GMAMIML XOA@BIBKE COTGO@XMVE GMAM@M@ HM@ GE@_GM@

Xoa`bibke Corgo`tmse Dordmlm` Dmau Amfm`k Aohoime ’Gesb
Gesb‗‗ 

Hesusu` Biol>
Aoibgpba =D

Esmh Toylm` [ 48:4=:=;::84

48:4=:=;::84
Xegbtly Hmrgm`tb [enmym 48:4=:=;::?5
48:4=:=;::?5
He`hm @ur M``esm 48:4=:=;::3=
48:4=:=;::3=
Tmlgmteam Muroiem Sebify 48:4=:=;::5:
48:4=:=;::5:
Cmtlem Cmheiiml 48:4=:=;::55
48:4=:=;::55

_@ESOTVEXMV ZMHNMHNMTM@
CMA_IXMV XOA@BIBKE E@H_VXTE ZOTXM@EM@ 
HOZMTXOGO@ XOA@BIBKE ZM@KM@
NMXE@M@KBT  

4:=5
 

AMXM ZO@KM@XMT

Ho`km` gogm`nmtam` pune hm` syuaur aopmhm Miiml V[X ym`k toiml
gogdoream` `eagmt aosolmtm` hm` `eagmt ime``ym sole`kkm po`uies hmpmt

go`yoiosmeam` tukms pogdumtm` gmamiml e`e ym`k dornuhui ’ Xoa`bibke

Corgo`tmse Dordmlm` Dmau Amfm`k Aohoime ’Gesb‗‗. 
Gmamiml e`e so`kmnm hedumt u`tua gogo`ule smiml smtu tukms gmtm auieml
Xoa`bibke Corgo`tmse Gmam`m` hm` Ge`ugm`.Gmamiml e`e mam` go`kuims
go`ko`me corgo`tmse ym`k tornmhe pmhm gesb, cmatbr  ‖  cmatbr
  cmatbr ym`k gogpo`kmrule
corgo`tmse pmhm gesb, sortm prbsos corgo`tmse pmhm gesb.
Amge go`kufmpam` toregmamsel aopmhm Dmpma/Edu Hbso` gmtm auieml
Corgo`tmse Zo`kbimlm` Gmam`m` hm` Ge`ugm`sortm sogum pelma ym`k toiml
gogdm`tu amge hmimg go`yoiosmeam` gmamiml e`e.

Maler`ym amge go`ymhmre dmlwm Gmamiml e`e sm`kmt nmul hmre

aosogpur`mm`. Biol amro`m etu, ho`km` sokmim aoro`hmlm` lmte, amge go`oregm
aretea hm` smrm` mkmr po`yusu`m` Gmamiml soim`nut`ym go`nmhe iodel dmea. _`tua
etu amge go`kufmpam` dm`yma toregmamsel hm` sogbkm amrym tuies e`e dorgm`cmmt
 dmke pmrm pogdmfm.

Nmte`m`kbr, =< Voptogdor 4:=5

Zo`yusu`

e 
 

HMCXMT EVE

AMXM ZO@KM@XMT ............................................

...................................................................
.............................................
..........................
.... e
HMCXMT EVE ....................................................
..........................................................................
............................................
.................................
........... ee

DMD E .............................................
...................................................................
............................................
............................................
.............................
....... =
ZO@HML_I_M@ ...........................................
.................................................................
............................................
.................................
........... =
=.=. Imtmr Doimam`k .........................................
...............................................................
.............................................
..........................
... =
=.4 Xunum` ............................................
...................................................................
.............................................
....................................
.............. 4
DMD EE ...............................................
......................................................................
.............................................
............................................
.........................
... 6
ZOGDMLMVM@ ..........................................
.................................................................
.............................................
....................................
.............. 6
4.= Cmatbr ‖  cmatbr
Cmatbr ‖ 
 cmatbr ym`k Gogpo`kmrule Corgo`tmse Gesb ............................
............................ 6
4.=.=. Vudstrmt...........................................
.................................................................
............................................
.............................
....... 6
4.=.4. Gohem..........................................
Gohem................................................................
............................................
.................................
........... 8

4.=.6. Vulu ...........................................

.................................................................
............................................
.................................
........... ?
4.=.8. pL ...........................................
..................................................................
.............................................
....................................
.............. 3
4.=.?. Amhmr Mw ..........................................
.................................................................
.............................................
.........................
... 3
4.=.3. Amhmr Baseko`...........................................
.................................................................
........................................
.................. ;
4.4 Zrbsos Zogdumtm` Gesb...........................................
.................................................................
.................................
........... ;
DMD EEE .............................................
....................................................................
.............................................
............................................
........................ ==
ZO@_X_Z...............................................................
......................................................................................
.............................................
........................ ==
6.=. Aosegpuim` ............................................
..................................................................
............................................
...........................
..... ==
6.4. Vmrm` ...........................................
.................................................................
............................................
......................................
................ ==

HMCXMT Z_VXMAM ..........................................

................................................................
............................................
...........................
..... =4

ee 
 

DMD E
ZO@HML_I_M@
=.=.  Imtmr Doimam`k
He E`hb`osem
E`hb`osem nugiml vmreotms aohoime letmg ym`k ym`k heaogdm`kam`

sm`kmt ge`eg. Zmhmlmi hmre soke symrmt tugdul aohoime letmg (Kiyfe`o
(Kiyfe`o sbnm)
sbnm) iodel
fbfba hetm`mg he ; hmorml trbpes. Feaurmy hm` Gormpe gorupmam` hum vmreotms
u`kkui aohoime letmg ym`k gogeieae amhmr prbtoe`
prbto e` fuaup te`kke, mam` totmpe
uaurm` dene`ym torkbib`k aofei. Vohm`kam` pmhm Gmiieam, vmreotms aohoime
letmg ym`k heiopms tmlu` 4::;, gogeieae dene aofei (5,?: k/=:: dene) ho`km`
amhmr prbtoe` iodel ro`hml (6;%) (Ke`te`k O, 4::5). Aohoime letmg gogeieae
am`hu`km` prbtoe` 8:,8k/=::k hm` m`tebasehm` yma`e m`tbsem`e` hm` esbcimvb`.
Am`hu`km` tbtmi pbieco`bi, cimvb`beh hm` m`tbsem`e` ym`k iodel te`kke hmrepmhm
aohoime au`e`k,
au`e`k, yma`e gmse`k-gmse`k 3,=6 gk/k 1 4,=5 gk/k
gk/k 1 :,3? gk/k.
gk/k.

Esbcimvb` gorupmam` m`tebasehm` kbib`km` cimvb`beh ym`k demsm torhmpmt

 pmhm aohoime hm` gogeieae
goge ieae ocoa dorgm`cmmt pmhm po`horetm Hemdotos Goietus
ho`km` go`e`kamtam` sorug e`suie` hm` abgpb`o` e`suie` pm`aroms (Guoiior,
4:=4). Aohoime gogeieae am`hu`km` esbcimvb` (kbib`km` cimvb`beh) doketu
 nukm aohoime letmg. Esbcimvb` gorupmam` sumtu zmt hmimg aohoime ym`k
gogpu`yme aogmgpum` sodmkme m`tebasehm` sortm go`fokml tornmhe`ym
aorusmam` maedmt rmheami dodms. Aohoime letmg gogeieae am`hu`km` m`tebasehm`
iodel te`kke hedm`he`kam` aohoime au`e`k (Hmnm`tm, 4:=6).
Gesb tordumt hmre corgo`tmse amfm`k aohoime, dorms, hm` kmrmg. Demsm`ym

heku`mam` sodmkme po`yohmp gmam`m` mtmu heab`sugse sofmrm im`ksu`k. Gesb

 doiug dm`yma heao`mi biol gmsymrmamt E`hb`osem. Zmhmlmi gesb gorupmam`
gmam`m` ym`k go`yolmtam` amro`m am`hu`km` keze he hmimg`ym ym`k sm`kmt dmea
 dmke aosolmtm`. Vmmt e`e gesb gmsel soheaet heprbhuase he E`hb`osem hm`
gogpu`yme pbto`se u`tua heaogdm`kam` he E`hb`osem sodmkme gmam`m`
cu`kseb`mi. Go`urut po`oietem` Umgmgbtb, V., otf
otf.,
., 4::6, go`kab`sugse
sofm`kaer gesb tekm amie solmre hmpmt go`kurm`ke tornmhe`ym am`aor pmyuhmrm.
Xorhmpmt hum prbsos utmgm hmimg pogdumtm` gesb, ymetu corgo`tmse dorms
biol ampm`k ym`k mam` go`klmseiam` abne hm` gbrbge mtmu tmlmp pogdumtm`

gesb. Abne gorupmam` smiml smtu dmlm` ym`k po`te`k hmimg pogdumtm` gesb. Abne

= 
 

tordumt hmre dorms ym`k toiml hestomg hm` hee`bauimse go`kku`mam` spbrm ampm`k
(rmke togpo) aoguhem` hee`audmse. Xunum` hmre pogdumtm` abne mhmiml u`tua
gogprbhuase dordmkme gmfmg o`zeg biol ampm`k ym`k dorcu`kse hmimg prbsos
 po`kurmem` gmarb gbioaui dmlm` dmau go`nmhe gbioaui-gbioaui ym`k iodel

sohorlm`m.

=.4 Xunum`
Xunum` ym`k hmpmt heporbiol hmimg pogdmlmsm` gmamiml corgo`tmse
 po`kbimlm` amfm`k aohoime pmhm gesb, ymetu
ymetu sodmkme doreaut >
   Go`kotmlue cmatbr  ‖   cmatbr ym`k gogpo`kmrule corgo`tmse
 po`kbimlm` pmhm gesb.
   Gogmlmge prbsos corgo`tmse po`kbimlm` pmhm gesb.

4 
 

DMD EE
ZOGDMLMVM@

Gesb mhmiml dmlm` gmam`m` msmi Nopm`k ym`k hedumt hmre corgo`tmse

rodusm` aohoime, dorms, mtmu fmgpurm` aohum`ym ho`km` kmrmg. Dmlm` dmau ym`k
heku`mam` u`tua gogdumt gesb mhmiml dorms, km`hug, km`hug letmg, aohoime,
hm` soromiem ime`.Gesb demsm`ym heku`mam` sodmkme po`yohmp gmm`m` mtmu
heab`sugse sofmrm im`ksu`k. Gesb gorupmam` smiml smtu gmam`m` ym`k
go`yolmtam` amro`m am`hu`km` keze he hmimg`ym sm`kmt dmea dmke aosolmtm`.neam
go`kab`sugse sofm`kaer gesb tekm amie solmre hmpmt go`kurm`ke tornmhe`ym
am`aor pmyuhmrm (Umgmgbtb haa, 4::6).
Mhm hum no`es gesb ym`k dorohmr hepmsmrm` ymetu gesb ym`k dorwmr`m
fbaoimt (mam
(mam)) hm` gesb au`e`k ( slerb
 slerb).Am`hu`km`
).Am`hu`km` kmrmg, msmg mge`b, hm` `utrese

 pmhm mam gesb iodel te`kke hmrepmhm slerb gesb sole`kkm

s ole`kkm gogeieae rmsm ym`k iodel
aumt. Gesb hmpmt hedohmam` go`nmhe 6 no`es dorhmsmram` mko` corgo`tmse (rmke)
ym`k heku`mam`, ymetu>
=.  Tefo /
 Tefo / abgo, ymetu gesb ym`k hedumt ho`km` dorms sodmkme rmke`ym
4. Dmrioy / Guke, Dmrioy / Guke, ymetu gesb ym`k go`kku`mam` dmrioy
6. Aohoime / gmgo, ymetu gesb ym`k go`kku`mam` rmke aohoime
Gesb gogeieae toastur soporte soime amfm`k. Tmsm gesb dorkm`tu`k aopmhm
 dmlm` dmau, rosop, hm` imgm corgo`tmse. Ampm`k ym`k dmsm`ym heku`mam` u`tua
corgo`tmse gesb mhmiml Msporkeiius
mhmiml Msporkeiius bryzmo.
bryzmo.

4.=  Cmatbr ‖ 
Cmatbr  ‖  cmatbr
 cmatbr ym`k Gogpo`kmrule
Gogpo`kmrule Corgo`tmse Gesb
4.=.=.  Vudstrmt 
Vudstrmt mtmu dmlm` utmgm pogdumtm` gesb mhm dordmkme gmfmg
hem`tmrm`ym dorms, amfm`k- amfm`km`, km`hug, hm` soromiem ime``ym, `mgu` ym`k
ugug heku`mam` hm` mam` hedmlms amie e`e mhmiml dorms hm` amfm`k aohoime.
Zogeielm` sudstrmt mtmu dmlm` dmau mam` dorpo`kmrul torlmhmp no`es gesb ym`k
helmseiam` torutmgm hmre soke fetm rmsm hm` ao`mgpmam`.
Dorms go`km`hu`k soaetmr <:-<?% pmte. Zmte dorms torsusu` biol hum

 pbiegor amrdblehrmt yma`e mgeibsm hm` mgeibpoate`. Hmimg ametm``ym ho`km`

6 
 

toastur, mgeibpoate` dorporm` gogdore toastur io`kaot. No`es dorms ym`k dordohm
go`km`hu`k abgpbsese mgeibsm hm` mgeibpoate` ym`k dordohm puim sole`kkm
 pogeielm` no`es dorms ym`k topmt u`tua go`klmseiam` fetm rmsm ym`k hee`ke`am`
go`nmhe po`te`k. Dorms nukm go`km`hu`k soaetmr ;-<% prbtoe`. Zrbtoe` abgpioas

hm` sormt pmte e`eiml ym`k aoguhem` hepofml biol ampm`k (rmke togpo/  Tlezbpus
biekbspbrus sp)
sp) go`nmhe do`tua ym`k iodel sohorlm`m.
Amfm`k aohoime gorupmam` sugdor prbtoe` ym`k te`kke (soaetmr 63%).
Hmimg pogdumtm` abgo gesb aohoime hefmgpuram` sotoiml corgo`tmse portmgm
yma`e corgo`tmse dorms biol rmke togpo imiu hecorgo`tmse aogdmie soimgm 3 lmre.
Zrbtoe` abgpioas hm` so`ymwm ime``ym ym`k torhmpmt pmhm fmgpurm` torsodut
aogdmie helehrbieses biol rmke togpo. Amro`m amhmr prbtoe` ym`k te`kke pmhm
amfm`k aohoime gmam lmsei hbge`m` hmre corgo`tmse gorupmam` prbtoe` sohorlm`m
 dorupm msmg mge`b. Am`hu`km` msmg mge`b gogdoream` mrbgm hm` rmsm ym`k

aumt pmhm gesb.

Go`urut [mlyulmpsmre, haa (4:=6), amfm`k-amfm`km` ym`k amym mam`
am`hu`km` prbtoe` mpmdeim heimauam` po`mgdmlm` rmke togpo pmhm prbsos
corgo`tmse`ym hmpmt go`e`kamtam` pogofmlm` prbtoe` go`nmse msmg-msmg mge`b.
Lmi e`e hmpmt heielmt hmre krmcea porudmlm` @-mge`b soimgm corgo`tmse he dmwml
e`e.

(Vugdor> [mlyulmpsmre, haa, 4:=?)

4.=.4.  Gohem 
Gearbbrkm`esgo ym`k heku`mam` pmhm pogdumtm` abgo gesb amie e`e
mhmiml no`es ampm`k  Tlezbpus biekbspbrus sp mtmu rmke togpo.  Tlezbpus

8 
 

biekbspbrus sp 
sp  hmimg po`ugdulm``ym gogdutulam` gohem ym`k gogeieae
am`hu`km` so`ymwm amrdb`
so`ymwm amrdb` hm` `etrbko`
hm` `etrbko` (Gmrhekm` ot.mi, 4::3).Vofmrm trmheseb`mi
ampm`k e`e hehmpmt hmre mtmu heaogdm`kdemam` pmhm hmu` pesm`k, `mgu` pmhm
samim e`hustre go`kku`mam` gohem ym`k tordumt hmre dorms ym`k toiml hegmsma.

Zmhm hmsmr`ym dmlm` dmau ym`k heku`mam` hmimg pogdumtm` gesb amym mam`
u`sur amrdb` hm` `etrbko` ym`k dormsmi hmre amrdblehrmt hm` prbtoe` go`e`nmu
 dmlm` dmau pmhm ugug`ym
ugug`ym mhmiml soromiem hm` amfm`k-amfm`km`.
Voime` etu go`urut [mlyulmpsmre, haa (4:=6), po`kku`mm` ab`so`trmse
abne ym`k dordmlm` dmau dorms nukm hmpmt gogo`kmrule gotmdbiesg ampm`k etu
so`here. Dorms etu so`here dorcu`kse u`tua go`steguimse gearbdm u`tua
go`klmseiam` o`zeg-o`zeg ym`k dorporm` hmimg pogdumtm` gesb u`tua
go`klehrbieses abgpb`o`-abgpb`o` hmimg dmlm` dmau torsodut. Vogmae` te`kke
ab`so`trmse abne ym`k heku`mam` gmam o`zeg ym`k helmseiam` hmre gotmdbiesgo

ampm`k sogmae` te`kke (Vlurtiocc hm` Mbymke,

Mb ymke, =5<6).

4.=.6.  Vulu 
Vulu pmhm pogdumtm` abgo gesb poriu heporlmteam` mkmr corgo`tmse
hmimg dorim`ksu`k bptegmi dorkm`tu`k pmhm no`es gearbdm ym`k
heku`mam`. Tlezbpus
 Tlezbpus biekbspbrus sp
sp hmpmt
 hmpmt tugdul bptegug
tugdul bptegug pmhm
 pmhm sulu 6:-6? ºF,
ho`km` sulu ge`egug =4 ºF, hm` sulu gmasegug 84 ºF ([eprmh`ymhowe,
4::?). Biol amro`m etu pmhm pogdumtm` abgo
abgo gesb sulu sudstrmt soimiu henmkm
 pmhm aesmrm` 6:-6? ºF ho`km` fmrm po`he`ke`m`
po`he`ke`m` sotoiml prbsos storeiesmse.

Lmi e`e nukm hehuau`k biol po`oietem` ym`k heimauam` [mlyulmpsmre, haa
(4:=?) ym`k go`ymtmam` pmhm sulu e`audmse torab`trbi 6? :F, @-mge`b lmsei
 pogofmlm` so`ymwm-so`ymwm prbtoe` fo`horu`k sogmae` go`e`kamt
hedm`he`kam` ho`km` sulu rum`k + 4<:F. Lmi e`e hehukm amro`m te`kamt sulu
gogpo`kmrule matevetms gearbdm no`es  Tlezbpus sp. hmimg go`klmseiam` o`zeg
smiml smtu`ym prbtomso. Go`urut po`oietem` ym`k heimauam` Vuseibwmte (4:=:),
 po`kmrul sulu torlmhmp matevetms o`zeg prbtomso mhmiml prbhuase prbtomso
go`kmimge po`e`kamtm` ym`k bptegug pmhm aesmrm` sulu 6:ºF smgpme 8:ºF.

? 
 

4.=.8.  pL
M`mieses pL heimauam` u`tua go`kotmlue matecetms gearbdm hmimg
go`klmseiam` gotmdbiet ym`k desm heto`tuam` ho`km` pmrmgotor pL soporte msmg-
msmg brkm`ea.Zmhm mwmi corgo`tmse, pL gesb fo`horu`k go`uru`.Zo`uru`m` pL

heamro`mam` mhm`ym matecetms ampm`k soimgm corgo`tmse (Tmlgm`, M, =554).

Mhm`ym portugdulm` gearbdm  Zohebfbffus lmibpleius 
lmibpleius  ym`k gorupmam` dmatore
msmg imatmt ym`k dorporm` go`klmseiam` msmg imatmt hm` msmg msotmt hmre kuim
sohorlm`m lmsei pogofmlm` o`zeg pmhm corgo`tmse
corgo`tm se abne ym`k mam` go`uru`am` pL
 pmhm mwmi corgo`tmse.  Tlezbpus bryzmo 
bryzmo  gmgpu gogcorgo`tmse dordmkme
amrdblehrmt soporte kiuabsm, gm`bsm, kmimatbsm, xyibsm, imatbsm, hm` dmlam` pmte
go`nmhe msmg imatmt (Xmrzmhol m`h I. Ohodb, 4::6).Hm` soere`k dortmgdml`ym
wmatu corgo`tmse tornmhe po`e`kamtm` pL sofmrm dortmlmp ?.:  ‖   ;.? hesodmdam`
tordo`tua`ym @L6 (Soo`, M.K m`h Vflmocor, =5?:). Zo`e`kamtm` pL nukm

heamro`mam` tornmhe`ym po`uru`m` amhmr prbtoe`. Hokrmhmse prbtoe` nukm hmpmt

go`yodmdam` po`e`kamtm` pL (@urlehmymt, Vre Vulmrte`e, 4::3).Dorhmsmram`
 po`oietem` ym`k heimauam` biol [mlyulmpsmre, haa (4:=6), go`ymtmam` dmlwm
torhmpmt abroimse m`tmrm ab`so`trmse abne ym`k heku`mam` torlmhmp pL`ym.Vogmae`
te`kke ab`so`trmse abne, gmam pL fo`horu`k sogmae` go`uru`.Lmi e`e hehukm pmhm
abne helmseiam` o`zeg prbtomso ym`k dorcu`kse gogofml prbtoe` amfm`k pmhm smmt
corgo`tmse kmrmg. Lmsei hmre pogofmlm` prbtoe` m`tmrm ime` kiutmgmt hm` mspmrtmt
ym`k dorsecmt msmg.

4.=.?.  Amhmr Mw
Matevetms mer mtmu wmtor mftevety (mw)
mftevety (mw) sore`k hesodut nukm mer dodms, amro`m
gmgpu gogdm`tu matevetms portugdulm` gearbdm hm` matevetms romase-romase
aegemwe pmhm dmlm` pm`km`. Dmlm` pm`km` ym`k gogpu`yme am`hu`km` mtmu
`eime mw te`kke pmhm ugug`ym fopmt go`kmimge aorusmam`, dmea maedmt
 portugdulm` gearbdm gmupu` maedmt romase aegem torto`tu soporte basehmse hm`
romase o`zegmtea. Matevetms mer pmhm dmlm` pm`km` pmhm ugug`ym sm`kmt guhml
u`tua hedoauam` gmupu` heumpam`. Amhmr mer stm`hmr u`tua prbhua gesb mhmiml
3=,?:%. Nmhe hmpmt hetmrea aosegpuim` dmlwm matevetms portugdulm` gearbdm hm`

matevetms romase-romase aegemwe pmhm gesb aogu`kae`m` dosmr tornmhe.

3 
 

4.=.3.  Aodutulm` Baseko`

Zmhm corgo`tmse gesb, heku`mam` gearbbrkm`esgo no`es ampm`k.Hegm`m
sogum ampm`k dorsecmt morbdea, ymetu gogdutulam` baseko` u`tua

 portugdulm``ym.Lmi e`e hehuau`k

hehuau`k biol @urrmlgm` ot mi (4:=4) hegm`m mhm`ym mer
ym`k doriodelm` hmpmt go`kmaedmtam` torlmgdmt`ym aodutulm` baseko` ao hmimg
aohoime, hegm`m hmpmt go`klmgdmt portugdulm` nmgur.

4.4  Zrbsos Zogdumtm` Gesb

Go`urut stm`hmr NMV ( Nmpm`oso
 Nmpm`oso Mkrefuiturmi Vtm`hmrh ),
), gesb hedmke
go`nmhe 8 aoibgpba dorhmsmram` dmlm` dmau , ymetu >
=.   Abgo gesb ( gesb dorms ) mhmiml gesb ym`k dormsmi hmre corgo`tmse aohoime
hm` dorms

4.   Guke gesb 

gesb  ( gesb km`hug ) mhmiml gesb ym`k dormsmi hmre corgo`tmse
km`hug hm` soromiem ime``ym.
6.   Gmgo gesb 
gesb  ( gesb amfm`k aohoime ) mhmiml gesb ym`k dormsmi hmre
corgo`tmse amfm`k aohoime.
8.  Flbkb gesb (
gesb ( gesb fmgpurm` ) mhmiml gesb ym`k dormsmi hmre dmlm`-dmlm`
fmgpurm` hmre no`es gesb ym`k hesodut sodoiug`ym.
Gesb ym`k mam` hedmlms amie e`e gorupmam` no`es gesb ym`k dormsmi hmre
corgo`tmse amfm`k aohoime hm` dorms sodmkme dmlm` dmau`ym. Xorhmpmt hum prbsos
utmgm hmimg pogdumtm` gesb , ymetu corgo`tmse dorms biol ampm`k ym`k mam`

go`klmseiam` abne hm` gbrbge mtmu tmlmp pogdumtm` gesb. Abne gorupmam` smiml
smtu dmlm` ym`k po`te`k hmimg pogdumtm` gesb.
gesb .Abne tordumt hmre dorms ym`k toiml
hestomg hm` hee`bauimse go`kku`mam` spbrm ampm`k (rmke togpo) aoguhem`
hee`audmse. Xunum` hmre pogdumtm` abne mhmiml u`tua gogprbhuase dordmkme
gmfmg o`zeg biol ampm`k ym`k dorcu`kse hmimg prbsos po`kurmem` gmarb
gbioaui dmlm` dmau go`nmhe gbioaui-gbioaui ym`k iodel sohorlm`m. Xmlmp aohum
 pogdumtm` gesb mhmiml corgo`tmse ho`km` fmgpurm` kmrmg, amfm`k hm`
abne.Corgo`tmse dortunum` u`tua pogdo`tuam` fetm rmsm gesb (Credok hm` Lue,
4::?).

; 
 

Dorhmsmram` po`oietem` ym`k heimauam` biol [mlyulmpsmre, haa (4:=?)

go`ko`me pogdumtm` gesb dordmlm` dmau Ohmgmgo mtmu amfm`k aohoime guhm
ym`k dormsmi hmre nopm`k, dmlm` hm` mimt ym`k heku`mam` mhmiml sodmkme doreaut>
=.  Dmlm`

  Tmke Xogpo ( Tlezbpus

 Tlezbpus biekbspbrus sp.)
sp.)


   Dorms putel (Bryzm

(Bryzm smtevm)
smtevm)
   Kmrmg
   Ohmgmgo (Kiyfe`
(Kiyfe` gmx (I)
(I) Gorreii 
 Gorreii )
4.  Mimt
   Dio`hor
    @ormfm heketmi
   Mutbaimc
   E`audmtbr

  Xorgbgotor
   Ame` smre`k
Xmlmpm` hmimg pogdumtm``ym hmpmt heielmt pmhm hemkrmg mier sodmkme doreaut >
=)  Zogdumtm` Abne

Mer Zo`fufem` Dorms Mer abtbr

Mer Zoro`hmgm` Dorms Mer ro`hmgm`

Dorms Lmsei To`hmgm`

Zo`kogmsm` Dorms

Zrbsos Vtoreiesmse

Zo`he`ke`m`

Zo`mgdmlm` rmke togpo

Zo`kogmsm`

Zrbsos Corgo`tmse

Abne

< 
 

Dmlm` dmau utmgm ym`k heku`mam` hmimg pogdumtm` abne mhmiml dorms
ym`k dorcu`kse u`tua gorm`kmsm`k gearbdm hmimg go`klmseiam` o`zeg-o`zeg
ym`k `m`te`ym sm`kmt dorporm` po`te`k hmimg pogdumtm` gesb e`e. O`zeg-o`zeg
torsodut mam` go`klehrbieses abgpb`o`-abgpb`o` hmamg dmlm` dmau gesb.

Voim`nut`ym, dorms ym`k heku`mam` mhmiml sodm`yma =:: k hefufe ho`km` mer
go`kmier u`tua go`kleim`kam` abtbrm` ym`k goioamt pmhm dorms.Dorms ym`k toiml
hefufe aoguhem` hegmsuaam` aohmimg dmsabg hm` hero`hmg ho`km`
mer.Zoro`hmgm` dorms dortunum` u`tua go`uru`am` hormnmt aomsmgm` dorms
sole`kkm hmpmt heimpuaam`/hetugdule ampm`k (pL 8-?).Zoro`hmgm` ho`km`
go`kku`mam` mer heimauam` soimgm sogmimgm` (½ =4 nmg) pmhm sulu amgmr.Dorms
ym`k suhml hero`hmg aoguhem` hedum`k mer`ym.Dorms hegmsuaam` aohmimg
am`tb`k pimstea tmlm` pm`ms u`tua hestoreiesmse soimgm =? go`et ho`km` sulu =4=
:
F.Dorms ym`k toiml soiosme hestoreiesmse.aoguhem` hetmrul hemtms `mgpm`.

Heimauam` po`he`ke`m` le`kkm ½ 6?ºF. Dorms storei hefmgpur ho`km` rmke togpo,
ho`km` vmremse ab`so`trmse rmke sodosmr :.4:% (d/d) .Zo`fmgpurm` heimauam`
sofmrm gormtm imiu hegmsuaam` ao hmimg dmsabg ym`k hetutup ho`km` pimstea
 doriudm`k.Corgo`tmse heimauam` pmhm sulu amgmr ½ 4<ºF soimgm 6 lmre (63-;4
 nmg) ([mlyulmpsmre, haa, 4:=6).
4:=6).
4)  Zogdumtm` Gesb
Vohm`kam` tmlmpm` u`tua pogdumtm` gesb etu so`here hmpmt heielmt pmhm
hemkrmg mier sodmkme doreaut>

Zo`yempm` Amfm`k

Mer Zo`fufem` Amfm`k Mer abtbr

Zoro`hmgm`
Mer

Zo`eresm` Mer To`hmgm`

Amfm`k Lmsei
To`hmgm`

Zo`kupmsm` Auiet Auiet amfm`k

Zo`kogmsm`+
Vtoreiesmse

Zo`he`ke`m`

Zo`fmgpurm`

Zo`kogmsm`
Abne + Kmrmg

Zrbsos Corgo`tmse
5 
Gesb
 

Amfm`k hesempam` sodm`yma 4:: k ym`k suhml hepeiel, hefufe ho`km` mer
go`kmier u`tua go`kleim`kam` abtbrm` ym`k goioamt pmhm amfm`k.Amfm`k ym`k
toiml hefufe aoguhem` hegmsuaam` ao hmimg dmsabg u`tua hero`hmg.
Zoro`hmgm` dortunum` u`tua go`klehrmse amfm`k, sole`kkm amhmr mer pmhm amfm`k

go`e`kamt hmre uaurm` soguim. Voime` etu nukm dortunum` u`tua gogporguhml
 po`kupmsm` auiet.Zoro`hmgm` heimauam` le`kkm vbiugo amfm`k go`e`kamt tekm
amie uaurm` soguim soimgm < nmg.Amfm`k hem`kamt hmre mer poro`hmgm` hm`
heteresam`. Zo`kupmsm` auiet dortunum` u`tua gogdum`k auiet amfm`k mkmr
goguhmlam` aornm o`zeg ampm`k soimgm prbsos corgo`tmse dorim`ksu`k. Amfm`k
hegmsuaam` ao hmimg am`tb`k pimstea tmlm` pm`ms u`tua hestoreiesmse soimgm =?
go`et ho`km` sulu =4=:F.Zo`he`ke`m` amfm`k heimauam` smgpme sulu rum`k ½
4<ºF.Amfm`k ym`k suhml storei/gmtm`k hefmgpur ho`km` abne (=:: k) hm` kmrmg
?% (d/d).Zo`fmgpurm` heimauam` sofmrm gormtm.Aoguhem` hegmsuaam` hmimg

tbpios amfm ym`k hetutup ho`km` ame` imiu heeamt. Zrbsos corgo`tmse heimauam`
hei mauam` pmhm
e`audmtbr ho`km` sulu 6?ºF soimgm 3 lmre ([mlyulmpsmre, haa).

=: 
 

DMD EEE
ZO@_X_Z
6.=. Aosegpuim`
Dorhmsmram` pogdmlmsm` go`ko`me ’ Xoa`bibke Corgo`tmse Dordmlm`

Dmau Amfm`k Aohoime ’Gesb‗‗, hmpmt hesegpuiam` sodmkme doreaut>

  Gesb gorupmam` dmlm` gmam`m` hm` mtmu dmlm` poio`kamp ym`k
 dormsmi hmre nopm`k ym`k tordumt hmre dorms, aohoime, mtmu aohum`ym
ho`km` po`mgdmlm` kmrmg
 
 Zogdumtm` gesb heimauam` ho`km` prbsos corgo`tmse ho`km`  Tlezbpus
biekbspbrus  
biekbspbrus
 
  Tlezbpus biekbspbrus sp
sp   gogdutulam` gohem ym`k gogeieae
am`hu`km` so`ymwm amrdb` hm` `etrbko`
 
  Tlezbpus biekbspbrus sp
sp hmpmt
 hmpmt tugdul bptegug pmhm sulu 6:-6? ºF,

ho`km` sulu ge`egug =4 ºF, hm` sulu gmasegug 84 ºF

 
  pL gesb go`uru` smmt mwmi hm` soere`k dortmgdml`ym wmatu
corgo`tmse tornmhe po`e`kamtm` pL sofmrm dortmlmp ?.: ‖ ;.?
;.?
 
 Amhmr mer stm`hmr u`tua prbhua gesb mhmiml 3=,?:
 
 Zmhm corgo`tmse gesb, heku`mam` gearbbrkm`esgo no`es ampm`k.
Hegm`m sogum ampm`k dorsecmt morbdea, ymetu gogdutulam` baseko`
u`tua portugdulm``ym.
 
 Zogdumtm` gesb hemwmie ho`km` pogdumtm` abne ym`k dortunum` u`tua
gogprbhuase dordmkme gmfmg o`zeg biol ampm`k ym`k dorcu`kse
hmimg prbsos po`kurmem` gmarb gbioaui dmlm` dmau go`nmhe gbioaui-
gbioaui ym`k iodel sohorlm`m
 
 Gesb hedumt ho`km` fmgpurm` ho`km` fmgpurm` kmrmg, amfm`k hm`
abne
6.4. Vmrm`
Zogdumtm` gesb sodmea`ym heimauam` ho`km` gogporlmteam` cmatbr cmatbr
ym`k mhm soporte baseko`, mw, sulu, hii mkmr
mkmr tehma tornmhe ab`tmge`mse
ab`tmge`mse hmre iumr
hm` hmpmt helmseiam` gesb ho`km` fetm rmsm, mrbgm, hm` toastur ym`k hee`ke`am`.

== 
 

HMCXMT Z_VXMAM

M`hmrte, E.U. hm` [mrhm`e, M.A. 4:=?. Zo`kmrul Imgm Corgo`tmse Xorlmhmp
Amrmatorestea Aegem, Gearbdebibke, hm` Brkm`bioptea Gesb Aohoime Letmg
(Kiyfe`o gmx (I)).
(I)). Nur`mi
 Nur`mi Zm`km` hm` Mkrbe`hustre.Sbi
Mkrbe`hustre.Sbi 6(6). Lmi <<5-<5<

Hmnm`tm, A., Nm`pug, Z. & Ioase`k, [. 4:=6.  M`tebxehm`t Fmpmfeteos, Xbtmi

 Zlo`biefs m`h Cimvb`behs e` Dimfa m`h Uoiibw Vbydom`s Corgo`toh dy
 Dmfeiius sudteies> M Fbgpmrmtevo Vtuhy bc Xlme Corgo`toh Vbydom`s
(tlum`mb).. E`tor`mteb`mi Cbbh Tosomrfl Nbur`mi. Sbi. 4: (3)> 6=4?-6=64.
(tlum`mb) 6=4?-6=64.

Credok, V. m`h Lue, U. L. 4::?. Lm`hdbba

 Lm`hdbba bc Cbbh m`h Dovormko Corgo`tmteb`
Xofl`bibky.FTF
Xofl`bibky .FTF Zross. @ow Ubra

Ke`te`k, O. hm` G.G, Mheo., 4::;. Vecmt cesea hm` aegem iegm kmiur aohoime letmg
sortm aumietms aofmp ym`k helmseiam`. lig. 85?∔?=:.Dbkbr 
85?∔?=:.Dbkbr  

Gmhekm` GX, Gmrte`ab NG. 4::3.  Drbfa Debibky bc Gefrbbrkm`esgs ==tl oh. 
oh. 
Zomrsb` Ohufmteb`, @ow Norsoy

Guoiior. 4:=4. Vby e`tmao m`h resa bc typo 4 hemdotos goiietus e` Fle`oso
Ve`kmpbrom`s. Vby e`tmao m`h resa bc typo 4 hemdotos
hemdotos.. Our N `utr.1 ?=(<)>
=:44-8:

 @urrmlgm`, G Mstute, Vupmrgb & GL@O Vbosmtyb. 4:=4. Zortugdulm` nmgur,

secmt brkm`bioptea, hm` matevetms m`tebasehm` togpo aohoime letmg ym`k
heprbhuase ho`km` dordmkme no`es e`bauiug. Nur`mi Mkretofl 64(=)> 3:

 @urlehmymt, Gmshem`m F. Zmhmkm, Vre Vulmrte`e.4::3. Gearbdebibke E`hustre. M`he.

Ubkymamrtm

Tmlgm`, M. =554.Xoa`bibke Corgo`tmse. Zo`ordet Mrfm`. Nmamrtm

Vlurtiocc, [ hm` Mbymke, M. =5<6.Xlo

=5<6. Xlo Dbba bc Gesb.Mutug` Zross, Am`mkmwm-
ao`. Nmpm`

Vuseibwmte, M. 4:=:.Zo`kmrul Matecetms Zrbtobietea  Msporkeiius sp-A6 hmimg

Zorbiolm` Msmg-Msmg Mge`b sodmkme Crmase Kurel Goimiue Corgo`tmse
Kmrmg pmhm amfm`k Lenmu ( Zlmsobius rmhetus I.). Nur`mi
 Nur`mi Tudea Xoa`bibke
(=5)=><=-54

Xmrzmhol, G.N, G. Cbx, L. Lnbrtl, m`h I. Ohodb. 4::6.  Zrbhufteb` Gyfoiieug

 Debgmssm m`h Otlm`bi crbg Zmpor Zuip Vurceto Iequb` Tlezbpus Bryzmo.
Bryzmo .
 Debrosbur Xofl`b <<>=3;-=;;
Xofl`b <<>=3;-=;;

Soo`, M.K. vm`, m`h Vflmocor, K. =5?:.Xlo

=5?:.Xlo E`ciuo`fo bc Xlo Xogpol Cu`kus b`
Xlo Vbym Dom`.
Dom`. Xrbp. Kobkrmpl. Goh

=4 
 

[mlyulmpsmre, T hm` [mrhm`e, M.A. 4:=6. Zogdumtm` Gesb ho`km`

Gogm`cmmtam` Ohmgmgo (Amnem` Ab`so`trmse Abne hm` Vulu E`audmse).
Nur`mi Zm`km` hm` Mkrbe`hustre.Sbi=(=), Lmi =?;-=3;

[eprmh`ymhowe ZMV. 4::?. Esbimse

4::?. Esbimse hm` Eho`teceamse  Tlezbpus biekbspbrus 
biekbspbrus  pmhm
Dodormpm E`bauiug Xogpo. _`evorsetms Kmhnml Gmhm, Ubkymamrtm.

Umgmgbtb, V., Vbduo, X., Abdmymsle, G., Xsukm`o, V. 4::6. Vby Esbcimvb`os m`h
 Dromst Fm`for Tesa e` Nmpm`.
Nmpm`. N @mti Fm`for E`st 5?>5:3-5=6

=6