XVI. DAMPERS AND VALVES Balancing and operation of the industrial duct system requires the use of dampers and valves in many instances. These devices should be kept toa minimum since they cause excessive turbulence and affect proper systems operations. Where blast gates are used for balancing the system, provisions should be made for properly securing the blast gate, position blast gates so that operating person- nel cannot adjust promiscuously. One method of system balancing is by the use of orifice plates. Orifice plates provide better air flow patterns and are more re- sistant to abrasive attack. Butterfly valves are not recommended for system balancing, they should be used primarily for isolating portions of the system. On high temperature application, damper bearings must be located to guard against high temperatures. Provide shaft seals to prevent excessive leakage. 68Blast gate-full Cutoffs, half and full to provide a more positive cut-offs are used to balance: seal than cut-offs the blast systems, or save air, heat and gate is used. There is a power when machine is not slight internal leakage in use. All cut-offs should with the blast gate, be furnished with screws so but no external leakage. biade may be firmly placed May be used with positive for volumn control or negative pressure. Not to be used if material is in the air stream Stuffing box Butterfly dampers are generatly used ‘on air or light dust handling systems. Dampers may be manually operated by a chain wheel with a gear box or by a lever arm with lock- ing quadrant. Damper may also be cylinder operated Butterfly damper (High temperature valve) DAMPERS AND VALVES 69XVII. DUCT AND FITTING DESIGN The design of duct and fittings embraces the determination of volume, veloc- ity, pressure drop, abrasion, physical restrictions and maintenance. In some instances, good design of duct and fittings must be compromised due to one or more of the above mentioned considerations. The designer must recognize that the design of duct and fittings will impact initial cost, replacement cost, maintenance cost and operating cost. The following texts are recommended: Plant and Process Ventilation, by W. C. L. Hemeon; Design of Industrial Exhaust Systems, by John L. Alden; Industrial Ventilation, A Manual of Recommended Practice, published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. 7}—(0- 1 minus D - 2) x 5 ——m CONVERGING FITTINGS 7Up to 16D. = 5 PC. 2t0.2%x el be—cLR Over 16” D. = 7 Pc. CLR = 1% to 2x D: ELBOWS 2XVIII. HOOD CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN ‘The first step in the design of pollution control systems is the proper design of hoods. Hood configuration will dictate air volume and will impact system operating pressures which will subsequently determine duct and equipment size and capacities. In many instances, hood design defies formula. In some cases, there are so many variables in machinery operation that acceptable hood design can be achieved only by observation or experience. The design of hoods must include the following considerations: machinery restrictions, operator and maintenance accessibility, capture velocity, structural integrity, abrasion, temperature, and fabricating techniques. In addition to the hood design meeting requirements for good engineering practices, it is important that the designer consider the requirements dictated by the Occupational Safety and Health Agency as well as local governing agen Health, safety and environmental standards are rigidly enforced and the hood design that does not achieve the requirements of these standards will result in unacceptable air pollution control systems. The following texts are recommended to the hood designer: Plant and Process Ventilation, by W. C. L. Hemeon; Design of Industrial Exhaust Systems, by John L. Alden; Industrial Ventilation Manual of Recommended Practice, published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. 73XIX. TEST AND BALANCE We have included in this guide the text entitled “Ventilation System Testing” for use by contractors who may be responsible for testing and balancing industrial ventilation systems. We emphasize that, at times, it may be necessary or desirable to conduct tests of the quality of environment to determine whether the system is providing the desired environmental control. In these cases, the services of a trained industrial hygienist may be required. Other texts recommended for testing and balancing of ventilating systems are: ‘The Manual for the Balancing and Adjustment of Air Distribution Sys- tems, published by the Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contrac- tors’ National Association, Inc., Testing, Balancing and Adjusting of Environmental Systems, published by Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Asso- ciation, Ine. 4VENTILATION SYSTEM TESTING from INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION A Manual of Recommended Practice COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION P.O. BOX 453 LANSING, MICHIGAN, 48902, U.S.A. American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsFIELD TESTING OF AIR HANDLING SYSTEMS Every air handling system should be thoroughly tested upon completion and before acceptance by the customer. Perfodie tests should also be made throughout the life of the system to insure continuing performance. ‘The tests described in this manual pertain to air handling systems only. At times it may be necessary or de- sirable to conduct tests of the environment to determine whether the system is providing the desired: environmental control. In these cases the services o{ a trained industrial hygienist may be required. ‘The value of obtaining ventilation test data is noted in the following applications: 1, To record the initial performance of the system and determine if it is functioning in accordance with specifications. 2. To determine the degree of compliance with applicable codes or trade association standards. 3, To provide data upon which to base any necessary changes in the system. 4. To obtain data vo assist in the design of future systems. 5, To determine whether the system has sufficient capacity for additional ductwork or other alterations. 6, To obtain data through periodic checks to determine when maintenance or repairs are necessary. Initial Test ‘The Pitot tube and manometer are the standard for initial field testing of equipment when used as described in this manual, When other ingtruments or procedures are used their description and the customer's prior written approval mus: be attached to the test sheet before the data will be given consideration. ‘The following outlines the recommended procedure and the minimum data necessary for a thorough initial venti- lation test: 1. Review the system specifications and drawings to determine the relative location and sizes of ducts, fittings and associated system components. Where possible, pertinent prints should be carried to the test site. 2. tnspect the system to determine that its installation i in accordance with the specifications and drawings. Cheek such items as fan rotation, belt slippage and damper settings. 3. Make a single-line drawing of the installed system on the back of the Test Data Sheet. Select and identify test locations. Measure the air volume, fan static pressure, motor rpm and amperes and the temperature of the air in the system, Also, determine pressure drops across all components such a8 coils, fittings, and air cleaning equipment. For some tests moisture content of the air in the system and/or ambient barometric pressure should be obtained also. See page 9. 5. Record the teat data and design specifications on the Test Data Sheet. \ 6. Compare the test data with design specifications. Determine if alterations or adjustments of the system are necessary to meet specifications, codes or standards. If alterations or adjustments are made, retest the system and record the final test data. On the sketch note ‘any physical changes that were made in the system. 8, Test Data Sheets should be retained by the customer for the life of the system, 1 Periodic Test ‘The performance of a system should be checked periodically by the owner. If there have been no alterations to the system this can be done manually by close visual inspection and simple static pressure measurements. All periodic measurements can also be made continuously by means of an operating console or other remote readout system. ‘The following is the recommended procedure and suggestions as to types of measurements needed to perform the periodic tests: 1, Refer to the initial Test Data Sheet for test locations. 12, Inepect the system for physical damage (broken, corroded, collapéed duct, ete.) and proper operation of com~ ponents (fan Fotation, damper positions, alr cleaner condition, temperature controls, burner operation, etc. 763. Measure static pressure at the same locations used in the initial test. 4. Compare measured static pressures with initial test. From these determine if the system is performing at ‘initial levels. 8, Make and record any corrections required 6. Recheck the system to verify performance if corrections have been made, Whenever alterations have been made to the system a new initial test is necessary following the procedures out lined under Initial Test. Measurement of Air Flow “The most important measurement in testing of systems is the measurement of air volume in efm and should be done before balancing the system is attempted. The commonly used instruments are of the velocity measuring type Tather than quantity meters. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain not only the average air velocity through an open= {ng OF duct, but also the net cross-sectional area at the point of measurement. The quantity of air can then be de- termined from the equation: Qeva where Q = Quantity of air Nlowing, cubic feet per minute (efm) A = Net cross-sectional area of duct or opening, 9. ft., at the measurement location V = Average air velocity, feet per minute (fpm} Standard Pitot Tube ‘The primary and most dependable method for field measurement of air velocities in ducts is the use of the stan~ ‘ard Pitot tube in conjunction with an inelined manometer. A standard Pitot tube needs no calibration if so certified by the manufacturer. A large volume of research and many publications have been devoted to the subject of flow measurement by this instrament! ‘The device consists of two concentric tubes, (See Figure 1) one serving to measure the total or impact pressure ‘existing in the air stream, the other to measure the static pressure only. When the annular space and the center tube are connected across a manometer, the difference between the total pressure and the static pressure 18 indi~ cated on the manometer. (See Figure 2). This difference between the total pressure and the static pressure is the velocity pressure which is 2 measure of the air velocity. Limitations: ‘The Pitot tube cannot be used for measuring velocities lower than 600 fpm in the field because of manometer limitations. The distance between the impact and static holes prevents its use in measuring flow through orifice-type openings. It is susceptible to plugging in air streame with heavy dust and/or moisture loadings. Modified Pitot Tubes Modifications of Pitot tubes have been made in an effort to reduce plugging difficulties encountered in heavy dust and/or moisture loadings or to increase manometer differentials enabling the measurement of lower velocities in the field, One of these is called the “double Pitot” tube since it ueually takes the form of a relatively large impact opening facing upstream and another such opening facing downstream, Such tubes are useful also when testing air flow in thick walled ducts, such as boiler stacks, where the insertion of conventional Pitot tubes is difficult. Limitations: Double-Pitot tubes and other modifications require calibration under conditions simflar to those in which they are to be used. In addition, some are of considerable size. Manom ‘The manometer is the most practical pressure measuring instrument for field use and may be either of the U tube or inclined type.? Its operation can be checked readily in the field and it does not require special calibration. Usually graduated in inches of water, manometers can be used with various fluids such as alcohol, mercury, oil, water and kerosene. Available commercial units offer 2 wide latitude in range and styles. (See Table 1), Tubes re usually of all-piastic construction to minimize breakage. Manometers are available with magnetic holders for ease of field mounting. Some models include over-pressure safety traps to prevent loss of fluid in event of pres sure surges beyond the manometer range. Limitations: Water filled manometers are likely to freeze in exposed locations. At air velocities lower than 600 feet per minute, velocity pressures are low and cannot be read accurately with standard U~Tubes and inclined manometers. It is important that the manometer be filled with the fluid of the same density for which it was cali- brated, since the scale length and markings will vary depending upon fluid density. 7Figure 2 Pitot tube with inclined manometer‘Table 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESSURE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS (Static Pressure, Velocity Pressure, Differential Pressure) Mig’s, Stated Instrument Range,"wg Precision, "wg Comments LIQUID MANOMETERS Vertical U-tube No Limit on Portable, Needs no calibration. Inclined 10:1 Slope Voually up 0.005 Portable, Needs no calibration. Must be to 10 leveled. Hook Gage 0-24 0,001 Not a field instrument, Tedious, difficult to read, For calibration only. Micromanometer 0-10 Heavy, Need to locate on vibration-free (Meriam Model 34FB2TM) 0-20 0.001 surface. Not difficult to read; uses ‘magnifier. Micromanometer 0.001-1.2 0.0004 ‘Small; portable. Uses magnifier. Need ex- (Vernon Hill Type C) perience to read to manufacturer’s pre cision, Calibration needed. Micromanometer(105) o-2 0.0003 Portable, Needs vibration-free mount, No (Electric Microtonte, magnifier, Slow to use. No eyestrain. No F.W. Dwyer, Mig.) calfbration needed, DIAPHRAM AND MECHANICAL Diaphram-Magnehelic Gage 0-0.5, 01 Calibration recommended. No leveling, on 0.02 ‘no mounting needed. 0-4 0:10 Direct reading. ‘Swinging Vane Anemometer 0-0.5 Stecale Calibration recommended. No leveling, Alnor Velometer 0-20 no mounting needed. Use manufacturer's exact recommendation for size of SP hole. PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS AND ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS. Pressure Transducers 0.05-6 0.9% ‘Must be calibrated. Remote reading re- ‘sponds to rapid change in pressure. U-Tube: The vertical U-Tube is the simplest type of pressure gauge. These instruments are used primarily for measuring pressures above two (2) inches of water. ‘There are three scales commonly used on U-Tube manometers: (See Figure 3) ‘A. The liquid is leveled at “0* on the scale which extends upward only and is read directly. B. The scale reads both ways from “0 and the reading at each liquid level must be added together. C. The acale ie progressively marked and the reading at the lower level must be subtracted from that of the upper level to obtain the pressure measured. Limitations: The instrument cannot be read accurately closer than “0.10", and should not be used to measure velocity pressures. In using vertical manometers, it is very important to be familiar with the scale marking method used. Inclined Manomete nsitivity and acale magnification are realized by tilting one leg of the U-Tube to form an inclined manometer. The inclined manometer, usually with 10 to 1 slope, gives increased accuracy and may permit readings in increments of 0.01 inches of water. (See Figure 4.) tations: ‘The gauge must be leveled and zeroed carefully and the mounting must be firm. Care must be taken to prevent excessive pressure from blowing the liquid from the manometer. Air Volume Determination ‘The air flow in the cross-section of a duct is not uniform; therefore, it is necessary to take a number of velocity pressure meast sments, ‘The approved method is to take a series of readings at specific locations in one plane of6 5 10 5 4 9 4 a & 3 2 ta 2-4 Wa 6 lp / 2 o|| 2" 5 |) 2" oy sy ay—t = 3 3 iz 4 ’ 5 oO 2-0-2" 14128" 6-4 Figure 3. U-tube manometer scales the duct cross-section. The readings should be taken 7.5 duct diameters or more downstream from any major air disturbance, such as an elbow, hood or branch entry. Where measurements are made closer to disturbances than 1.5 duct diameters, it is recommended they be checked against a second set of readings. If agreement within 10% 1s obtained, reasonable accuracy can be assumed. A greater number of points in the traverse and/or an increase in the number of traverses will improve the ac~ curacy of the test. Round Duet ‘The approved method is to make two series of readings across the diameter of the duct at right angles to each other and in the same plane. Each series of readings is known as a Pitot traverse. (See Figure 5.) For ducts 6" and smaller, at least two 6-point traverses should be used. For ducts 6-48" at least two 10-point traverses should be employed. For ducts larger than 48" or where there 18 wide variation in velocity, at least two 20-point traverses should be made. Six, ten and twenty point traverse dimensions are given in Tables 2, 3 and 4. Figure 4 Inclined manometerTable 2 « "% 3h vy fom] oe sta | % | * [| ml pepe be te trove pos tne cco dt ie Seats aan a el whepape See oe wet fw eS es ae oh pole ne vines ee webs race 2 | % % Ye 6% | 13%] 15%] amy] 18%] 19% cepa pa bob ef mf a] an ael an rabies » feta] wl oles | axl 274 pagans rat oF NOD SE » [al as ae] 29 | ava] soy ae it we | Sh we 4 %] % | Me | te] se | oe 81Table 4 DISTANCE FROM WALL OF ROUND PIPE TO POINT OF READING (NEAREST 1/8 INCH) FOR 20- POINT TRAVERSE. — fe Re &, Fy fy Ro 0.0390 | 0.0670 22040 | 02500 | 0.3060 | 0.3880 Fe Rs Fy | Fy Ry 26s | ar500 29030 | 09330 | o9610 | as870 aie] 2 sve 2757 | 30 revs] 2s 2a ive | 3 a2 10 az ve | as 172 37 sya | 38 are | 39 172 asa ls A 30.172 | 33 334 rae T sae] waa! 6 75/78 | 9 3/8 ai7a | 34472 | 36 578 | 38 sve | 90 wae ame| san] «sve | cary 95/8 338 | 36 seise | oo ava ova 2 sae[ ere] can] s 30 1/4 ga sve | 37 a2 | 59 37m | an 37h | 3 272 | as 78 2 san [os 63 | sayz | 10 570 se ase | 33 wi sve | 3 a2 | a3 are | ar zu sse| sin] 7 a7 far 3711 | wb in | a3 ase | at oy zase | 3 ave vars | 9 are | aa 8 3a 78 | a2 we 57a | ad 370 | 30 78 38 ae] zur | 3 778 rar | 94/2 | 8 3572 | wore | 3 a7 sean | 50172 | 52578 ou we] zoel 73 | 9 7s | az sy pe 378 | ad S/n | 5 so iva | 52 i70 | 38 va er yet zara] vie] 6 : 10 ave | a2 5/8 ara | we 72 | 48 sya | st sve | 58 56 oe oe] zarz | vane] ease] sare | x0 a2 | a3 ae soa | wh 37a | ut so re | s3ivz | 35 374 | 57 574 66 wa] 23a] 4 sre] 6 ve | 8 a2 | 20 78 | 23 2/2 wo 378 | aS 370 | a9 72 | s2 72 | s5 ava | $7 372 | 39 578 68 wal zs] saz] 6 sia] ese | an aye wi 57a | arava | st sh ive | 56 57 | 59 170 6312 ere 70 wal zs] vse] 6 vu] 9 naz revi 27 sa a2 978 | 0b 272 | 52372 | 55 37u | sb a2 | Bt Ban oot n we] 230] sve] 7 9 aye [at as | we aye | ae 2 a “ so st sr isu | 60178 | 82 378 | 65 or ave | 63 ave | ave 1 us| ave] os pase | 9 arz | az ave | a5 ave | a8 ar2 | 22 570 | 28 37¥ as iu | st S78 | sé sz | sa 77a | ot 278 | e672 | 66 178 | 69 Hin | 3a wl a 3 save{ 7x8 | 9 78 as 177 | a9 23176 | 29172 46 1/2 | 52 370 | 53 60 1/72 | 63 172 68 $78 | 70 78 | 73 5 nf a 3 sam [72 [io ue as ra | a9 sz | 23 778 | 30 170 a7 sya | si asa | se 372 | 62 178 | 65 78 bo 172 | 12 37k | 75, n wl a aus sare] 7 aye | 10 ae as sa | 20 ze uz | a2 3 sayz | 63 65 Se | 68 178 a2 tie | iu seu | 78 178 | 78 82Rectangular Duct ‘with rectangular ducts the approved procedure Is to divide the cross-section into a number of equal rectangular areas and take readings at the center of each, The number of readings should not be less than 16, however, a suf- ficient number of readings should be made so the distance between centers does not exceed six inches. (See Figure 6) ‘Air Volume Calculation ‘When a manometer calibrated in inches of water is connected to the Pitot tube, as shown in Figure 2, the reading taken at each point in the traverse is the velocity pressure of the air at that location. In order to complete the field test and calculate the air volume flowing in the duct, the following data are essential: ‘A = The atea of the duct at the traverse location, ft? V = Average velocity at the traverse location, {pm Conditions of air stream at the time and location of traverse; temperature (F) and moisture content. ‘the area of a round duct can be obtained from the duct diameter (See Table 5). For a rectangular duct the area 4s the height multiplied by the width. ‘To obtain the average air velocity in the duct it is Important that each velocity presoure be converted to the cor- responding air velocity in fpm, Air velocities may be read directly from the Velocity Pressure Table, Table 6. ‘The air velocities are then averaged for each traverse and the traverse values are again averaged to give the final duct velocity. It is an error to average velocity pressures. ‘The air volume flowing may be determined by using the formula Q = VA. Example: Test Conditions: Air Temp. = 79 F; Wet Bulb Temp. = 50 F; Barometer = 29.92" Hg; 24" ¢ Duct; Area = 3.142 Fe Pitot Traverse #1 Pitot Traverse #2 (to Traverse #1) Traverse Pe VP Velocity Table 8) Traverse PX VP Velocity (Table 8 i 08 18 i 0.23 1921 a 038 ais 2 oat 2081 i 032 2260 3 033 201 ‘ 033 2501 ‘ oust 2335 5 ois 2s 5 ok 38 $ 038 208 $ 35 2309 4 033 aot : oe 2398 a 31 2230 é ose zan0 : 030 iss 5 oi 2am0 10 a 20 ed oot - aoe 32170 pverage Velocity = 220+ 22110 _ H8 2205.9 = 2208 fp Q = VA = 2206 x 3.142 = 6991.2 = 6931 scfm 83‘Table 5 AREA AND CIRCUMFERENCE OF CIRCLES 6 a T a 8 & 9 ob 20 n SIRBVISE 84Table 6 VELOCITY PRESSURES FOR DIFFERENT VELOCITIES ~ STANDARD AIR V = VELOCITY FPM Musduamvauentsdl dua VP = VELOCITY PRESSURE, INCHES OF WATER T T ve | v | ve v ve v ve v ve v ve v oor | 400 | os2 1.03 18a | 4970 | 2.05 | s73@ | 3.10 | 7081 0.02 | 566 | 0.53 Voa iiss | age | 2.06 | s7ae | 3.20 | 7164 0.03 | 694 | 0.54 105 tss | so0z | 2.07 | s7ez | 3.30 | 7275 00a | g01 | oss 106 1187 | soe | 2.08 | 5776 | 3.40 | 7305 005 | s96 | 0.56 1.07 vise | 5036 | 2.09 | 5790 | 3.50 | 7as2 0.06 | 981 | 0.57 1.08 iiss | s0s0 | 210 | seoa | 3.60 | 7599 0.07 | 1060 | 0:58 1.09 veo | soss | 211 | se17 | 3.70 | 7704 0.08 | 1133 | 0.89 110 viet | sosz | 212 | seat | 3.80 | 7807 109 | 1201 | 0.60 un vez | 5098 | 213 | seas | 3.90 | 7909 oo | 1266 | 061 iz ea | site | 214 | sess | 4.00 | aoro or | 13za | 62 4113 tea | siz9 | 215 | se72 | 4.10 | e109 o1z | 1387 | 0.63 41a tes | staa | 2.46 | sees | 4.20 | 6200 013 | 14aa | 0.64 15 ves | steo | 217 | 5899 | 4.30 | 6305 ota | tase | 0.65 416 167 | 5175 | 218 | s913 | 4.40 | aot os | iss | oes 47 tes | stot | 219 | 5927 | aso | ease 0.16 | 1602 | 0.67 118 169 | s206 | 2.20 | seao } a60 | 590 O17 | 1651 | 0.68 419 170 | 5222 | 2:21 | seca | 4.70 | e6es ots | 1639 | 0.69 120 via | 8237 | 222 | se67 | a0 | 8774 ois | 1746 | 0.70 vat tz | 5253 | 2'23 | sot | 4.90 | sass 20 | 1791 | 0.7 122 1.73 | s2ea | 2:24 | sova | 5.00 | 8955 o21 | 135 | 0.72 123 17a | 5203 | 2:25 | coos | 5.10 | s04a 0.22 | 1879 | 0.73 2a 1175 | 5298 | 2.26 | 6oz1 | s.20 | 9133 0.23 | 1921 | 0.74 125 1.76 | 5313 | 2.27 | sosa | 5.30 | 9220 024 | 1962 | 0.75 126 177 | 5328 | 2:28 | 60a7 | sao | 9307 0.25 | 2003 | 0.76 127 tye | 5343 | 2:29 | 6061 | s.so | 9392 0:26 | 2002 | 0.77 126 17g | 5359 | 2:30 | cova | 5.60 | 9477 0.27 | 208) | 0.78 129 reo | $374 | 2.31 | 6087 | 5.70 | 9562 028 | 2119 | 0.79 130 rier | saee | 2:32 | 6100 | s.8o | 9605 0.29 | 2157 | 0:80 131 vez | sa03 | 2'33 | 6113 | S90 | 9728 030 | 2193 | ost 132 183 | saia | 2:32 | 6128 | 6.00 | se10 0.31 | 2230 | oe 133 tea | 5a33 | 2.35 | 6140 | 610 | 9691 032 | 2260 | 0-83 134 tes | 5447 | 2:36 | 61s3 | 620 | 9972 033 | 2301 | oa 138 vies | 5a6z | 2.37 | 6166 | 6.30 | 10052 0.34 | 2335 | 0.85 136 1.87 | 877 | 2.38 | 6179 | 6.40 | 10132 03s | 2369 | 0.86 4137 tee | sant | 2'39 | 6192 | 650 | 10210 0:36 | 2403 | 0.87 138 ries | ssos | 2.40 | 6205 | 6.60 | 10289 0.37 | 2436 | 0.88 139 tigo | ss2v | 2iar | 6217 | 6.70 | 10366 0.38 | 2469 | 0.89 1.40 vier | 5535 | 2.42 | 6230 | 6.80 | 1004 0.39 | 2501 | 0:90 tay vez | 5550 | 2.43 | 6243 | 6.90 | 10520 0.0 | 2533 | 0.91 Vaz v3 | ss6a | 2a | 6256 | 7.00 | 10596 o.a1 | 2563 | 0.92 143 tea | 5579 | 2.45 | 6269 | 750 | 10969 0.42 | 2895 | 0.93 aa rigs | 5593 | 2.45 | 6262 | 8.00 | 11328 0.43 | 2626 | 0.94 145 tise | sos | 2:47 | 6294 | 8.0 | 11676 oa | 2656 | 0.95 146 1197 | ses | 2.48 | 6307 | 9.00 | 12015 oas | 2687 | 0.96 1.47 tise | 5637 | 2.49 | 6320 | 9.50 | 12304 04s | 2716 | 0.97 148 veg | set | 2.50 | 6332 12665 o.a7 | 2746 | 0.98 1.49 2.00 | sesa | 2.60 | 6456 13283 oaa | 2775 | 0.99 150 201 | 5678 | 270 | 6sa1 13874 o.a9 | 2804 | 1.00 st 202 | sesz | 2.0 | 6702 yaaa0 0.50 | 2832 | 1.01 1152 203 | 5706 | 2.90 | 6820 14775 os: | 2860 | 1-02 1153 2.04 | s720 | 3.00 | 6937 14986 85Lf the air temperature is outside the range of 40 F to 100 F or elevation varies 1000 ft, from sea level, or mois~ ture content exceeds 0.24 of moisture/# of dry air, density correction must be made. Barometer readings are necessary when a high degree of accuracy is required. re M Static Pressure 'A manometer is the most dependable instrument for measuring static pressure. The preferred method is the use of the manometer and Pitot tube as shown in Figure 7. Static pressure may also be measured by connecting the ‘manometer to an opening in the wall of the duct. When static pressure is measured at the duct wall the location of the static pressure hole is important, It is, recommended that it be located 7 1/2 diameters downstream of any fitting. Where this cannot be done, four or more holes equally spaced around the duct in the game plane should be used and the individual readings averaged. ‘When testing exhaust systems it 18 often desirable to measure hood static pressure.t This measurement should bbe made a distance of one duct diameter from the duct entry. ‘The static pressure openings should be flush with the inner surface of the pipe wall with no burrs or projections. ‘A1/16 inch to 1/8 inch hole should be drited not punched. Figure 8 illustrates the type of sidewall static pressure connections. Fan Speed (RPM) Fan rpm may be measured directly at the end of the fan shaft using a revolution counter, A tachometer oF stroboscopic measuring device may also be used. Motor Amperes ‘The operating amperage is obtained with an ammeter. The readings taken on each lead on 3 phase current ‘should be averaged to determine the average amperes. This figure (amperes) is compared to the rating on the motor name plate at the operating voltage to determine if the motor is operating within its rated range, Other Test Instruments ‘The capacity of air handling systems may be approximated with various types of field instruments used at ex- haust or supply openings or directly in the duct. Instruments must be handled in strict compliance with the manu facturer’s recommendations and calibrated regularly. For best results, several measurements should be made in the opening or duct, as with a Pitot traverse, and the results averaged. Single point readings are of litle or no value. ‘There are many instruments available, involving a umber of physical and chemical principles for measure mont. A few characteristics of the more popular instruments are described below and listed in Table 7. Swinging Vane Anemometer (Velometer) (Figure 9): This instrument is used in field measurements because of ite portability, wide-scale range and instantaneous Teading. The correction {actors in Table @ should be applied. ‘The minimum velocity 18 50 fpm, unless specially adapted for a low range. The instrument is fairly rugged and accuracy 1s suitable for most field checks. ‘The meter should be used always in an upright position (handle on top) and, when using fittings, the meter must tbe held out of the air stream. (See Figure 10.) Use only connecting tubing of the same length and inside diameter fs that originally supplied with the meter. A velometer with Its fittings was originally calibrated as a unit and fittings cannot be ewitched from one instrument to another. If the meter was originally calibrated for a filter, it ‘must always be used. ‘A later model of this instrument does not require individually calibrated fittings. Other operating characteristics are similar to those described above. (See Figure 11.) Corrections for change in density from variations in altitude and temperature must be made.* ‘Vees at Duct Openings: On large (at least 3 square feet) openings where the instrument itself will not seriously block the opening snd the velocities are low, the instrument itself may be held in the air stream. When the opening $s smaller and/or where the velocities are above the “No Jet" scale, appropriate fittings must be used. ‘The finned opening of the velometer fitting must be held flush with the opening. If the opening is covered by 2 rilies hold the fin directly against the grille, hold the fin directly against the grille and use the correction factors listed in Table 86TOTAL PRESSURE = STATIC PRESSURE + VELOCITY PRESSURE A TOTAL PRESSURE Below atmosphere STATIC PRESSURE a) Below atmosphere (AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS EXHAUSTING ‘DATE 1-71 Figure 7 Figure 7 87Table 7 CHARACTERISTIC OF AIR METERS Range, Mele Size Range, Dust,Fume Calibration Rugged- instruments ym forduets) Temp* _Dithcuity Requirements ness (TOT TUBES with inelinad mstometer 600 - up s/et Wide Some None Good Standard 00 ~ up 3/8" Wide Some None Good Good except at Tow velocities Small Size 600 - up afer wide Yes once Good Good excert at Tow velocities Double 500 - up ant wide Small Once Good Special SWINGING VANE ANE- MOMETERS ‘Alnoi Velometer 25-1000 1/2"- 1" 300F Some Frequent Fair Good ROTATING VANE ANE~ MOMETERS Conventional 30-10,000 Not for Narrow Yes Frequent Poor Special; limited duct use se Electronic 25-200 Not for Narrow Yes Frequent Poor Special; ean re- (Airflow Development) 25-500 uct use ‘Gord, direct read 25-2000 ing 25-8000 Digital 200-5000 Not for Narrow Yew Frequent Poor Special (seflow Development) duct use BRIDLE VANE ANE- WOMETERS Florite Ate 50-2500 Not for Narrow Yes Frequent Fair Special Velocity Meter uct use HEATED WIRE ANE- “MOMETERS Anemotherm Model 69 10-8000 3/8" Medium — Some Frequent Poor Good Anemotherm Gas Plow 10-5000 17 30F No Frequent Good Not portable; for Meter ‘permanent tation ait ow Flowtronie 9-100 A" Medum — Yes Frequent Poor Goad ‘Air Meter SSA 1000-2000 2000-4000 HEATED THERMOCOUPLE “ANENOHETERS ‘Alnor Thermo~ 10-2000 s/i6" Narrow Yes Frequent Poor Good ‘Anemometer 2ecales Model 8500 Masting Precision 10-500 s/o Narrow Frequent Poor Good ‘Air Meter B-22 500-10,000 Flow Corporation 10-4000 aa" Narrow Yor Poor Good Series 800, Alnor Ale 20-500 s/s" Narrow Yes Frequent Poor Special; for Velocity Trans- 50-1000 ‘permanent ‘ducer Syston 100-2000 ‘Station use (avr VARIABLE AREA METER ‘Airmeter 200-1200 Net for Narrow Yes Occasional Good F.W. Dwyer Co, 1000-4000 duct ue we ‘Range of Temperatures: Narrow ~ 20-180 Medium ~ 20-800, Wide ~ 0-800 88buch walla atte £0, oc es Menton ‘toe sete of Gh smth cd esd | one hoe rnver stepper, connecting tube and ‘abber hose, Leet ft in 08 ah, ht eng wre Eqn wth {Soi wten ot isne. tot Fcavetog i wed for permenant coumchon le Ue Spe exch 008 covey wi ited te pe een ‘surge on opening cock, 7 STATIC TAP GoomecTONS Figure 8 Table 8 CORRECTION FACTORS FOR THE SWINGING VANE ANEMOMETER (VELOMETER) Opening Correetion Factor Pressure More than 4 in, wide and up to 600 sq. in. area, free opening 70% or more of gross area, no directional vanes, a Use frec-open area, Suction |) Square punched grille (use free-open area) o.88 | Bar grille (use gross area) 0.78 Strip grille (use gross area) 0.73 Free open, no grille 1.00 (factor) (area) (velocity) Volume: cfm Limitations: The instrument requires periodic calibration and adjustment. While it can be used to measure air velocities and the static pressures in ducts, it has several disadvantages. It requires a larger hole in the duct than the Pitot tube. When velocities are high there may be appreciable errors at the high end of the seale and the instru- ‘ment tends to read low on the blowing side of the fan and high on the suction side. Dust moisture or corrosive atmospheres may damage the instrument. The filter can be a source of error since its resistance increases as it becomes plugged. Rotating Vane Anemometer (See Figure 12): The basic instrument consists of a propellor or revolving vane con cted rough & gear train to recording dials tat read the near feet ol air parsing ya mesvured lenght tne, ‘This instrument has practical application for the measurement of flow in mine airways* and can be used at exhaust and supply duet openings by application of the correction factors noted in Table 9. For most accurate results a traverse should be made across the opening. Readings can be taken at specific pointe as with a Pitot traverse, or a moving traverse can be made across the entire opening. The instrument will record airflow in both directions inflow and outflow) and will thus provide a measure of net airflow even when airflow reversal is present. Limitations: Each instrument requires individual calibration. The minimum measurable velocity is usually 180-300 fpm; the instrument cannot be used in ducts and because of its large finite area, is not applicable to mea~ surements at narrow slots. In traversing large openings and airways care must be taken to insure that the oper- ator’s body does not obstruct the air flow, 89Figure 9 ‘Table 9 CORRECTION FACTOR FOR ROTATING VANE ANEMOMETER Opening Correction Factor* Pressure openings, more than 4 in wide, ‘up to 600 aq in area, with free opening top ‘Wh or more of gross area, no directional 7 ‘Suction opening, more than 4 in wide, up to 600 sq in area, with flange 2 in wide, tak free-open aren 6% or more of gross area 7 Volume: For suction openings, cfm = (factor) (velocity) (gross area) For pressure openings, efm = (tactor) (velocity) GEDSE BEER ne are oll the opening is covered with » grille, the instrument should touch the grille face but should not be p Ing without rd in between the . For a (ree opens rilte, the anemometer should be held in the plane of the entrance edges of the opening, The anemometer must always be held in Such a manner that the air flo Jw through the instrument is the same direction for calibration (usually from the back toward the dial face). 90VELOMETER APPLICATIONS Supply jet SUPPLY SYSTEM Exhoust fon Exhoust SPRAY BOOTH (no jet range) Figure 10 1References 1 2 ‘Test Code for Air Moving Devices, AMCA Standard 210-67. Air Moving and Conditioning Association, Inc. 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, [inois 60004. ASHRAE Guide and Data Book, Fundamentals and Equipment, 1970. American Society of Heating, Refriger- ating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., New York, N.Y. ASME Power Test Codes 19.2.5 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Inc., $45 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. Industrial Ventilation, A Manual of Recommended Practice, 11th Edition, 1970, Committee on Industrial Ventilation, ACGIH, P.O. Box 453, Lansing, Michigan 48902. Introduction to Mine Ventilating Principles and Practice, Bulletin 589, 1960, D. S. Kingery, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 93(wp g) suopipuoa prepuens 0 p2999I209 «Dy = OD +suoqye2ot 1591 Buyaoys ‘aed Jo y9eA VO UaISAB JO YoIOAE MOS :210N (aa °bs) tary = (wp v) V0 ownjon temay = *D (eazy rand x £19024 aBerVAV) AV = O :suOHTEINDIED eet Cura) 20104 aBEIORY = A 7 aunion aunon = way ena = ¥ Hooton aBesaav = A ren = do i 6 ® i L ® i $ * & z t waa | an | van [ aa [aga] an [aaa aaa | aa aa_[ aaa | aa as duo ary (¥)| “as dua 2tv (€)| “as “a's dwag stv (1)| SLInsae 155L 22g na 180 ‘ain A ag omneuorem pasoig/uado :sty Pisin posoio/uedo :ooeg (aytoypul) szodweg asta “duo areyasia aprsng :duiag, sty eas “waa uy wea sauang 40 1109 oyootteg 40 24 3 pose sdary poreut exon ay 20908 way weg sone TouPaID sv "psd a adwy pore S104 ‘dH 20,01" Way wed ‘Wao ganoisaa pean dba Wor fq pouojied WoL “awe unwed “oN e495 ed Tppoyt weg U0 “on /won e201 ays4s yo OAL yoo, yo a1. woneoor 9 werd “oN yoous, Agans Viva IsaiXX. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1, Hemeon, W. C. L.; “Plant and Process Ventilation”, Second Edition, Sth Printing, published by Industrial Press, Inc. 2. Alden, John L.: “Design of Industrial Exhaust Systems”, First Edition, pub- lished by Industrial Press, Inc, 3. Danielson, John A.; “Air Pollution Engineering Manual”, Second Edition, published by Environmental Protection Agency. 4. Lund, Herbert F.; “Industrial Pollution Control Handbook”, published by McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 5. Cheremisinoff & Young; “Pollution Engineering Practice Handbook”, pub- lished by Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc. 6. Burchsted, C. A.; “Design, Construction and Testing of High Efficiency Air Filtration Systems for Nuclear Application”, January 1970, distributed by National, Technical Information Service. 7. American National Standards Institute, Inc. 8. “Industrial Ventilation, A Manual of Recommended Practice”, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. 9. “Architectural Sheet Metal Manual”, Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Assn., Inc. This text contains material from several sources which is reproduced by permission of the publishers acknowledged below. Source A. Ventilation System Testing, from Industrial Ventilation Manual of Recommended Practice, published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Source B. Paints and Protective Coatings, from the Plant Engineer- ing Directory and Specifications Catalog, Copyright 1975 by the Technical Publishing Company, Barrington, Il. 95XXI. DATA Weight of steel angles...... 97 Weight of steel plate .... 98 Steel structural shapes 99 Areas and circumferences of circles . . 100 Weight of black iron pipe lee -. 101 Elbow weight — 90° — Spe — 1% CLR. - 102 Elbow weight — 90° — Spe ~2 CLR. - 103 Elbow weight —- 90° — Spe — 2% CLR. Air volumes throughbranch pipes Velocity pressures . Entrance losses and elbow resistance Friction charts 10 to 2000 cfm. Friction charts 1000 to 100,000 efm Circular equivalents of rectangular ducts . Metric charts 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 Wl Weights and measures . 112 Conversion factors .. 3 Density and temperature charts 14 Weights and specific heats of materials Surface and volume formulas .. 118. Trigonometric solution of triangles - veces HD Welding symbols........ i 120 116 96WEIGHT OF STEEL ANGLES POUNDS PER LINEAR FOOT Thickness — laches ve 36 AGTH ‘Structural Stes! ted 08 116149 vve xia | 101 448 192 233 izx1v2 | 238 180 204 (286 vaextaa | 1a 212 277 399 399 2x2 165 244) 31939247 202 x 212 307 41 5059 27 3x3 ag 6172, o4 104118, 312 x 302 8B 7208S M1 124136148 18.0 ana 66 82. mB 43 187170 Bs 3 1621812002888 6x6 149 196 21924228587 axe 4 2S 7 358 388 an xia 164 rama xiva | 123 180 298 2x1u2 | 14a 212 277 339 399 202 x 112 24a 3193.92 202 x2 275 362 45005361 SB. 3x2 4) 80 89 6B 77 3x 202 45 56 466 76 BS. 342 x 212 4961 72 83 94 312 x3 5s 66 «79st 02S 138 4x3 se 72:1 te 138148 4x 302 77 91 16 NS Bs 7180 5x3 e298 «13 12BOCdnaB 1577 8x 312 8) 104 «12013652 18B BB 6x 312 7135183189208 ex4 23° 1430 6281 200 21.8 an6 2 2300 «7 SND Stainies Steet ax aia | ose 71a x 718 | 0.70 txt ogo 116 149, vere | vor 48 192 avzxau2 | 123 180 234 134 x 13/4 2227 2x2 165248319 3984.70 2v20202 | 208 307 4.10 3x3 311 490 6.10 ana 6.60 7WEIGHT OF RECTANGULAR STEEL PLATE — POUNDS PER LINEAR FOOT — Thickness, Inches ane vA BG BOGAN SRG AGTH wa] 0.16 02) 027 022 037 043 048 32] 092 043 058 064 074 085 096 ga] 048 084 080 096 1.12 1.28 1 gs 085 108 1.28 148 1.70 058 064 059 0.74 «080 08S 1a? 128138149 1891.70 175 191 2072.23 230 258 234285 276-296 «319 BAO 49/4) 080 108 1:33 159 1.86 213 292 419345 398 425 1w2| 096 1.28 159 191 223 256 361 478 5.10 sas} 112 149 tes 223 260 298 409 838 585 2 428 170 213 255 2.98 3.40 498 633 680 2va| 143 191 239 287 3.35 526 574 6.22 77785 212| 159 213 266 319° 3:72 638 Gat, 797 850 2a4| 175 238 292 351 S00 701 7.60 ar 9.36 3 91 255 319 383 4.40 701 765 8.20 986 102 aval 207 276 345 414 483 760 828 898 wos 140 auz| 223 298 372 446 521 aaa] 239 319 398 478 558 4 265 340 425 5:10 5.95 ave} 27 361 452 542 632 auz| 237 383 478 574 669 4ya| 303 408 505 605 707 848 893 967 104 112 119 877 938 14 2 120 128 925 102 11 19 178 136 993 108 7 126 «138 45 1S 116 «124 «134 143153 W112) gt att 18.2 8 B19 425 5.31 633 7.44 "70 «128 «1380 4958170 6 388 10 638 e939 102 wo 183 166 1791981 7 445 595 744 wa 119 wa 179 «183° «208-723 a S10 60 850 119 136 7 24 221 238 55 9 574 765 956 134 163 no 70 249 «268 287 10 638 850 106 149170 na 255 276 298 319 u 701 935 117 wea 187 27 «281 904 «32.738 2 765 102 128 79 204 m1 308 332 7 38 13 a2 11 138 193 224 204 332 36987 aN “4 gos 119 149 208 238 327 738747 488 18 956 128 159 23 3S M1 3 414 ade 478 16 136 170 238 272 gra 40B 482-476 1.0 ” 145181 2a 79 307 434 506 542 8 163 191 28 38 421 459 536874 19 162 202 23 223 444° 485 525565 | GOB 20 70 213 238 40 468 510 553896 | G38 2 79 23 268 312 357 491 536 625 689 2 7 734 71 327 34 1s 861 655 70. B 196 264 293 342 30.1 538 687 635 684 733, 24 24 285 308 357 408 $6.1 62 na 766 25 213 266 319 972 425 sa 638 ma 787 26 mi 276 332 387 442 608 66.3 m4 829 2 230 28.7 344 402 459 631 689746 «803861 cy 28 298 357 417 476 5 714774 833893 29 24.7 308 370 431 499 678 «740 «801863924 30 225 319 383 446 510 701 765 829 08.386 3 24 329 395 481 527 m5 791 858 922 988 2 22 340 408 476 544 m8 816 (834 952 102 33 21 35.1 421 49.1 66.1 TA 842 912 982105 yy 209 361 506 878 23 7S 867 939 101 108 35 298 372 52.1 595 7s BB 892 961 10412 36 3068 383 538 612 35 42 918 995 107 115 a 318 303 472 550 629 76 865 44 OR, 1018 38 32.3 404 485 565 046 608 888 969 «1050113121 39 222 414 49.7 580 66.3 829° 912 995 108 118124 40 BAD 423 51.0 595 68.0 850 935 10211119128 42 37 446 536 625 71.4 893 982 107 116125198145 4a B74 468 56.1 855 748 eas 109 | 112«122:=«131 140.150 46 301 489 58.7 G84 78.3 e78 1s N7 1273747156 48 408 510 612 714 816 rez) 112 122,133,143 8916S 98STEEL STRUCTURAL SHAPES I-BEAMS AND CHANNELS Aaa Steet Beam : ; Stat Channa (EL, [eon lunge web ee geo Ftnge Wah ee Lovet dh Thek Sain bet Wish Thick Sain a 57 zene tet | atte tat 75 212 ean? | so tae tetas nC ey a ys 4 27 258 ane) go | sete ane tet 9s 234 56278 a | a8 tate at? 23 s | wo 2 va a7 aa |? tae ane 8830 wm 31 za wo | 80 te nessa 6 | 128 se me aetna | a2 eae a4 177% a5 012 son, a | toe ss 3070 m0 7a ne 8) 7 | 153 ase 14 ans toa | ne) 282s 0 mo 378 me s83 120 | 1228 aes ass 8 7520s ake a | ws 4 sme sae az | sae kat 0 418 mmea) te | 1378 2a nego? m7 22k a0 3 134298 atts 02026 gas 028 76888135 ro | 24 ase one nak maa | tsa ase toa mo 8 se 1022702 | 7000234 ae 187 0 271 aie. 7a8 8 wo 83) bao 2 | aes ae 928 aso | 07 sxe 602 at 350517876 n070 8 | 50 2 732 me aos 51a? snge aa | 200 a? 0 | 512s a7 809 ts | 429 512 me saan seo | a9 © age) meagan s00 558 © ans tao 642 | 00 = a7? ane nt. a8 00 33k w [sr 6 2 ts94 aaa) a? m6 e190 7% 614 a4 tous | ase 1 67 ss 488 eo so 41a nine mas 99AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES Bagi are Circumference paisa Aree Cucumterence treher | 9.1. tn. Ft treet | Sgn Sart in Ft 1 0.7864 sts 3.142 2618 3 20282 1419 160.22 13.98 2 3.1416 0218 6.283 8236 sz | 217372 1478163361361 3 7.0886 0491 9475-7854 sa | 220618 155216650 13.88 4 12.5668 087312866 1.087 se | 229022 1590 16965 1414 5 196350 1364 18708 1.309 ss | 237583 1650 17279 1440 6 78.2743 1964 188501871 86 | 246301 1710 17593 14.66 7 38.4845 2673 21991 1.693 52 | 2551.76 17.72 17907 14.92 8 50.2685 34st 25.133 2.008 se | 26208 1835 182211518 9 636173 4B 2877 2.386 59 | 273397 1899 18525 1545 10 78.5398 5a5¢ 31.16 2618 60 | 202743 1963 18850 15.71 " 95.0332 s600 34.568 2.880 6t 292247 20.29 191.68 1597 ” 113.097 7e54 «37699 3.142 62 | 301907 2097 tare 16.29 13 132.732 978 40841 3.403 63 | 311725 2165 19792 1649 1“ 153.998 1.069 43982 3.685 ee | 32699 2234 201.06 16.76 18 176.715 1227 47128-3927 65 | 331831 23.08 204.20 17.02 6 201.062 1.396 50255 4.189 66 | az119 23.76 20735 17.28 ” 226.980 1576 53407 4.451 67 | 352665 264821049 17.54 18 254.469 1767 56549 4.712 oe | 363168 2522 71363 17.80 19 203.529 1969 59690 4.974 c 373928 259721667 1806 20 314189 2182 62832 5.236 70 | 358845 26.73 21997 18.33 2 346361 2.405, 65973 8498 7 3989.19 2749 223.05 16.69 2 300.133, 2580 69.115 5.760 72 | 407160 2827 226.19 18.86 23 415476 2.885 72.257 6.021 7a | a1as39 2007 270.24 19.11 2 452.99 3142 75.998 6.283 ma | 430084 2987 23248 19.37 25 490874 3.409 7a580 6.545 75 | e176 3068 23862 19.69 6 90929 3687 sies1 6.807 76 | 453646 31.50 738.76 19.90 27 572555 3976 84823 7.009 77 | 465663 3238 24190 20.16 28 6187524276 87968 7.990 78 | 477836 3318 245.08 2042 20 660.620 4597 91.105 7.562 79 | 490167 3404 248.19 20.68 30 706.859 2908 94248 7.854 ao | 5026.55 3491 251.33 70.98 at 754.768 5241 97389 8.116 ar 815300 35.78 25447 71.21 32 804.248 585 100531 8.378 ez | s2102 3667 25761 21.47 33 856.299 5940 103673 8.699 a3 | smos1 3757 20.75 21.73 34 907.920 6305 106814 8.901 as | 5501.77 3848 253.89 21.99 35 962113 66a 109.956 9.163 25 | 567850 3941 267.08 22.25 36 | 101788 7069 113.097 9.425 a6 | se0880 4034 27018 «22.51 37 | 1075.21 7467116238 (9.686, a7 | soca 4328 27332-2278 3a | tgaty 78% = 9.381 9.048 eg | 608712 4228 278.46 23.0 29 | 1194.50 2296 © 1225221021 eo | 6221s 4320 279.60 73.30 40 | 1256.54 8727 «125661047 90 | 6361.73 4418 702.74 23.56 a1 | 1920.25 9168 12881 10.73 a 50388 45.17 705.88 23.82 42 | 138544 9621 13195 1099, 02 | 664761 46.16 280.02 24.09 43. || 145220 1008 13500 11.26 93 | eroza1 4717 29217 435 4a | 152083 10.56 1202301152 os | 693978 4819 29531 24.61 45 | 159043 11.08 vig? 11.78 98 | 708822 49.22 29845 24.87 46 | 1651.90 sa 1465112008 96 | 779823 5027 30189 25:19 a7 | 173498 1208 147651230 97 | 7ag981 51.32 908.73 25.9 43 | 109.56 1281 16080 1257 98 | 754296 5238 30788 566 49 | 1935.74 1309 15398 1283 99 | 760969 5346 311.02 2592 50 | 1963.50 1364 15708 13.08 roo | 7398 Sasa 314.16 2618 100Weight of Black Iron Pipe Pounds Per Linear Foot (No allowance made for seams or waste) Pipe Dia. in.) Pipecire. (Ht) 20.9 1B 0 16 62. 14 9a Re. 1098. 4 1087 457 2.09 262 327 458 589 5 1.309) 196 262 327 409 573 7.36 6 1571 2.36 314 393 4g 67 aaa 7 1833 275 367 458 573 B02 10.31 8 2098 a4 419 524 65a 216 178 ° 2.356 364 an 59 7.36 s0.1 1225 10 2618 393, 5.24 6.8 aie 11.48 1473, " 2.880 432 5.76 7220 9.00 12.60 16.20 2 3142 an om 786 982 13.75 1787 3 3.403 5.10 eat 351 10.63, 14.89 19.14 4 3.608 550 733, 16 1145 16.03 2062 5 3927 5.09 78 982 1227 17.18 22.09 16 4189 28 8.38 10.47 13.08, 18.33 23.56 ” ast 668 890 13, 1391 19.47 28.08 8 472 7.07 942 17% 1473 2062 26.51 19 ag7 746 9.95 1248 1554 2076 27.98 20 5238 7.85 10.47 13.09, 16.36 2291 29.45 2 5.498 325 11.00 13.75 118 24.05 30.93 2 5.760 64 1182 14.40 18.00 25.20 32.40 a eo 03 1206 16.05 1882 26.34 3387 2 6263 a3 1257 15.71 19.63, 2043 35.34 6 6.807 10.21 1361 17.02 227 29.78 33.29 28 733) 11.00, 14.66 18.33 zat 3207 41.23 30 72384 1178, 15.71 19.54 2454 34.26 448 2 3378 1257 16.76 2095 26.17 3665 47.13 34 ag01 13.35 1780 22.25 2782 B98 50.07 36 2425 1a 18.35 2356 2045, 41.23 $3.02 38 9.948 1497 1390 2487 31.08, 43.52 55.96 40 10.47 17 2094 26.18 32.72 45.8) 58.89 a 1099 1649 21.98 27.48 3A 28.08 61.82 at 1152 1728 2304 23.80 36.00 50.40 64.80 6 1204 18.06 25.08 30.10 37.63 52.68 67.73 « 1287 18.86 25.14 31.43, 39.28 5499 70.71 50 13.00 19.64 26.18 32.73 4091 57.27 7363 82 1361 20.82 2022 34.03 4253 59.5¢ 76.56 54 rad 2421 38.35 4419 6136 79.54 56 1466 21.99 36.65 4581 eae 82.46 58 15.18 27 37.95 4744 66.41 95.29 60 16.71 2387 39.28 49.09 68.73 28.37 101Ethow Weight ~ 90° — 5PC — 1/2 CLA (No allowance made for seams or waste) 20 oe. roe. 1608. 1 1298. 10 4 122 163 2.08 256 387 459 5 192 257 320 401 562 724 8 278 an 454 5.79 aii 10.43 7 377 5.03 627 735 10.99 1412 8 493 es 323 1027 14.38 13.49 3 823 329 10.37 1295 1615 23.32 10 770 1027 1284 16.03, 22.44 287 ” 933 12.48 15.55 19.44 2722 3499 2 1.07 1478 1.47 23.08 231 4182 13 13.00 1737 21.70 2 3737 43.81 14 15.07 2008 25.10 3137 43.92 56.50 15 1732 23.08 2887 3754 50.51 a9 16 13.72 26.31 32.88 41.10 57.56 7398 a 2224 2064 37.08 46.32 asa 8358 1B 24.96 3325, 41.58 5200 7273 93.58 19 27.35 37.00 45.28 57.81 095 108.09 20 3077 41.08 5131 oun agar 115.48 2 3399 45.32 56.65 70.78 99.09 12743 2 3724 49.65 6205 758 108.61 139.64 2B 40.09 3.48 66.82 3358 118.95 150.38 2a 43.32 59.08 7388 9261 129.20 166.10 26 82.07 6941 36.80 108.48 151.88 196.28 cy 60.39 0.48 10063 125.76 176.05 22635 | 30 69.27 92.37 115.48 144.30 202.04 25078 22 738 105.08 131.38 164.08 22980 29551 * 91 116.55 148.19 135.28 259.38 33347 38 99.63 133.08 168.33 207.82 291.08 374.32 ey ants, 148.26 185.28 231.62 324.22 41640 40 123.17 164.17 208.25 256.52 359.15 461.70 a 135.71 18090 226.16 78262 395.70 508.78 4a 149.13 19888 248.54 310.68 434.95 559.22 46 162.90 21720 27150 339.42 475.17 1092 “3 177.28 236.32 369.23 51691 664.67 50 192.47 25656 32075 ‘40092 561.25 721.57 52 208.08, 27737 346.77 433.28 60671 780.15 54 22461 299.49 374.38 46797 655,10 342.33 56 paras 32193 402.42 502.99 708.28 905,41 58 258.89 345.19 431.49 530.30 755.08 970.88 60 27718 369.50 461.93 577.30 808.26 103823 | 102Elbow Weight 90° — 5PC ~ 2CLR (No allowance made for seams or waste) 2008. 18 9. 69 tags 12a. 4 1.65, 29 275 3.43, aa 5 287 34a am 5.36 751 6 an 493 en am 10.79 7 5.08 672 aaa 10.49 14.68 8 656 B76 1095 1367 19.14 8 332 N07 13.84 17.30 28.23 10 1026 13.68 17.10 2135 2088 n 1240 16.53 2066 2583 36.16 2 14.79 s972 24.68 3083 43.18 1 1734 23.8 2893 36.18 5063 14 20.13 2683 3353 4191 58.67 5 2309 30.77 2e49 42.10 67.36 16 2625 35.03, 4276 54.72 76.62 ” 29.66 3952 49.42 61.76 86.45 8 33.29 44.27 55.37 69.23 96.1 19 37.08 49.45 6183 723 108.15 20 4106 54.76 68.46 25.56 119.82 2 45.29 60.39 75.49 94.32 132.03, 2 49.68 66.24 82.80 103.50 144.90 23 5427 72:36 90.45 3.1 158.30 24 59.13 78 98.50 123.08 17236 26 69.43 92.55 115.74 148.64 20280 23 2052 107.31 134.18 167.20 234.75, 20 92.36 37 153.98 192.39 269.38 3 105.08 140.11 175.14 216.78 306.39 a 118.68 188.28 19780 247.32 346.18 36 13292 19 2146 276.84 387.56 8 148.16 197.61 246.96 308.72 43215 40 164.33 219.03 27384 342.25 473.17 42 181.06 241.34 0173 377.08 527.92 4a 198.72 264.96 231.20 414.00 579.60 46 217.08 239.44 361.80 45231 633.21 48 236.69 31551 396.45 492.96 90.12 50 256.69 342.17 0.78 53469 748.82 52 20751 368.92 462.47 877.98 808.15, 5a 23849 399.31 499.14 623.96 87346 56 32193 28.24 536.56 67066 939.01 53 345.19 460.26 575.32 79.19 1006.78, 60 369.58 49267 e151 769.73 1077.69 103