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A Review on Soil Structure Interaction

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International Journal of Scientific Research and Review
A REVIEW ON SOIL STRUCTURE
INTERACTION
Resmi.R
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology
Coimbatore
Abstract— In most engineering curricula, the structure is
analyzed as ideal or simplified structures without the
benefit of being able to compare their results to the
behavior of real structures. By considering Soil-Structure
Interaction (SSI) in the analysis it provides results which
are closer to actual behavior of structure. The response of
a structure to earthquake shaking is affected by
interactions between three linked systems: which are the
structure, the foundation, the soil underlying and
surrounding the foundation. Soil-structure interaction
analysis evaluates the collective response of these systems
to a specified ground motion.
Key words - soil structure interaction, RC structure,
seismic analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
Most of the civil engineering structures involve some
type of structural element with direct contact with ground.
When the external forces, such as earthquakes act on these
systems, neither the structural displacements nor the ground
displacements, are independent of each other. The process in
which the response of the soil influences the motion of the
structure and the motion of the structure influences the
response of the soil is termed as soil-structure interaction
(SSI).
Conventional structural design methods neglect the
SSI effects. Neglecting SSI is reasonable for light structures
in relatively stiff soil such as low rise buildings and simple
rigid retaining walls. The effect of SSI, however, becomes
prominent for heavy structures resting on relatively soft soils
for example nuclear power plants, high-rise buildings and
elevated-highways on soft soil.
A seismic soil-structure interaction analysis
evaluates the collective response of the structure, the
foundation, and the geologic media underlying and
surrounding the foundation, to a specified free-field ground
motion. The term free-field refers to motions that are not
affected by structural vibrations or the scattering of waves at,
and around, the foundation. SSI effects are absent for the
theoretical condition of a rigid foundation supported on rigid
soil. Accordingly, SSI accounts for the difference between the
Volume 7, Issue 5, 2018
ISSN NO: 2279-543X
Dr. S. Thenmozhi
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
St.Joseph’s Institute of Technology
Chennai
actual response of the structure and the response of the
theoretical, rigid base condition.
When a structure is subjected to an earthquake excitation, it
interacts with the foundation and the soil, and thus changes
the motion of the ground. Soil-structure interaction broadly
can be divided into two phenomena:
a) Inertial interaction
b) Kinematic interaction
A.Inertial interaction
Inertia developed in the structure due to its own
vibrations gives rise to base shear and moment, which in turn
cause displacements of the foundation relative to the free-
field. Frequency dependent foundation impedance functions
describe the flexibility of the foundation support as well as the
damping associated with foundation-soil interaction.
B.Kinematic interaction
The presence of stiff foundation elements on or in
soil cause foundation motions to deviate from free-field
motions as a result of ground motion incoherence, wave
inclination, or foundation embedment. Kinematic effects are
described by a frequency dependent transfer function relating
the free-field motion to the motion that would occur on the
base slab if the slab and structure were mass less.
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Julio A. Garcia (2008) analyzed and designed a 6-
storey and basement reinforced concrete frame building.
Models simulating two different conditions: namely soil-
structure interaction and fixed-base behavior are considered.
The influence of the soil structure interaction in the dynamic
behavior of the structure is reflected in an increase in the
vibration period as well as increase in the system damping in
comparison with the fixed-base model, which does not
consider the supporting soil. The influence of the soil-
structure interaction in the seismic design of the structure is
reflected in a decrease of the horizontal spectral acceleration
values. The inclusion of the soil in the structural analysis
provides results, stress and displacement values, which are
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International Journal of Scientific Research and Review
closer to the actual behavior of the structure than those
provided by the analysis of a fixed-base structure.
G. Saad et.al (2012) studied the seismic behavior of
reinforced concrete buildings with multiple underground
stories. This paper seeks to provide recommendations on the
number or percentage of underground stories to be accounted
for in the analysis of reinforced concrete shear wall buildings.
A base-case where the buildings are modeled with a fixed
condition at ground level is adopted, and then the number of
basements is incrementally increased to investigate changes in
performance. The Beirut local site conditions are used for the
analysis. The base shear, inter-story shears and moments are
evaluated in order to quantify the effects of soil structure
interaction on the design process.
A. Massumi &H.R.Tatabaiefar (2008) studied the
effects of soil structure interaction in RC building. As the
Iranian Code of Practice for Seismic Resistant Design of
Buildings (Standard No. 2800-05) does not address the soil-
structure interaction explicitly, the effects of such interaction
on behavior of reinforced concrete buildings with ductile
moment-resisting frames, loaded and designed according to
the Iranian Building Codes, are studied in this research, using
direct soil-structure interaction method. To achieve this
objective, four types of structures consisting of 3, 5, 7 and 10
storey buildings, which represent the typical buildings in a
high risk earthquake prone zone, have been selected in
conjunction with three types of soil, representing types II, III
and IV, as classified in the Iranian Standard No. 2800-05.
Ductile Reinforced Concrete Moment-Resisting Frames, as
fixed-base structures, once without soil interaction and the
next time considering their soil interaction by direct method
are modeled and subjected to different earthquake records.
The results of the two cases subjected each to different
earthquake records are studied and compared. This
Comparison led to a criterion indicate that consideration of
soil-structure interaction for seismic design, in buildings
higher than three stories on soil type IV (Vs<175 m/s) as well
as buildings higher than seven stories on soil type III
(175<Vs<375 m/s), is essential.
Lewis Edgers et.al (2005) investigates the effects of
SSI on the stresses and displacements in the structure and the
soil of a model fifty-story steel frame structure with a
concrete mat foundation bearing on a deformable soil was
undertaken as a means of best understanding how to perform
and apply SSI analyses. The study included investigating the
effects of the stiffness of the building, its mat foundation and
an elastic subsoil on the stresses, internal forces and
displacements of the building, foundation and sub-soils. The
Volume 7, Issue 5, 2018
ISSN NO: 2279-543X
soil-structure model also considered the effects of foundation
embedment.
Pallavi Ravishankar & Dr.D.Neelima Satyam (2013)
In this research paper 150 m tall asymmetrical building with
two different foundation systems like raft and pile is
considered for analysis and assuming homogeneous sandy
soil strata results are studied for input of Bhuj ground
motion(2001,M= 7.7). The response of structure in terms of
SSI parameters under dynamic loading for a given foundation
systems has been studied and compared to understand the soil
structure interaction for the tall structures. It has been clearly
identified that the displacement at top is more than that at
bottom of the building and stresses are more at immediate soil
layer under foundation than the below layers .
Peizhen Li et.al (2004) In this paper, combining
general-purpose finite element program ANSYS, research on
practical engineering considering SSI through both the
general stress method and the effective stress method have
been carried out, which is of great advantage to the
popularization of SSI study and to the study outcomes to
guide practical engineering. Issues drawn from the study are
as follows. 1) Natural frequency of SSI system increases
along with the increase of dynamic shear modulus of soil. 2)
Seismic response of structure under consideration of SSI is
very complicated along with the change of dynamic shear
modulus of soil. 3) SSI has notable effect on displacement
peak value of structure at bottom part, while has less effect on
displacement peak value of structure at top part. 4) The effect
of SSI on displacement peak value of structure becomes larger
along with the decrease of shear modulus of soil. 5) The effect
of SSI on displacement peak value of structure becomes larger
along with increase of structure rigidity. 6) The liquefaction
of sand has large effect on the seismic response of structure in
sand-pile-structure interaction system.
WANG Feng-Xia et.al (2004) In this paper, by using
ANSYS software, a modified lumped-mass simplified
nonlinear pile-soil-structure interaction (PSSI) model is
established for shear-type RC frame structure under
moderate and large earthquakes with rocking effect,
dynamic nonlinearity of interaction between pile and soil,
the contact state between pile and soil, raft and soil.
Seismic response of a 4-storey building supported on piles
is analyzed with respect to linear and nonlinear pile-soil
systems using this model, and is compared with the
behavior of buildings with rigid base under moderate and
large earthquakes.
Vivek Garg & M.S.Hora (2012) makes an attempt to
study the possible alternative solutions proposed by various
researchers to evaluate the effect of soil-structure interaction
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International Journal of Scientific Research and Review
from time to time. The forces in superstructure, foundation
and soil mass are significantly altered due to the effect of soil-
structure interaction. For accurate estimation of the design
force quantities, the interaction effect is needed to be
considered. The finite element method has proved to be a very
useful method for studying the effect of soil-structure
interaction.
Oustasse Abdoulaye Sall et.al (2014) focuses on the
study of the behavior of a soil mass under a plate subjected to
a uniformly distributed load. The aim of this paper is to
highlight the soil-structure interaction with a linear variation
of the mechanical properties of the soil with the depth. The
theory of plates and the soil-structure interaction has allowed
reaching the general equation of the problem which depends
on both the mechanical properties of the concrete and the sub
grade. This study shows that the linearity of the elastic
modulus of sub grade leads to larger displacements when this
modulus is assumed to be constant in the soil mass. It also
shows that the Poisson’s ratio of soil and mechanical
properties of the concrete have an insignificant influence on
the displacements. This analysis also shows that the points in
the upper half-thickness of soil are the most sensitive to the
parameters of the model.
Mustafa KUTANIS & Muzaffe ELMAS (2000)
carries out a variation of the FEM which is so-called general
substructure method for analysis of response of structures to
earthquake ground motion. The interaction force displacement
relationship is calculated by using the consistent infinitesimal
finite element cell method. Assembling the interaction force-
displacement relationship of the unbounded soil medium with
the equation of motion of the structure leads to the basic
equations of the total dynamic system. To solve these
equations in time domain, a FORTRAN code is developed.
As a result, irregular bounded medium material in
homogeneities can be processed and nonlinearity of soil can
be consistently taken into account. To verify the studies, a two
dimensional, plain strain, soil structure interaction system is
solved in time domain. At the end, set of numerical results are
presented and discussed. It is demonstrated that the effects of
SSI is particularly important, if the structure is extremely stiff
and the soil medium is relatively soft.
Jonathan P. Stewart et.al (2014) evaluates the
collective response and dynamic interplay of three linked
systems: the structure, the foundation, and the soil underlying
and surrounding the foundation. Problems associated with
practical application of SSI for building structures are rooted
in a poor understanding of fundamental SSI principles.
Implementation in practice is hindered by a literature that is
difficult to understand, and codes and standards that contain
limited guidance and, in some cases, are proprietary. A recent
Volume 7, Issue 5, 2018
ISSN NO: 2279-543X
report published by the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) provides a mechanism for advancing the
state of practice in SSI for practicing engineers.
It offers a synthesis of the body of SSI literature, distilled into
a concise narrative and harmonized under a consistent set of
variables and units. Techniques are described by which SSI
phenomena such as foundation-soil compliance and damping
(inertial interaction), and foundation-to-free-field ground
motion change (kinematic interaction) can be evaluated in
engineering practice. Specific recommendations for modeling
these and other seismic soil-structure interaction effects on
building structures are provided. The resulting
recommendations are illustrated and tested though simulations
of two example buildings with earthquake recordings
III. CONCLUSION
The inclusion of the soil in the structural analysis provides
results, stresses and deformations, closest to the actual
behavior of the structure, in comparison with those provided
by the analysis of a fixed-base structure. Conventional design
procedure which excludes SSI in the analysis is not an
adequate method to obtain safety for the structure. Design
Engineers should take the effects of SSI predominantly in soft
soils.
REFERENCES
1. Julio A. Garcia (2008) ‘Soil Structure Interaction in
the Analysis and seismic Design of reinforced
concrete frame buildings’, The 14th World
conference on Earthquake Engineering.
2. Lewis Edgers , Masoud Sanayei, Joseph L. Alonge
(2005) ‘Modeling the Effects of Soil-Structure
Interaction on a Tall Building bearing on a Mat
Foundation’.
3. Massumi.A and Tabatabaiefar.H.R (2008) ‘A
Criterion for considering Soil- Structure Interaction
effects in Seismic design of Ductile RC-MRFs
according to Iranian codes’, The 14th World
conference on Earthquake Engineering.
4. Mustafa KUTANIS and Muzaffe ELMAS (2000)
‘The Soil Structure Interaction Analysis based on
Substructure method in Time Domain’, The 12 th
World Conference on Earhquake Engineering.
5. Oustasse Abdoulaye Sall, Meissa Fall, Yves
Berthaud, Makhaly Ba, Mapathé Ndiaye (2014)
‘Influence of Soil – Structure Interaction in the
behavior of at foundation’, Open Journal of Civil
Engieering.
6. Pallavi Ravishankar, Neelima Satyam (2013) ‘Finite
element modeling to study Soil Structure Interaction
of Asymmetrical Tall building’ 18th International
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International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X

conference on Soil- Mechanics and Geotechnical

Engineering.
7. Peizhen Li, Xilin Lu, Yueqing Chen. (2004)
‘Computer Simulation on Dynamic Soil- Structure
Interaction system’, The 13th World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering.
8. Reza Emami Azadi.M, Ali Akbar Soltani . (2010)
‘The Effects of Soil – Foundation – Structure
Interaction on the Dynamic Response of Delijan
Cement – Storage Silo under Earthquake Loading’
EJGE Vol. 15.
9. Saad.G, Saddik.F and Najjar.S (2012) ‘Impact of
Soil Structure Interaction on the Seismic Design of
Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Underground
Stories’, The 15th World conference on Earthquake
Engineering.
10. Stewart Jonathan.P , Mylonakis George, Givens
Michael (2014) ‘Incorporating Soil-Structure
Interaction into Seismic Response Analyses for
Buildings ’, 10th National Conference on Earthquake
Engineering.
11. Vivek Garg and Hora.M.S (2012) ‘A Review on
Interaction behavior of Structure – Foundation- Soil
system’, International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA), Vol. 2, Issue 6,
pp. 639-644.
12. WANG Feng – Xia , HE Zheng, OU Jin – Ping,
(2004) ‘Non Linear Seismic Response Analysis of
Pile-Soil-Structure Interaction System’ , The 13th
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.

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