is the same. Thus referring to Fig. 9.5, the horizon- tal range of the projectile is the same for @ = 30° and (90° — 8) = 90° — 30° = 60°. In other words, if two projectiles are launched at projection angles of 30° and 60° with same 41 x initial speed, their horizontal range will be the same. Does ° Ranges of a projectile shot at this result surprise you? We can prove it mathematically by the same speed at different referring to Fig. 9.6. For projection angle 9, the horizon- Projection angles, tal range is vpsin20 _ vg2sin@cos0 Fig. 9.6 airs 5 oo For projection angle (90° - @), the horizontal range is Rae [ 2sin(90°- ®)cos( & 2 2cos@sin@ or R= %|———— + If the projection angle is small, the horizontal component of velocit but the time of flight (7 = 2v, sin @/g) will be very sh small, ** In this case, the time of flight is long but horizontal compor range will be small, Y (v, Cos ) is relatively high jort. As a result, R (= (vy cos @ JT] will be nent of velocity is small. Again horizontalThis is just the same equation as eq. (i). Although projection angles and (90° -@) give the same horizontal range (of course, for same initial speed y,), the two paths differ in time of flight (D) and maximum height (H,,,,) attained. This is not surprising because the values of T and Hyg depend upon the angle of projection (6 ). 9.7, VELOCITY OF PROJECTILE At ANY TIME During the flight of the projectile, it is under the action of two velocities viz. (@_a constant horizontal velocity v9. (i) uniformly changing velocity along the vertical or y-axis. Therefore, the velocity v of the projectile changes with time. At t = 0, the vertical component of velocity is vy sin and goes on decreasing uniformly till it becomes zero at the highest point. _ From now onward, the vertical component of velocity goes on increasing till it becomes vg sin @ when projectile hits the ground [See Fig. 9.7). Fig. 9.7 At any time 1, the vertical component of velocity is ¥, sing — gt Horizontal component of velocity, v, Vy COS@ y, 0 Since the velocities v, and vyp are always at right angles to each other, the projectile velocity is given by ; t fi cos? 0+13 sin? 0+ 7? —2vpgrsin® = va(cos?@+sin26)+ gt -2vpgrsin® a v = Jet et?-2vygtsind Since v is tangent to the path at any instant, the angle B which it makes with the horizontal at the considered instant istan B tan B = tanO— ¥) C088 Note that angle B goes on changing with time ¢. SPECIAL CASES OF PROJECTILE MOTION So far we have considered the general case of projectile motion i-e., projectile launched from the origin at an angle 8 above the horizontal. However, the following two special cases of projec- tile motion will be discussed : 4 1. Projectile fired at an angle with the vertical. 2. Projectile fired horizontally, 1. Projectile fired at an angle with the vertical. Fig. 9.8 shows a projectile fired with initial velocity vp at an angle @ with the vertical. Therefore, firing angle with the horizontal is 90° — 8. In order to find the various parameters of © Projectile motion, change @ to 90° ~ @ in the |g _______ g —_____»| expressions derived in Arts. 9.5, 9.6 and 9.7. Fig. 98 (2), Trajectory of projectile. Changing @ to 90° — @ in Art. 9.5, we have, g& 2 2v5 cos?(90°- 8) = xcote-|— 8 — |, 2yG sin? 8 gx’ Ove sin It is clear that the trajectory of the projectile is parabolic. yoru or 9 -( y= xcord—. (ii) ‘Time of flight. Changing @ to 90° — 6, time of flight is given by; ‘Time of flight, 7 = 2%0SiN G06) _ 2v9 cos 8 8 1 8 (iii) Maximum height attained. Changing @ to 90° - 8, maximum height attained is given by ; Max. height attained, Hyyye = wasin?(@0°—6) _ vp cos? @ 2g 28 (iv) Horizontal range. Changing @ to 90° — @, horizontal range is given by; Horizontal range, R = Y2SiN2(00°-6) _ vj sin (180°—26) _ v9 sin 28 & & & 6) Velocity of projectile at any time ¢ Changing @ to 90° - @, the velocity (v) of the projectile is given by ; ii +g't’ -2v,gtsin(90°-) vor v= \ui+e'? —2v,grcos6 ‘The angle B which v makes with horizontal is tan B = tan(90°—@)-——#*__ vy cos(90°— 8) or tan B = coto-—& \ vsin® 2. Projectile Suppose a projectile with velocity vy (= v, = vg) at a height H above the ground (See Fig. 9.9), The horizontal velocity vy (= v, = V,g) remains constant throughout the projectile motion. The vertical downward velocity is zero at the time of firing the projectile and goes on increasing uniformly with time till the projectile hits the ground. Let us choose the firing point as the origin. In order to find the various expressions for this projectile motion, we should take verti~:I displacement and velocity *negative, @ = 0° in all the expressions derived in Arts. 9.5, 9.6 and 9.7. = (?) Motion along the horizontal. Sup- pose at any time 1, the projectile is Fig. 99 at point P (x, -y). The horizontal displacement covered by the projectile is x = (vy cos 0°) f = vot Ai) (ii), Motion along the verti I. At the considered point P, the vertical displacement is —y. 1 in 0°) t- 8 Att = Ts time of flight, y = 1. ey 1 =H = (vy sin 0°) T ~yar Oe oP ‘ Time of fight, 7 EE & Horizontal range (R). At the considered point 2, the horizontal displacement is Ny COs 0°) £ At t= Tx = R = horizontal range. H ‘ Horizontal range, R = (Vp 608 0°) T = vy T= Yo fe 2H cs R= vg 1. At any time 1, velocity v of the projectile is vetile at tin +9°t -2vygt' or ve (urge The angle B which it makes with the horizontal at the considered instant is =(sin0°- gr) _ gt ¥ c080° %