نشاةوتطورالتصميم المعماري

‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﺍﻥ ‪1‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﻭ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ ٢٠٠٦ -١٩٥٦‬ﻡ‬
‫ﲢﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺎﻡ ﺳﺎﻧﺪﺭﺯ ﻭ ﺃﻟﻴﻜﺲ ﻛﺮﳚﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ‬
‫ﺻﺎﱀ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﳍﺬﻟﻮﻝ‬
‫‪٢٠١٠/ ١٤٣١‬‬
‫‪-٠-‬‬
‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫ّ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﻭ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ ٢٠٠٦ -١٩٥٦‬ﻡ‬
‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻫﺎﺭﻓﺎﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ ‪٢٠٠٦‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ‬
‫ﺻﺎﱀ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﳍﺬﻟﻮﻝ‬
‫‪١٤٣١‬هـ ‪٢٠١٠/‬م‬
‫‪-١-‬‬

‫م ا ان ‪١٤٣١ ،‬هـ ‪٢٠١٠ ،‬م‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫)ح( ا‬
‫ا و (‬ ‫‪،‬ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫)‬
‫ه ر رد ‪٢٠٠٦‬م ‪.‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫)ح( ر‬

‫‪٢٠٠٦‬م‪.‬‬ ‫ا و‬ ‫ا‬
‫ه ر رد ‪.‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫قا‬
‫‪ ،‬أو‬ ‫ت وا‬ ‫نا‬ ‫أي م‬ ‫ه ا ا ب أو‬ ‫أي ء‬
‫‪ ،‬أو‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و أو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اء آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ ه أو‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه ا ذن آ‬ ‫‪ ،‬أو‬ ‫‪ ،‬أو‬ ‫ا‬
‫أ ءا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫رز ‪ ،‬و م‬
‫رز‬ ‫ا ‪٢٠٠٦-١٩٥٦‬م‪ /‬و م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ةو را‬
‫ل – ا ض‪١٤٣١ ،‬هـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫؛‬ ‫آ‬ ‫؛ا‬
‫‪ ٢٣٢‬ص ‪٢٤× ١٧ ،‬‬
‫‪٩٧٨-٩٩٦٠-٩٤٢٧-١-١ :‬‬ ‫رد‬
‫رك(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪،‬ا‬ ‫أ‪ -‬آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ -١‬ا‬

‫ان‬ ‫( ج‪ -‬ا‬ ‫)‬ ‫ل‪،‬‬ ‫ب‪ -‬ا‬
‫‪١٤٣١/٢٤٩٩‬‬ ‫د ي ‪٧٢٩ :‬‬
‫ر ا اع‪١٤٣١/٢٤٩٩:‬‬
‫رد ‪٩٧٨-٩٩٦٠-٩٤٢٧-١-١:‬‬
‫م ا ان‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا ز ‪:‬ا‬

‫ا ض‪١١٤٨٤‬‬ ‫ص‪.‬ب ‪، ١٧٠٢٥‬‬
‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫آ ‪٩٦٦١٢٩٣١٦٤٩ :‬‬
‫ان‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ان و‬ ‫ما‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫هاا‬

‫ان‪.‬‬ ‫تا‬ ‫وه‬
‫‪-٢-‬‬

‫
‬
‫ر ا‬
‫‪٧‬‬ ‫‪.............................................................................‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪٩‬‬ ‫‪...............................................................‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ ر ذه‬

‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪.................................‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا ول‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬
‫‪٣١‬‬ ‫م ‪.......................‬‬ ‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫را‬

‫رد‬ ‫إ‬
‫‪٧١‬‬ ‫دور ‪.......‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا ز‬ ‫‪:‬ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ةا‬

‫رد ر ل‬ ‫ر‬
‫‪١٠١‬‬ ‫‪...................‬‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬

‫ت اون‬ ‫د‬
‫‪١٤٥‬‬ ‫‪..............‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫(آ‬ ‫تا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف)‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬
‫آ‬
‫‪١٦٥‬‬ ‫ب ‪...................................‬‬ ‫ةا‬ ‫لا‬ ‫أ ا‬

‫أ ري داو‬
‫‪١٦٧‬‬ ‫‪............................ ١٩٥٦‬‬ ‫ه ة‬ ‫ً‪:‬‬ ‫ا‬

‫رو‬
‫‪١٩١‬‬ ‫‪.......‬‬ ‫ا ن‬ ‫ر‬ ‫وا‬ ‫؟ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫آ آ ّ وآ‬

‫م ‪١٩٥٦‬‬
‫ن ر‬
‫‪-٣-‬‬

٢٠٣ ............................................... ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ثا‬ ‫وآ‬ ‫أ‬
‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
٢٢٩ ...................................................................... ‫رآ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬
-٤-
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

-٥-

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‫وذات‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ان ه ر رد‪.‬‬ ‫ه ر رد‬ ‫رن‬
‫رج ا ت‬ ‫‪ ،‬أ‬ ‫و ده ه ا‬ ‫ا ت ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬
‫ت ‪،‬‬ ‫ي‬ ‫‪ – .‬ز‬ ‫ق أو ا‬ ‫ء ‪ ،‬وإ ام ا‬ ‫ى ا‬ ‫ه ك‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫‪) ١٩٥٦‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬أ‬ ‫أرآ‬ ‫‪ :‬و‬ ‫‪. ١٩٥٦‬‬ ‫أ‬
‫‪ ،‬ص‪(٨‬‬
‫‪- ٢٣ -‬‬

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:
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0 / 0 0 6(

B / 8(
: ] ;!
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&% &S
%% / 8( ]B B / % M# : CIAM
$ %
%
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.
01 /
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$ !% *% / " 0 $ %
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!0 / % $
AC: documentos de astividad contemporanea :‫ل‬ -١

Ignasi de Sola-Morales," La nueva arquitecturay el asimetrico dialogo enter : ‫أ‬
Barcelonay Madrid,"< www.residencia. Csic.es/ bol/num8/estrabismo.htm>.
Josep Lluis Sert, Fernand Leger, and Sigfried Giedion, ``Nine Points on -٢
Monumentality,``
‫ وه ك‬١٩٤٣ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ ا‬
:
Joan Ockman and Edward Eigen, eds., Architecture Culture :1943-1968
(NewYork:Clombia Books on Architecture / Rizzoli , 1993),29-30.
Jose Luis Sert, " The Human Scale in city Planning," and city Planning (New -٣
York Philosophical Libarry, 1944),392-412 .
‫ان‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ان ا‬ ‫ان" ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ آ ن‬١٩٤٣ ‫م‬ ‫لر‬
‫ا و ا‬ ‫نه ا‬ ‫ر‬. ‫ز ه‬ ‫ر‬ " ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ر‬ ،١٩٤٣ (٢)٣٥ ،‫ت‬ - ‫ه‬ ‫ر )ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬
- ٦٢ -

‫ل" ا س ا‬ ) ‫ت‬ ١٩٤٣ ‫م‬ ( JLS-E2
. ‫ا ي ر روآ‬ ‫رة ا‬ ‫ا‬ ً ً ‫نذ‬ ‫" ر‬. ‫ا‬
(Mardges Bacon, forthcoming essay in Eric Mumford & Hashim Sarkis,eds., Jose
Luis Sert( The Architect of Urban Design, 1953-1969).
Jose Luis Sert,`` Urban Design,`` October 23,1953 ( Folder D91,JLS). -٤

. ‫ا ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا وة‬
(‫ا ؟‬ ) ‫إ‬ ‫أن ا‬ ‫ا ي‬ ‫ما‬ ‫تإ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫و‬
‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه ا‬ ، (١٩٤٠ ) ‫ت ا د‬ ‫ا ر‬ ‫ن‬ ‫آ ا وك‬ ‫أآ د‬
. (AIA ) ‫ا‬
Letter, Louis Justment to Gorge Howe, October7.1953(UP8.41,Box9,Folder, -٥

Dean Perkins Correspondence ``Whither Cities?`Àrchitectural Record,
December 1953,10. 1953-1954) .
‫ا ث‬ ‫آ‬
`Ùrban Design,`` October23,1953 Folder091,JLS), 2 . -٦
Jose Luis Sert,`` The Theme of the Congress: The Core,`` in the unpublished -٧
CIAM 8 proceedings(CIAM JT-6- 16-36/41).
``Whither Cities?``10. -٨
Tracy Augur, ``The Dispersal of Cities as a Defense Measure,`` Bulletin of the -٩

Atomic Scientists, April 1948,131-134.
``Whither Cities?``10. -١٠

‫ه ا‬ ‫ا ن‬ ‫ب إ ء وإ دة ء ا اآ ا ر‬ ‫لأ‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫آ‬
. ‫ت ا رآ ا‬ ‫ت أو‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ آ‬،‫ري‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
Sert,`` Human Scale,`` 392-394, 407-409 -١١
‫أآ د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا أ ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ ر‬

: ‫لذ‬ . ١٩٥٠ ‫م‬ ١٩٣٠`‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫آ ا وك‬
Gyo Obata,St.Louis:A Study in Urban Design( Cran- brook Academy of Art ,

1946).
- ٦٣ -

Le Corbusier and P.Jeanneret, Oever complete, 1934-1938, 7th ed. ( Zurich: -١٢
Editions dÀrchitecture Zurich,1964),26-29 .
Sigfried Giedion,`` Brauchen wir noch kunstler? `` plastique,Printemps 1937 , -١٣

19-21.
: ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ن‬
architecture, you and me ( Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958),2-5.
Sigfried Giedion, Space , Time and Architecture ( Cambridge,MA: Hatvard -١٤

University Press , 1941),569-580.
‫ازي ا ة ا‬ ، ‫وا آ ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه ا‬ ‫ن ا‬ ‫إ‬
‫درا‬ ١٩٤٢ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ . ‫ات‬ ‫" ة‬،‫و رة ا ن‬ ": ‫وه‬
‫إي‬ ‫ " وا أ د‬، ‫وا ة ا‬ ‫" ا اآ ا‬
‫ا قا ر‬ ‫ ه ا ت ا‬.١٩٥١ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ و إم‬١٩٤٩ ‫ز رخ م‬ ‫إ‬
، ‫ا‬ ‫اآ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ وذ‬، ‫م‬ ‫ا سا‬
‫ز‬ ‫ر وآ ب آ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬
Camillo sitte, Der Stadtebau(1889)
Sean dòuverture,`` CIAM 7 Bergamo 1949 Documents ( Nendein / -١٥

Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1979),1-2.
. ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬
Letter, Sert to Godfrey Samuel, March, 5,1950 -١٦

‫ه ا‬
Jos Bosman, `` CIAM After the War: A Balance of the Modern Movement,``
Rassegna, Decem - ber 1992,11.
‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫را‬ ‫ا رة‬ ‫ در‬، ‫بأ‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫و‬ -١٧
‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ آ در ا‬، ‫ا دي‬ ‫ت ا نا‬ ‫ن ا‬ (AA)
‫و سإ‬ ‫ وه‬،‫ روس‬: ‫ة ـ‬ ‫تأ‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫ا ر‬
‫ا‬، ‫ا ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ و أدار روس ر ا‬. :‫ـ‬
‫وإ دة‬ ‫ و أت و ا‬، ‫و ه ك‬ ‫در‬ ،ً
‫م‬ ‫إدارة ا‬ ‫ و‬. ١٩٣٨ ‫م‬ ‫ك روس ر ا‬ ‫إ را‬
‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا ن‬ ‫ا اد‬ ، ١٩٤١
. ‫ا ا‬ ‫ا ء لا ب‬
(Volker Wel- ter,``Postwar CIAM , TeamX, and the influence of Patrick
Geddes,`` in CIAM Team 10 , the English Context ,D`Laine Camp, et al., eds.
( Delft: Faculty of Architecture, TU-Delft,2002),87-110;
- ٦٤ -

Ines Zalduendo,``Jaqueline Tyrwhitt`s Correspondence Courses : Town Planning
in the Trenches,``forthcoming).
Jose Luis Sert,`` The Theme of the Congress: The Core.`` -١٨
‫تا د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ها‬
Centres of, in J.Tyrwhitt,J.L.Sert, and E.N.Rogers,CIAM8: The Heart of the City

Community Life (New York: Pellegrini and Cudahy, 1952),3-16.
``Text of MARS Group Invitation. The Core,`` In unpublished CIAM 8 -١٩

proceedings (CIAM JT-6-16-6-7).
" ‫" اآ ا ة ا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫أ د‬

‫ت‬ ‫ م‬١٩٤٤ ‫م‬ . Tyr- whitt,Sert,and Rogers.CIAM 8, 6.
"ً ‫"و‬ ‫ا و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أو ا‬ ‫اً " ا‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫ إ‬، ‫ا‬
"‫دي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
( Sert ,`` The Human Scale in City Planning, `ìn Zucker,398).
، ‫ا‬ ‫د آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ Tyrwhitt,sert,and Rogers, CIAM 8,3. ً -٢٠

‫ا‬ ‫آ ة‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫ز أور واي‬ ‫ف ا‬ ‫آن ا‬
‫"ا‬ ‫دون ـ " أ‬ ‫( وا‬ ‫ا‬ ) ‫ا‬ ‫ا با‬ ‫ة‬
‫أور‬ ‫ و ت‬. ‫ا‬
James Salon Allen, The Romance of Commerce and Culture: Capitalism,
Modernism, and the Chicago Crusade for Cultural Reform ( Boulder,CO:
University Press of Colorado,2002),180-192. Aspen
J.L.Sert,``The Human Factor in Architecture and city Planning,`` December -٢١

18,1952(Folder D69,JLS)
Sigfried Giedion,`` Spatial Imagination,`` in S.Giedion, architecture, you and me -٢٢

(Cam-bridge, MA: Harvard University Press,1958),178. Sigfried Giedion,
Adecaade of New Architecture ( Zurich: Girsberger,1951).
‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ و ر‬ -٢٣

". ‫ن" ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ و‬. ‫رس‬ ‫ورف‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ل‬ ‫أ‬ -٢٤
- ٦٥ -

‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬
Carter Wiseman ,I.M. Pei: A Profile in American Archi- tecture ( NewYork:

Harry Abrams, 1990), 46-71
‫ا‬ ‫ا را‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دآ را رك‬ ، ‫اً ـ آ ل رو م‬ -٢٥

. ‫تو‬ ‫ا ت‬ ‫ا ي م‬ ، ٢٠٠٤ ‫ه ر رد م‬
J.I.Sert and J.Tywhitt, `` The Shape of the American City ,`` in Contemporary
Shokokusha Publishing, 1961), 101- Architec-ture of the World-25 1961(Tokyo:
106;``The Future of the American Out- of- Town Shopping Center,`Èkistics
16:93 ( Augest 1963),96-105.
": ‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن أ رإ ا‬ ‫نو‬ ‫و أن‬ -٢٦

‫دت‬ ‫ ) ا‬١٩٥٦ ، ‫ رس‬٢٨ " ‫ آ و آ‬، ‫آ‬
‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫" ه‬١٩٥٥ ‫ رس‬٢٨ " ‫أ‬
Alison Smithson , The Emergence of Team 10 out of CIAM [ London:

Architectural Association, 1982],n.p.).
Team 10, `` Doom Manifesto,``1954, in Joan Ockman and Edward Eigen, eds., -٢٧
Architec- ture Culture: 1943-1968( New York: Columbia Books on Architecture /
Rizzoli, 1993),183.
‫ و‬،‫ة‬ ‫ه ا‬ ‫ا ي‬، ‫ما‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ح ل‬ ‫إ‬ -٢٨

‫ع‬ ‫ا‬
Rassegna, December 1992, 43-45.
Design 1-3a, History of Urban design. Official Register of Harvard University; -٢٩
The Graduate School of Design LI(May 19,1954), No. 11,30
‫تا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا رب ا‬ ‫" إ اد و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا دة ا‬ ‫و‬

، ‫ه ر رد‬ ‫ن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ةا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ". ‫ا ا‬ ‫ا‬
. ‫ا دة‬ ‫ت أر‬ ‫أن ه ك أي‬
Siegfried [ sic] Giedion ,`` Space and the Elements of the Renaissance City,`` - -٣٠
Magazine of Art, J anuary 1952,3-10.
S. Giedion, ``The Humanization of Urban Life,`` Architectural Record 111( April -٣١
1952), 121-129, reprinted in Giedion, architecture, you and me, 125-137
‫ل ا ول‬ ‫و ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬، ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ً ‫آنه‬ -٣٢
- ٦٦ -

: ‫ا أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ لإ مه‬.‫م‬
Jill Peariman, ``Breaking Common Ground: Joseph Hudnut and the Pre- history
of Urban,`` forthcoming in Eric Numford & Hashim Sarkis, eds., Jose Luis Sert:
The Architect of UrabanDesign
.١٩٤٦ ‫م‬ ‫ةا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫إ ا‬ ‫لا ب إ‬ ‫ه تر‬ -٣٣

‫و‬ ‫ إ أن‬، ‫ه ر رد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت ل ور‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬
. ‫ا و‬ ‫أن أآ‬ ‫ا ر‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م ل ا ب وأ ى م ر‬
( Martin Hammer and Christina Lodder, Constructing Modernity: The art and
career of Naum Gabo [ New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000] , 351).
Typed course listing,`` Harvard University `` ( September 1953). -٣٤

‫ و ه ب ه وزو‬. ‫ار‬ ‫ر ا ما‬ ‫ا ودرس‬ ‫زا‬ ‫و‬
‫ أ إ‬١٩٥١ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫و آ ر ز‬ ‫ ل‬:‫ـ‬ ، ‫د وار‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ١٩٥٣ ‫م‬ ‫ت وو و‬ :‫ـ‬ ،‫ة‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ا‬
،‫ت‬ ‫ آ ن ه أ ا‬. ١٩٧٥ ‫م‬ ‫) ه ر رد( ودرس ه ك‬ ‫ا‬
، ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ و‬١٩٥٨ ‫م‬ ‫آ نو ر‬
‫ا و‬ ‫و‬، ‫ و وع‬، ‫( اد‬ ‫وع ا رة ) ا‬ ‫ت‬
.
( ``Joseph Zalewsk undated obituary, folder SA113, JLS).

‫ا‬ ‫و ي‬ ‫ رى دا‬: ‫اً ـ‬
Official Register of Harvard University: The Graduate School of Design LI ( May -٣٥
19,1954), 32.
، ٣٠-٢٣ ‫ا ة‬ ‫ا ي‬، ‫لإ ع ما‬ ‫ت رو ز‬ ‫أ م‬
‫ه ر رد‬ ‫ن أول‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ ا ي أو‬، ‫ أ ه رو‬. ١٩٤٩
.١٩٥٤-١٩٥٣ ‫ درس رو ز و ت‬،١٩٥٨ ‫م‬
Ernesto Rogers, `` Resume of open Session, Wednesday July 11,`ìn npublished -٣٦
CIAM 8 Proceedings ( CIAM JT-6-16-75).
، ‫إ‬ ١٩٤٦ ‫م‬ ‫ ا آن‬، ‫ما‬ ‫رو ه‬
‫ و ا آ ا ري إ‬، ‫ة‬ ‫ري "آ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا ر‬ ‫وإ ح إ ء " آ ا‬
‫رو ز دة ا ر ا‬ ‫ و‬.( ‫ا آ‬ ) ً‫ا‬ ‫ا قا‬
. ( Rovira, Sert , 315 ) ‫ا ء‬ ‫ و‬١٩٥١ ‫و‬
Ernesto Rogers, `` Continuita/ Continuity,`` 1992 (1952)2. -٣٧
Design 1-3b .Urban Design. Offical Register of Harvard University: The -٣٨
Graduate School of Design LI ( May 19, 1954),No. 11,30-31.
" ‫ا رض‬ " ‫ت أ‬ ‫ل دة‬ ‫آ ا م ر ا‬ ‫إ م‬ -٣٩

Cammie McAtee, `` From Landscape Architecture to Urban Design : The Critical
- ٦٧ -

Thinking of Hideo Sasaki, 1950-1961,`` forthcoming in Jose Luis Sert :The
Architect of Urban Design .
Sert, Sasaki, Carlhian, Seminar on Urban Design ( Folder D119-JLS). -٤٠
Rovira, Sert, 177-181; Tim Hyde,`` Planos, Planesy Planificacion: Jose Luis Sert -٤١
and the Idea of Planning,`` forthcoming in Jose Luis Sert ; The Architect of Urban
Design.
‫اآ‬ ‫و‬،‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ و ا رة ا‬ ‫ول ت وو ا‬
.١٩٥٩‫رس‬
umihiko Maki,`` J.L.Sert: His Beginning Years at Harvard,`` Process: -٤٢

Architecture (1982), 13-14.
‫ و‬١٩٥٤-١٩٥٣ ‫ا ر ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫درس آ‬
‫وا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ وذ‬، ١٩٥٤ ‫زا‬
‫د ر ا‬ ‫ و‬. ١٩٥٨ ‫ج ه ك م‬ ‫ و‬١٩٥٦ ‫م‬
. ١٩٦٥ ١٩٦٢ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رس‬
CIAM ,`` To all CIAM Groups, Delegates, and Members,`` May30,1956 -٤٣
(Box12,SP CO845)
، ‫و د‬، ، ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت م‬ ‫آ ه ك‬ ‫هاا‬
‫أ ة‬ ‫و‬، ‫و‬ ‫ رج آ‬، ‫ة رو ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬
. ‫د ه ت ا رة‬
CIAM ,`` To members of Group USA Omnibus,`` June 11, 1956( Box12,SP CO -٤٤
845).
‫ا ر‬ ‫ا ر ا‬ ‫و‬، ‫ و‬، ‫ و‬، ‫و‬،‫ت‬ ‫عآ‬ ‫هاا‬
‫وه‬ ‫رس‬ ‫ري إ‬ ‫ وا‬، ‫تا‬ ‫ر أ‬ ‫ا‬
.‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫رآ‬ ‫أ‬
Jola Gola, ed.; Jerzy Soltan : A Monograph ( Cambridge, MA: Harvard -٤٥
University Graduate School of Design, 1995).
J.L. Sert,`` Opening talk, August 6th, 1956,`` in unpublished documents titled `` -٤٦
CIAM 10 Dubrovnik 1956`` ( CIAM 42-X-14-19).
J.L.Sert, `` General Assembly to receive report on the future of CIAM," address
by J.L. Sert, President,August11,1956,
``CIAM 10 Dubrovnik 1956`` ( CIAM42-X-38-40)." ‫ان‬ ‫رة‬ ‫و‬
، ‫رو ز‬ ‫إ‬ ‫تآ‬ ‫ذآ ه‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ةا و ا‬ ‫ا‬
. ‫ند و‬ ‫ر و‬ ،‫ن‬ ،‫ن‬ ‫زي‬ ،‫نإ ن‬ ‫ آ ر‬،‫ن‬
- ٦٨ -

‫ع‬ ‫هاا‬ . ( CIAM 42-JT-22-3) ١٩٥٧ ‫ ا‬٢٦ ‫ت ر‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ر‬ -٤٨
، ‫رج آ‬ ً‫آ‬ ‫ا‬/‫ و و زآن م‬،‫ن‬ ‫و‬، ‫تو و‬ ‫آ‬
،‫آ ا‬ ‫و‬،‫ة‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬،‫ا ن‬ ‫ أو‬، ‫رس‬ ‫إ‬
. ‫ و‬، ‫ و ر رو ش آ‬، ‫ا ر‬ ‫ وأ‬، ‫آ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬
Bosman, ``CIAM. After the War,``14 -٤٩
‫ا ا‬ ‫ه ر رد ا ول وا‬ ‫و‬ -٥٠

Richard Marshal,`` Shaping the City of Tomorrow : Jose Luis Sert`s Urban
Design Legacy,`` Jose Luis Sert : The Architect of Urban Design, 1953-1969.
forthcoming in
``Meeting at 2 Buckingham Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 15, 1957`` -٥١

( CIAM 42-JT-22-11). These minutes have numerous misspelled names, and ``
Max Bells`` in the original almost certainly refers to Max Bill .
‫`` آ‬Max Bells`` ‫ و‬، ‫ء‬ ‫آ ا‬ ‫ءا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه ا‬
. Max Bill ‫ـ‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ت ا‬
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‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اه‬ ‫ت وا اً‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬

‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ون و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ "‬ ‫"أر‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫دئ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا ن إ‬ ‫ق‪،‬و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ ،‬وه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رة ‪ ،‬و‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ول آ‬
‫ا ن أن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫؛و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫‪،‬و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫وأ‬
‫رة‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م ا ُ َز‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د ‪ ....‬أ أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫؛و‬ ‫د وا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫إ‬ ‫آ‬
‫ا‬ ‫‪ .‬وإذا‬ ‫ء ا‬ ‫؛ وإ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا ن ا‬ ‫أ‬
‫أ ا‬ ‫ً وو ة و از ً آ ًا‬ ‫ا نه ا‬ ‫أن أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ازن ا ن وا آ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ه ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫وا‬ ‫عا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫)‪(١٤‬‬
‫ت‬ ‫]‬ ‫!‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫أ ه ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫أه‬
‫رد ر ل[‬ ‫ـر‬
‫‪- ٨٥ -‬‬

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Can Our Ccities Survive? An ABC of urban problems, their analysis, -١
their solutions; based on the proposals formulated by the C.I.A.M.,
International Congresses for Modern Architecture, Congress
internationaux d` architecture moderne ( Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press,1942
‫ت و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬،‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ت)ا ق(ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ م‬Progressive Architecture ‫ا ا و ت‬ ‫ا ول‬ ‫ا‬
.١٩٥٦
World Bank,2006,< www.worldbank.org/ -٢
Can Our Cities Survive?, 229. -٣
Jose Lluis Sert (1956a) Opening remarks to the Urban Design -٤
Conference, April9,1956 Loeb Library, Graduate School of
Design, Rare NAC461Iarv 1956. Hereafter referred to as ``
Sert, 1956a.``
Can Our Cities Survive?,222. -٥

٢٢٤ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -٦
٢٣٤ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -٧
The Heart of the City; Towards the Humanism of Urban -٨
Life(London: Humphries,1952).
Sert,``Centers of Community Life`` in The Heart of The City: -٩

Towards the Hummanism of Urban Life ( London: Humphries,
1952),3.
١١ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -١٠
- ٩٩ -

Urban Design Conferences, Proceedings of Spring 1956
Conference. Transcripts, Notes, etc, Harvard University - ١١
Archive, 1956a, UA V433. 7. 4. Subseries IIB,Box19,
‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي و‬
. ‫ر‬ .‫ت‬ ‫دات‬ ‫و‬
`Ùrban Design,``Progressive Architecture, August 1956, 97-112. -١٢

Harvard University Archive, 1956a. -١٣
`Ùrban Design,``97. -١٤
.٩٩ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -١٥
.٩٩، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -١٦
Harvard University Archive, 1956a.

-١٧
Harvard University Archive,1957a,2nd Urban Design -١٨

Conference Announcement and Program, dated April 1957..
Loeb Library, Graduate School of Design, Rare NAC46, Harv
1957.
Harvard University Archives,1959. -١٩
Harvard University Archive, 1959 . 3rd Urban Design -٢٠
Conference Program, April25, 1959. Loeb Library, Graduate
School of Design, Rare HT107.U712x1959( loose leaf files in
the archive).
. ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -٢١
Harvard University Archive, 1966. 10th Urban Design -٢٢
Conference Proceedings,
April 17 and 18, 1966. Loeb Library, Graduate School of

Design, NAC46Har1966:14.
Synthesis, Graduate School of Desgn, Apri 1957(loose leaf -٢٣
files in the archive ).
. ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -٢٤
. ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -٢٥
. ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -٢٦
Far Eastern Economic Review, Asia1998 Yearbook,63. -٢٧
See Mike Davis , `` Planet of Slums: Urban Involution and the -٢٨
Informal Proletariat,`` New Left Review 26( March / April
2004):5-43.
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`Ùrban Design,`` Progressive Architecture, August1956,101. -١
١٠٤ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -٢
١٠٨ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -٣
١٠٦ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -٤
١١١-١١٠ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -٥
١٠٤ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -٦
١٠١ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -٧
١٠١-١٠٠ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -٨
٩٩.١٠٠ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -٩
٩٩ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -١٠
١٠٥ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -١١
١٠٧ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -١٢
‫أن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اءة و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ -١٣
‫ن‬ ‫ا ات ا أ ت ر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫و ا‬. ‫ه‬ ‫زه و‬
. ‫ا‬
‫د ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا رو قا‬ ‫أن آ‬ -١٤

``Paralipomena in Urban Design`` ( 1989), Urban Concepts:
Denise Scott Brown (London: Academy Editions, 1990) , and
in`` Between Three Stools: A Personal view of Urban Design
Practice and pedagogy,`` Education for Urban Design (Purchase,
NY: Institute for Urban Design, 1982),132-172 ,
‫لا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ ا ى ا ا‬.Urban Concepts ‫أ ت‬
: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا ا‬
<www.vsba.com>
`Ùrban Design,``100-101. -١٥
``The Public Realm, the Public Sector and the Public -١٦
Interest in Urban Design, `à paper presented for a
symposium, `` The Public Realm: Architecture and
Socity,``1985, at the College of Architecture of the
University of Kentucky.
Urban Concepts ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬
Peter Shedd Reed, ``Towards Form : Louis l.kahn``s -١٧

Urban Designs for Philadelphia,1939-1962
Philadelphia: Fisher Fine Arts Library, ‫رة‬ ‫دآ را‬ ‫ر‬
University of Pennsylvania, April 1989,passim.
- ١٤١ -

Walter lsard, Location and Space Economy: A General Theory -١٨
Relating to I Theory Relating to Industrial Location , Market
Areas, Land-Use, Trade, and Urban Structure ( Cambridge :
MIT Press, 1956).
Patrick Geddes n India, Jacqueline Tyrwhitt, ed.(extracts from -١٩

official reports on Indian cities, 1915-1919)(London:
Lund,Humphries,1947).
``The Meaningful City,`` Journal of the American Institute of -٢٠

Architects, January 1965,27-32, reprinted in Harvard’s
Connection, Spring 1967.
Kevin Lynch, `` Environmental Adaptability, `` AIP Journal -٢١

1(1958).
David A. Crane, ``The City Sumbolic,`` Journal of the American -٢٢

Institute of Planners, May 1960,32-39. `` Chandigarh
Reconsidered : The Dynamic City, ``Journal of the American
Institute of Planners, November 1960,280-292.
Denise Scott Brown,`` Learning from Brutalism, ``The -٢٣

Independent Group: Postwar Britain and the Aesthetics of
Plenty, David Robbins, ed.
( Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1990),203-206.
``Between Three Stools,`` and ``Team10, Perspecta 10, and the -٢٤
Present State of Architectural Theory,`` Journal of the American
Institute of Planners, January 1967,42-50.
Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture -٢٥

( New York: Museum of Modem Art and Graham Foundation ,
1966).
8 9
Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown , and Steven Izenour, -٢٦
Learning from Las Vegas,( Cambridge, MA : MIT Press , 1972 ,
rev. edition 1977).
Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. Learning from -٢٧

Las Vegas, ``
On Architectural Formalism and Social Concern : A discourse
- ١٤٢ -

for Socia
l Planners and Radical Chic Architects ,`` Oppositions 5,
Summer 1976,99-112,`Òn Pop Art, Permissiveness and
Planning,`` Journal of the American Institute of Planners, May
1969,184-186.
Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown, Architecture as Signs -٢٨

and Systems: For a Mannerist Time ( Cambridge, MA : Belknap
Press of Harvard University Press, 2004), 103-217.
``Between Three Stools,``19. -٢٩
.١٩، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -٣٠
``The Public Realm,The Public Sector and the Public Interest in -٣١
Urban Design,`` Urban Concepts: Denise Scott Brown, 28 .
``With the Best Intentions: On Design Review,`` ً ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬

Harvard Design Magazine, Winter/ Spring 1999,37-42.
Architecture as Signs and Systems: For a Mannerist Time, 216. -٣٢
The Oxford Book Of French Verse, St. John Lucas,ed. -٣٣

( London: Oxford University Press, 1907; rev. 1957), 516-517.
My rough translation.
Architecture as Signs and Systems, 216. -٣٤
``The Public Realm, the Public Sector and the Public Interest in -٣٥
UrbanDesign,``28.
.٢٨، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ -٣٦
``With the Best Intentions,``42. -٣٧
Architecture as Signs and Systems, 216. -٣٨
``The Public Realm, the Public Sector and the Public Interest in -٣٩
Urban Design,``28.
``Between Three Stools,``20. -٤٠
`Ùrban Design,``103. -٤١
- ١٤٣ -

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- ١٧٦ -

‫‪،‬‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عا‬ ‫ا و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ن‬ ‫وا‬ ‫م ‪١٩٥٦‬‬
‫ء‬ ‫ل‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا وح ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ض‬ ‫و آ‬
‫ت‬ ‫رو‬ ‫ام ا‬ ‫اع وإ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أآ‬ ‫؛و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬
‫ة‬ ‫؛ وآ‬ ‫رآ د آ‬ ‫ي‬
‫آ‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫؛ و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫واه و‬
‫و‬ ‫د و‬ ‫؛أ‬ ‫ا تا ه‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ةا‬ ‫ا‬
‫آ‬ ‫؛آ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫نأ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ةو‬ ‫و‬ ‫زرا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا نا‬
‫ه‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عا‬ ‫ه ا و‬ ‫اا‬ ‫تأ ى‬ ‫ه ك‬
‫ب‬ ‫وإ‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ةو‬ ‫رات‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫جإ‬ ‫ر‬

‫ً‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ارد وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تا‬
‫ى‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬
‫ن‬ ‫ن وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫درج‬ ‫ًا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬
‫ظ‬ ‫ل وا‬ ‫وإ دة ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫هاا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫‪.‬و‬ ‫ا نا‬
‫لا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع ا اه‬ ‫ا و‬
‫(‬ ‫ا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫مو‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أن ه ك أ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫ب‬ ‫ً‪،‬‬ ‫ه‬ ‫‪ .‬وه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ورة‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ةا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫طا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫را "‬ ‫ا‬ ‫"ا‬
‫ج‬ ‫و دات ا‬ ‫‪ ،‬ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ .‬و‬ ‫ق‬
‫‪- ١٧٧ -‬‬

‫ل ا م"‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ص‬ ‫لا‬ ‫" و "ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ء ـ "ا‬ ‫وا‬
‫نذ‬ ‫آ ًا‪ ،‬و‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ع" أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫و "ا‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫جا‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫وا‬ ‫لا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬
‫أز‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ى‪،‬ر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و ان‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ا ي‬
‫ا‬ ‫لآ‬ ‫ال ‪ ،‬أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫وأ آ أ ى ‪ ،‬و‬
‫ط‬ ‫لا‬ ‫– و‬ ‫أو ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أو ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن ‪ .‬وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫أآ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ع‬ ‫– أي ا و‬ ‫وا‬ ‫دي ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫عا‬ ‫ا و‬
‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ً‬ ‫‪.‬ه كأ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬
‫ن‬ ‫ً‬ ‫‪ ،‬وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وآ‬ ‫ا ت )ا وا ( ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وه‬
‫لا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و أن ا‬ ‫ا رض ‪.‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ل‬ ‫‪ ،‬وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رد و‬ ‫ورا ـ آ‬ ‫ا ا ة‬
‫ل وإ دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪،‬و‬ ‫ت ا را‬ ‫تو‬ ‫قا‬ ‫‪.‬ا‬ ‫و‬
‫اع‬ ‫ذات ا‬ ‫ةا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ًإ‬ ‫ظ‪،‬و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر وآ‬ ‫ا‬
‫ً‪ ،‬و‬ ‫إ‬ ‫–آ‬ ‫ا‬
‫إذا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‪،‬‬ ‫ً‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫و‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ز‬ ‫وأن‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ً‬ ‫أآ‬ ‫آ‬
‫دًا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آن‬ ‫وا‬ ‫أ م ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دًا أآ‬
‫م ‪.١٩٥٦‬‬ ‫آن‬ ‫آ‬ ‫‪ ،‬و‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪- ١٧٨ -‬‬

‫اءات ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫–‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫و ر‬
‫ظ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ل وا‬ ‫لا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫–‬ ‫تا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة ا ن و‬ ‫ة‪-‬‬ ‫ع ا‬ ‫ه ا‬ ‫‪،‬إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ل أن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‪.‬‬ ‫اع وا‬ ‫ءا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬
‫رآ ً‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫وا‬ ‫أ م ا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫و‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا م ‪.١٩٥٦‬‬ ‫آ‬ ‫آ‬ ‫‪،‬و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬
‫ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫با‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ة‬ ‫زأ‬ ‫‪،١٩٥٦‬‬
‫" )‪ ، (١١‬وآ ن‬ ‫ل وا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫م‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ـ"‬ ‫ودة ا‬ ‫أو‬
‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دد إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫‪١٩٥٦‬‬ ‫و شر‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ذ‬
‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫رإ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ور‬ ‫‪.‬و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وأ‬ ‫با‬ ‫ا‬
‫ل‬ ‫ة أن ا‬ ‫ة ‪ ،‬أو ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل وا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا م‬ ‫و‬ ‫َّ و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ء أن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ .‬إ أن‬ ‫ا‬
‫اه ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ ،‬وه ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫‪،‬و‬ ‫ا‬
‫ه‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ نا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أن ا‬ ‫إ‬
‫ا و ن‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ار ا ن ‪.‬‬ ‫رج أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫نو ر‬ ‫اء‬ ‫ءا‬ ‫نأ م أ‬ ‫وه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫تإ‬ ‫و‬
‫!‬ ‫رك‬ ‫و‬
‫‪- ١٧٩ -‬‬

‫ا‬ ‫وا ن ‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ردود ا‬ ‫ا رة‬
‫أ ى–‬ ‫وإ‬ ‫ده ‪،‬‬ ‫و‬
‫ا‬ ‫ة ‪ ،‬و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ود‬
‫آ‬ ‫م‪.‬و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ع آف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫إ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن وز‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫وة‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ذا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬
‫ض‬ ‫آن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر تو ر ت‬ ‫آن‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫(‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ر )‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه ا‬ ‫لو‬ ‫نأ‬ ‫أن‬
‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ءا‪ .‬ا‬ ‫ً و‬ ‫ارًا أو آ ً أو و‬ ‫إ‬ ‫وأآ‬
‫ق وا اع‬ ‫رة‬ ‫عا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫دة‪،‬‬
‫ا‬ ‫دورًا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا و‬ ‫ة وا‬ ‫ه ا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا دة ‪.‬‬
‫ع‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ت وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫لا‬ ‫وراء ا‬
‫ع‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ .‬و وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫لا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬
‫أو‬ ‫‪ ،‬وأ‬ ‫ر تا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و د‬ ‫ء‬
‫آ ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت أو‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ ا‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫وا‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫‪.‬و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫دورًا ه ً ‪ ،‬أ ا‬ ‫هاا‬
‫ة‬ ‫ةوا‬ ‫ر وا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫م‬
‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ده ور‬ ‫إ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫أ‬
‫‪ .‬و و أن ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ آ أ ى‬ ‫ةو‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نا م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪- ١٨٠ -‬‬

‫ا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫دو ً‬ ‫تا‬ ‫و و أن ا‬
‫ر‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ما‬ ‫وا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ه ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫س‬ ‫ه ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫‪،‬وه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫و‬ ‫ر تإ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أو ت‬ ‫‪ .‬أو‬ ‫ا‬
‫ةا‬ ‫ان وه‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ه‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر ‪ ،‬وه‬ ‫ودة ا‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ا ر ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق ا م وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫أن ه ا و‬ ‫وا‬

‫تا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‪،‬‬ ‫أي‬ ‫اف ‪،‬‬ ‫ه اا‬ ‫–و‬ ‫ً‬
‫أن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫َّ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ة‪،‬آ أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تا ه‬ ‫ا‬
‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫‪ .‬وإن آ ن ه ك‬ ‫وا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م ‪١٩٥٦‬‬ ‫ا ي‬ ‫ا‬
‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا ر‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ات ا‬ ‫ات ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أو آ‬
‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫لا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬

‫ف‬ ‫م ‪ ١٩٥٦‬و‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪،‬ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫رات ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫م‬ ‫"‬ ‫ا وق" وأ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫"‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫دة‬
‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ى" ‪.‬‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬
‫) ‪(١٢‬‬
‫ت‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫و‬ ‫ًا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ري‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن ه ا ا‬ ‫ا ا‬
‫‪- ١٨١ -‬‬

‫ً‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫اء آ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫رة ا‬ ‫ا رب ‪،‬‬ ‫إن ك ا‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫لا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وآ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ة‪ ،‬ر‬ ‫أ آ آ‬ ‫إزدادت‬ ‫ق‪،‬‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ذ‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ .‬و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ءة ا‬ ‫ت وإ‬ ‫طا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬
‫ري ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫با‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ ي وا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ً‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫تا‬
‫س‬ ‫د ر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫
‪+,- % / # /
%0 . #1(%60‬‬
‫" ‪(6 "6% HA " J “#1## : / T " : # : 96‬‬
‫‪(-.H / (R *) " ). 1
( C# " RB‬‬
‫‪- ١٨٢ -‬‬

‫ه‬ ‫دل ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪.‬و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫واة وا ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل و ده ‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ن وا‬ ‫و ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ه اا‬ ‫ا نو ىر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬
‫ت‬ ‫وا‬ ‫و تا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تو‬ ‫ت واه‬ ‫ر‬
‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫رإ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ر ‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫آ ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ه آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪،‬و‬ ‫را‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا و‬
‫ً‪،‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪ ، ١٩٥٦‬وآ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫‪ .‬و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د وا‬ ‫ه ا‬
‫أو‬ ‫دون‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫وا ه‬ ‫ءا‬ ‫آ نا‬
‫"‬ ‫ر ‪ .‬وردود‬ ‫إ‬ ‫دل ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬
‫إ‬ ‫"‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫س أو‬ ‫"و"‬ ‫ءا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ذ‬ ‫"‬ ‫ًا ي‬ ‫ت"‬ ‫‪.‬آ‬ ‫وع ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬
‫ء‬ ‫أن‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫اف‬ ‫ر أو ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫إ‬
‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪.‬و‬ ‫أن‬ ‫‪ .‬وه ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬
‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫با‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ه ا ور ا ُ‬ ‫و‬
‫صا يآن‬ ‫ا م وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ما ا‬ ‫ع وا‬ ‫ى رأب ا‬
‫نا‬ ‫أن إدارة‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫‪ .١٩٥٦‬إ ى‬ ‫رآ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬
‫ً‪،‬‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى ه أن ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬
‫أآ‬ ‫آً‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دا‬ ‫اء‬
‫‪. ١٩٥٦‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫آ أآ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬
‫‪- ١٨٣ -‬‬

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arch_de_la_defense.jpg
‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ و ت وا‬١٩٥٦ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬

‫ وه‬. ‫ر‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ "‫ق‬ ‫ما‬ " ‫اع " أو‬ ‫"ا ـ‬ ‫ه إ‬
‫ت‬ ‫ه وا‬ ‫ل ذات ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫إ‬
‫ور‬ ‫كا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫"ا‬ ١٩٥٦ ‫ا‬ ‫وا ه ت ا‬
- ١٨٤ -

‫ور‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د "‪ ،‬و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن "ا‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬
‫)‪(١٣‬‬
‫ن‬ ‫وآ‬ ‫ا ن "‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا ن نا‬
‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫درًا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نا‬
‫ىا ي‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ن‬ ‫نا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا ر ‪ .‬و‬ ‫إ‬
‫ن‪،‬إ‬ ‫ءا‬ ‫د‬ ‫‪-‬ا‬ ‫رات ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تا ا‬
‫أن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫وع‬ ‫م‪.‬و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ره‬ ‫ا‬
‫–‬ ‫"‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ً ـ "أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ث ى‬
‫أن‬ ‫ا ُ ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫–و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬
‫رب ‪ .‬ه ك‬ ‫رآ وا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ع‬ ‫وه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ما‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫أ‬ ‫اءة"‬ ‫أو "ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اع ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا ه‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة ‪ ،‬وا‬
‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اض أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وه ك‬
‫ى‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫اه‬ ‫إ‬ ‫دىء و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ت أو‬ ‫ا‬
‫ه ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫د تا‬ ‫لإ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا را ت ا‬ ‫ً‪،‬‬
‫ر‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اب و‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ت و دة ا‬ ‫ور ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ت‬ ‫أ م اه‬ ‫ة وا‬ ‫طا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫با‬ ‫أ‬
‫ط‬ ‫ه "أ‬ ‫ديء و‬ ‫ث‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ .‬ا‬ ‫وا‬
‫د"‬ ‫"ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ة"‬ ‫ا‬
‫أد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫با ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ري‪ .‬وه‬
‫‪- ١٨٥ -‬‬

‫أن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى و‬ ‫ن ‪، ٤=٢+٢‬‬ ‫ب‬ ‫إ عا‬
‫ى‬ ‫‪.٤,٧‬‬ ‫‪ ٣,٥‬إ‬ ‫اوح‬ ‫(‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬
‫‪ .‬وه ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫نآ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪ ،‬وه‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دل‬ ‫شا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬
‫ءة‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ض أن‬ ‫ى أو و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬
‫‪.١٩٥٦‬‬ ‫ث‬ ‫آ‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬

‫تا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دات ا‬ ‫ا ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫رات‬ ‫‪ ،‬وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ارد ‪ ،‬وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫دة ا‬ ‫ء وإ‬ ‫لا‬ ‫أ‬
‫آن‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ا أو‬ ‫ً‬ ‫‪ .‬وه‬ ‫لا‬ ‫ا‬
‫رآ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫جو‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪ ،١٩٥٦‬آ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪ ،‬آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ ،‬وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ ،‬و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ ،‬و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬
‫ج‬ ‫–آ‬ ‫أآ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و أن ا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫وإ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫(ا‬ ‫)‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ةا‬ ‫ب–‬ ‫إ‬
‫عا‬ ‫‪ .‬آنه ا‬ ‫نآ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ار‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫ق‬ ‫ده‬ ‫ً إ‬ ‫أدرآ ا‬ ‫‪١٩٥٦‬‬ ‫رآ ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬
‫و د‬ ‫ًأ‬ ‫ا ه مأ‬ ‫‪.‬و‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫س‬ ‫(‬ ‫ا م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫)‬ ‫را ا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫"ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫تا و‬ ‫تا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ق‬ ‫شا‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬
‫‪- ١٨٦ -‬‬

‫نا‬ ‫ن‪،‬‬ ‫ه اا‬ ‫‪ .‬و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫را‬ ‫ة أو أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫أآ‬ ‫وازده را ‪ ،‬إن‬ ‫را و‬ ‫إ‬ ‫أآ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫آا ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ن‬ ‫نا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه ا ا م )‪، (٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫أه‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ ،‬نا‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا ر‬ ‫ةا و‬ ‫و‬
‫و‬ ‫ىا و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫را‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ة‪.‬و دا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫تو‬ ‫ًا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫م‬ ‫اك دا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫تا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت وأ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫يه‬ ‫ا‬
‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و وا‬ ‫رو‬ ‫ة‬ ‫نه ك‬ ‫أن‬
‫ف‬ ‫وا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا ن آ ا‬ ‫ل‪.‬‬ ‫زا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫وأ‬
‫و داد‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ ،‬رك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬
‫دا‬ ‫و تو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ ى‬ ‫اوة‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫آ‬ ‫لا‬ ‫ور‬ ‫ض‪،‬ا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫وآ ا‬ ‫قا‬ ‫عا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اآ‬ ‫ى ‪ ،‬أن‬ ‫ة"ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫"أ‬ ‫ه‬
‫ا‬ ‫‪ ،‬وذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وف ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫‪.‬و‬ ‫وا‬
‫ا‬ ‫أن ا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ورة آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪،‬و‬
‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عا‬ ‫وا و‬
‫آ نه ك‬ ‫ً‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا وأآ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫دا ة‬ ‫إ‬ ‫‪،‬و‬ ‫وا‬
‫‪- ١٨٧ -‬‬

‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تا‬ ‫وا ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، ١٩٥٦
، ‫ًا‬ ‫ وأ‬. ‫را‬ ‫ وا‬، ‫ء دو ا‬ ‫و‬،‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫وا‬
>??. / " / # / ( (6

1
36B : <
:

Http:// en, Wikipedia.org/wki/Lujiazui
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ ، ‫ط‬ ‫آا ة‬، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬

‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ا‬ – ‫تا ر‬ ‫ا‬ –
‫و‬ ‫ذات ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء ا ن وا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ق‬ ‫اء‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ه ً–آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ا‬ .‫ه‬ ‫و‬
- ١٨٨ -

‫أ‬ ، ‫أو م‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫– ن‬
!! ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ – ‫ال وا‬ ‫ةا‬ – ‫ه ا‬
: ;!
.(9)
I
" ) -=
YosukHirayama,Fukanzentosbi,Kobe,Nyuyoku, Berurin(Kobe, New York, Berlin: Gakugei
Shuppansha, 2003), (my translations from the original Japanese).
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.‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ، ‫اس‬ ‫دي‬ : ‫فا‬ ‫رة ا‬
‫م‬٢٠٠٨ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ : ‫رة‬ ‫ا‬
- ٢٣٢ -

نشاةوتطورالتصميم المعماري

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