Optics and Lasers in Engineering 134 (2020) 106291

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Optics and Lasers in Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optlaseng

Optical design of a crossed double-grating spectrometer for extracting pure

rotational Raman lines of N2
Yinchao Zhang, Chen Wang, He Chen∗, Siying Chen, Pan Guo, Jingxi He, Lifu Wang
School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Keywords: In this paper, we introduce a spectrometer design with crossed double-grating for extracting pure rotational
Optical design Raman (PRR) lines of N2 . The design applies a linear optical fibre array as the entrance slit and a linear array
Spectrometer photomultiplier tube (LaPMT) as the detector. The linear dispersion and structural parameters of the proposed
Double-grating
configuration were analysed theoretically, and the optical layout of the spectrometer was simulated using the
Pure rotational Raman
Zemax software. A spectrometer with a 32-channel LaPMT was simulated to obtain the PRR spectrum of N2
when the excitation wavelength was 532 nm. The Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman lines, with rotational quantum
states from 0 (2) through 14 (16), were obtained on separate channels of the LaPMT, and the resolution was
approximately 0.22 nm per channel.

1. Introduction
As an active and controllable remote-sensing tool, light detection
and ranging (LIDAR) has been widely used in meteorological and envi-
ronmental monitoring fields. Raman LIDAR, which utilizes the weak in-
elastic scattered signal of atmospheric molecules, has been widely used
in the detection of water vapour, ozone, and temperature [1]. The in-
tensity distribution of the pure rotational Raman (PRR) spectrum of at-
mospheric molecules N2 and O2 in the Stokes and anti-Stokes branches
depends on temperature; however, the integral of the spectral intensity
over the entire branch does not [2]. The former case enables the de-
velopment of atmospheric temperature-measuring LIDAR technology,
while the latter can measure atmospheric extinction and backscatter
profiles. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the appli-
cation of PRR LIDAR technology for atmospheric temperature detection.
This technique was first proposed by Cooney, who used the intensity ra-
tio between two portions of the Stokes branch of N2 and O2 in the PRR
spectrum for measuring instantaneous atmospheric temperature profiles
[3].
Several solutions for extracting the PRR spectrum have been pro-
posed. Interference filters are used to extract the PRR spectrum because
of their ease of handling [4-6]. However, each channel of PRR LIDAR ob-
tained from this method extracts several adjacent PRR lines, rather than
a single line, which suffers from crosstalk with adjacent lines. Arshinov
et al. proposed an instrument using a double-grating monochromator
to extract the Raman lines [7]. Ansmann et al. coupled a LIDAR re-
ceiver with a double-grating monochromator using optical monofibres,
which make the rigid optical chambers flexible [2]. Ge et al. proposed
a double-grating monochromator with a different fibre arrangement or
echelle gratings as the dispersion components to promote PRR LIDAR
[8,9].
All of the research described above used filters or the Littrow con-
figuration of a grating for split spectrum processing. They developed a
monochromator that extracts only two or four lines from the entire PRR
signal. The PRR lines are close to the Mie-Rayleigh scattering line and
the spectral intensity is several orders of magnitude weaker than elastic
scattering; therefore, all the lines are very close and difficult to sepa-
rate. Conventional monochromators suffer from their large size, which
is needed to meet the linear dispersion requirement, but still unable
to eliminate crosstalk of adjacent Raman lines. Zhang et al. utilized the
Littman configuration to develop a miniature double-grating monochro-
mator with off-the-shelf optical components [10]. Liu et al. used two
separate polychromators with the quasi-Littrow configuration to extract
multiple Stokes vibrational-rotational Raman lines of N2 [11]. Wang
et al. designed a crossed Czerny–Turner spectrometer using convergent
illumination of the grating to get broadband fluorescence spectrum of
organic particles at a linear array photomultiplier tube (LaPMT) [12].
However, a spectrometer that can extract dozens of PRR lines of N2 has
never been reported. Energy of the whole PRR spectrum can be used to
derive the aerosol backscattering coefficient and extinction coefficient,
and can get the atmospheric temperature profiles more accurately [13].
In this paper, a novel spectrometer that can extract multiple PRR
lines simultaneously is proposed. Because the intensity of a single N2
PRR line is very weak, a LaPMT was used as the detector. Moreover,

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: shinianshao@gmail.com (H. Chen).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2020.106291
Received 3 March 2020; Received in revised form 27 May 2020; Accepted 26 June 2020
0143-8166/© 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Y. Zhang, C. Wang and H. Chen et al. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 134 (2020) 106291

a round-to-linear fibre bundle is applied to collect more energy from

the PRR scattering returns and to increase the coupling efficiency of the
spectrometer into LaPMT. In order to get enough dispersion ability, a
crossed double-grating configuration was designed to diffract twice to
split the PRR spectrum into each channel of LaPMT line by line. The PRR
lines of both Stokes and anti-Stokes branches were used and the excita-
tion wavelength was 532 nm. Additionally, the images of the PRR lines
obtained on the corresponding channels of the LaPMT in the simulated
spectrometer were analysed.

2. PRR spectrum of nitrogen

The primary goal of the PRR spectrometer is to analyse the spectral

intensity distribution of the PRR spectrum of N2 . According to the theory
of PRR scattering, the frequency shift of PRR lines is independent of
the wavelength of the exciting light 𝜆0 [1]. For the Stokes branch, the
frequency shift is given by Fig. 1. PRR spectrum of N2 when the excitation wavelength is 532 nm (intensity
[ ] is in relative units).
Δ𝜈𝑆𝑡 (𝐽 ) = −𝐵0 2(2𝐽 + 3) + 𝐷0 3(2𝐽 + 3) + (2𝐽 + 3)3 , 𝐽 = 0, 1, 2, … (1)

and for the anti-Stokes branch by

[ ]
Δ𝜈𝐴𝑆𝑡 (𝐽 ) = 𝐵0 2(2𝐽 − 1) + 𝐷0 3(2𝐽 − 1) + (2𝐽 − 1)3 , 𝐽 = 2, 3, 4, … (2)

where B0 is the rotational constant, D0 is the centrifugal distortion con-

stant and J is the rotational quantum state.
The intensity of each line is then calculated. The intensity of each sin-
gle line of the PRR spectrum is determined by the differential backscatter
cross section, which can be written as
( )4 2 ( )
( )RR
d𝜎 112𝜋 4 𝑔 (𝐽 )ℎ𝑐 𝐵0 𝜈0 + Δ𝜈(𝐽 ) 𝛾 𝐸 (𝐽 )
(𝐽 ) = × 𝑋 (𝐽 ) exp − 𝑟𝑜𝑡 ,
dΩ 𝜋 15 (2𝐼 + 1)2 𝑘𝑇 𝑘𝑇
(3)

where, for the Stokes branch,

(𝐽 + 1)(𝐽 + 2)
𝑋 (𝐽 ) = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐽 = 0, 1, 2, … (4)
2𝐽 + 3
Fig. 2. Schematic of the LaPMT used in this study.
and for the anti-Stokes branch,
𝐽 (𝐽 − 1)
𝑋 (𝐽 ) = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐽 = 2, 3, 4, … (5)
2𝐽 − 1 3. Theory of design
where g(J) is the statistical weight factor that depends on nuclear spin
According to Section 2, a spectrometer needs to be designed to image
I. 𝜈 0 represents the frequency of the incident light, 𝛾 is the anisotropy of
thirty PRR lines within a wavelength range of 8 nm. Considering that
the molecular polarisation tensor, k is the Boltzmann’s constant and T is
the PRR signal is very weak, an LaMPT (Hamamatsu H7260) was used
temperature. Erot (J) is the rotational energy of N2 , which can be written
as the detector instead of the commonly used charge-coupled device
as
(CCD). The maximum number of channels for an off-the-shelf LaPMT
[ ]
𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡 (𝐽 ) = 𝐵0 𝐽 (𝐽 + 1) − 𝐷0 𝐽 2 (𝐽 + 1)2 ℎ𝑐, 𝐽 = 0, 1, 2, … (6) is thirty-two, so the resolution is approximately 0.225 nm per channel
when the wavelength of the stimulating laser is 532 nm. If the excitation
where h represents the Planck’s constant and c represents the velocity wavelength shorter than 532 nm is used, the resolution requirements
of light. will be higher.
By using the parameter values listed in Table 1, the zero to 25th- The LaPMT has a high quantum efficiency at the spectral range of
order Stokes PRR lines and the second to 25th-order anti-Stokes PRR 500–550 nm. The effective area of the LaPMT is 31.8 mm × 7 mm, and
lines at the temperature T = 280 K are obtained and plotted in Fig. 1. each channel is 0.8-mm wide and 0.2-mm apart, as shown in Fig. 2.
Considering that the channel number of an off-the-shelf LaPMT is up to According to the above parameters, the reciprocal linear dispersion
thirty-two and the intensity of high-order PRR lines above the sixteenth of this spectrometer will reach 0.225 nm/mm when the stimulating laser
order is fairly weak, the Raman spectrum to be extracted and detected is 532-nm. To meet the high dispersion requirement, the crossed double-
can be limited to the range of 528 to 536 nm when the wavelength of grating configuration shown in Fig. 3 is adopted. The linear dispersion
the stimulating laser is 532 nm. of this twice-diffracted configuration is described below.
Planar diffraction gratings are used in the spectrometer such that the
diffraction equation can be expressed as
Table 1
Values of the Rotational Raman constant.
𝑑 (sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛽) = 𝑚𝜆 (7)
Molecule B0 D0 g (J) I 𝛾2

(cm−1 ) (cm−1 ) J even J odd (cm6 ) where d is the grating constant, 𝛼 represents the angle of incidence, 𝛽
N2 1.98957 5.76 × 10 −6
6 3 1 0.51 × 10 −48 represents the diffraction angle, m represents the diffraction order, and
𝜆 represents the wavelength.
Y. Zhang, C. Wang and H. Chen et al. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 134 (2020) 106291

Fig. 4. Relationship of separation distance between 532.338 nm and 532 nm

and incident angle. The grating constant is 0.417 𝜇m and the focal length of the
focusing mirror is 300 mm.

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the double diffraction in the crossed double-

grating configuration. Here, 𝛼 is the incident angle of the grating for the first parameters, is shown as a reference in Fig. 4 (red dotted line). In the Lit-
diffraction at grating 1. 𝛽 10 and 𝛽 11 are the diffraction angles of 𝜆0 and 𝜆1 for trow configuration, the diffracted light will travel back, the incidence
the first diffraction, respectively. 𝛼 20 and 𝛼 21 are the incident angles of 𝜆0 and angle must be equal to the blazed angle, so the linear dispersion remains
𝜆1 for the second diffraction, respectively. 𝛽 20 and 𝛽 21 are the diffraction angles
the same. However, in the crossed double-grating configuration, the lin-
of 𝜆0 and 𝜆1 for the second diffraction, respectively. 𝜃 is the angle between the
ear dispersion can be matched to meet the resolution requirements of
second diffracted rays of the centre wavelength 𝜆0 and wavelength 𝜆1 .
the spectrometer by controlling the incident angle 𝛼.
Moreover, linear dispersion of the aiming spectral range for different
After the first diffraction of grating 1, the diffraction angles of 𝜆0 and incident angles was analysed and the results are shown in Fig. 5(a). The
𝜆1 can be calculated as linear correlation coefficient of linear dispersion with different incident
angles was also calculated and is shown in Fig. 5(b). According to Fig. 5,
𝑚𝜆0
sin 𝛽10 = − sin 𝛼 (8) the linear correlation coefficient of the dispersion varies with the inci-
𝑑
dent angle. When the incident angle becomes larger, the dispersion also
and increases, but the linear correlation coefficient of the dispersion turns
𝑚𝜆1 poorer. The linear dispersion of the grating is inversely proportional to
sin 𝛽11 = − sin 𝛼 (9)
𝑑 cos𝛽 (𝛽 represents the diffraction angle), so when 𝛽 is larger, the linear
After the second diffraction on grating 2, the diffraction angles of 𝜆0 dispersion becomes more sensitive.
and 𝜆1 can be expressed as Furthermore, to optimise the crossed double-grating design, we anal-
yse the clear aperture of the main components. A schematic diagram of
𝑚𝜆0
sin 𝛽20 = − sin 𝛼20 (10) the optical design with the full spectral range is shown in Fig. 6, wherein
𝑑 the blue and red lines represent the shortest and longest wavelengths,
and respectively. According to Fig. 6, the calculation is conducted below.
𝑚𝜆1 Since the aiming spectral range is only 8 nm, the chromatic aberration
sin 𝛽21 = − sin 𝛼21 (11)
𝑑 of the lens is small and can be ignored.
In this paper, the gratings are symmetrically arranged, i.e. 𝛼 20 = 𝛽 10 , The backscattered light is introduced by an optical fibre and colli-
and the second incident angle of the centre wavelength 𝜆0 is equal to mated by a collimating lens. The clear aperture of the collimated beam
the diffraction angle of first grating. The following relationship between in the tangential plane is
the angles can be derived from the geometric relation in Fig. 3: 𝐷0 = 2 ⋅ 𝑓1 ⋅ 𝑁𝐴, (15)
𝛼21 = 2𝛽10 − 𝛽11 (12) where f1 is the focal length of the collimating lens and NA is the nu-
merical aperture of optical fibre. The clear aperture of grating 1, in the
From Eqs. (9), (11), and (12), the final diffraction angle of the ray
tangential plane, is
𝜆1 , after double diffraction, satisfies the following formula:
𝐷0
[ ( ) ] 𝐷1 = (16)
𝛽21 = arcsin sin 𝛼 − 2 sin 𝛽10 cos 𝛽10 cos 𝛽11 + 1 + cos2 𝛽10 − sin2 𝛽10 sin 𝛽11 cos 𝛼
(13) and the clear aperture of grating 2, in the tangential plane, is
( ) ( )
The linear dispersion at the centre wavelength 𝜆0 is obtained as 𝐷2 = 𝐷1 + 𝐿1 𝛽11 − 𝛽10 + 𝐿2 𝛽10 − 𝛽12 (17)
( ) where, L1 and L2 are the edge distances between the two gratings. These
Δ𝑦 𝑓 tan 𝛽21 − 𝛽20
= (14) distances can be obtained from
Δ𝜆 Δ𝜆
By applying Eq. (14), we calculate the separation distance between 𝐿1 = 𝐿0 − 𝐷1 ⋅ sin 𝛽10 (18)
the centre wavelength of 532 nm and the nearest PRR line, whose wave- and
length is 532.338 nm (the rotational quantum state J = 0 of the Stokes
𝐿2 = 𝐿0 + 𝐷1 ⋅ sin 𝛽10 (19)
branch), when the focal length of the focusing mirror is f = 300 mm. The
relationship between the separation distance and the incident angle is To obtain a more compact spectrometer, the distance L0 between the
shown in Fig. 4. The conventional Littrow configuration, with the same two gratings is the most important factor and it is determined by the two
Y. Zhang, C. Wang and H. Chen et al.
Fig. 5. Relationships amongst dispersion, wavelength, and incident angle. (a) Relationship between dispersion and wavelength at different incident angles. (b)
Relationship between linear correlation coefficient of the dispersion and incident angle.
Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of the crossed double-grating configuration. 𝜆0 is
the centre wavelength, 𝜆1 and 𝜆2 are the minimum and maximum wavelength,
respectively. L0 is the centre distance between the two gratings and L1 and L2
are the edge distances between the two gratings.
Optics and Lasers in Engineering 134 (2020) 106291
light-blocking situations shown in Fig. 7. From Fig. 7(a), we see that if L0
is too small, the second grating will block part of the incident light while
from Fig. 7(b), the dispersed light might be blocked by the first grating if
L0 is not big enough. The minimum centre distance can be obtained from
these two restrictions. According to the geometric relationship in Fig. 7,
two conditions of 𝐿1 = 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐿2 = 𝐸𝐹 are obtained for the minimum
L0 . As a result, the minimum centre distance L0 is as follows:
{ ( )
𝐷0 𝐷1 ⋅ cos 𝛽12 − 𝛽22 + 𝛼22
𝐿0 min = max ( ) + 𝐷1 ⋅ sin 𝛽10 , ( )
sin 𝛼 − 𝛽10 sin 𝛽22 − 𝛼22
}
− 𝐷1 ⋅ sin 𝛽10 (20)
4. Optical design of the spectrometer
In order to collect more echo signal from the telescope, large size
receiver is required, what’s more, to reach the linear dispersion demand,
the entrance slit width has to be controlled. Therefore, a round-to-linear
fibre bundle is used to meet the above two requirements.
The PRR backscattered echo signal enters the circular end of the mul-
timode fibre bundle through the LIDAR telescope and is converted into
a linear array light source as it enters the spectrometer. To control the
system aberration, we choose the fibre with a small numerical aperture
(NA). In our system, an optical fibre with the NA = 0.12 is selected and
the core diameter of each fibre is set as Df = 200 𝜇m. The two ends of the
Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of the two light-blocking situations.
Y. Zhang, C. Wang and H. Chen et al.
Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of the fibre ends. (a) The front end is used to receive
telescope signal. (b) The rear end is used as the incident slit of the spectrometer.
round-to-linear fibre bundle (with seven fibres) are shown in Fig. 8. It
can be seen that the diameter of the front end of the fibre bundle is triple
that of an individual fibre core diameter, but the dispersive direction of
the rear end of the fibre remains the same.
As described in Section 2, the spectral range of interest is between
528.54 nm (the anti-Stokes Raman branch of the rotational quantum
state of JA = 16) and 535.51 nm (the Stokes Raman branch of the
rotational quantum state JS = 14). When the spectral resolution is
0.22 nm/channel, anti-Stokes Raman lines with rotational quantum
states of two to sixteen and Stokes Raman lines with rotational quan-
tum states of zero to fourteen will be obtained on the LaPMT.
Because the Mie-Rayleigh scatter signal in PRR LIDAR is very strong,
it will introduce dramatic interference to other channels. In our design,
the 532-nm Mie-Rayleigh scattering signal is imaged on the approximate
centre of the LaPMT and an absorbing obscuration is set just before
channels fifteen and sixteen to block this stray light directly. A band-pass
filter is placed behind the collimating lens to eliminate the background
signals.
Considering the size of the grating and the linear dispersion, we
initially set the incident angle to 70° The selected grating is a plane
holographic reflection grating with a grating constant of 0.417 𝜇m. The
grating is coated with an aluminium coating on float glass substrate. The
33010FL01–430H of Newport can be used for the spectrometer. Because
the spectral range is only 8 nm, the variation in diffraction efficiency of
the grating is negligible. According to the specifications of the LaPMT,
the separation distance is set to 1.5 mm for the image spots of the near-
est Raman line (532.338 nm) and the 532-nm laser line. According to
Eq. (14), the focal length of the focusing lens is f2 = 314 mm. A lens
with f2 = 300 mm was selected for beam focusing. To reduce the size
of the lens and grating, we chose a collimating lens with a focal length
of f1 = 100 mm. According to Eqs. (8-14), we obtain the initial values
𝛼 = 71° and 𝛽 10 =19.35° The minimum L0 was calculated by Eq. (20) to
be L0min = 61.3 mm.
The initial parameter values of the spectrometer are shown in
Table 2. The optical layout of the spectrometer is simulated by Zemax
OpticStudio, as shown in Fig. 9. It can be seen from the simulation that
the back focal length is relatively large, which is caused by the high-
resolution requirement of 0.22 nm/channel.
Table 2
Values of the spectrometer parameters.
Parameters Value
NA 0.12
Df 200 mm
𝛼 71°
𝛽 10 19.35°
f1 100 mm
f2 300 mm
d 0.417 𝜇m
L0min 61.3 mm
Optics and Lasers in Engineering 134 (2020) 106291
Fig. 9. Optical layout of the crossed double-grating spectrometer.
5. Analysis
The spectrometer includes a slit, a collimating lens, dispersive com-
ponents, a focusing lens, and a detector. As for the fibre bundle, the rear
end is arranged in a row and acts as the entrance slit, which is regarded
as the object of the spectrometer. The slit is imaged by a collimating
lens and illuminates the grating, is dispersed by the gratings, and finally
focused onto the LaPMT by a focusing lens. Generally, the focal length
of the collimating lens and the focusing lens in a spectrometer are the
same, so the magnification of the entire system equals one. Due to the
high requirement of dispersion, the focal length of the focusing lens is
large (f = 300 mm). If a collimating lens with f = 300 mm is used, the
subsequent optical elements are expensive and cumbersome. We chose a
collimating lens with a short focal length (f = 100 mm) in our spectrom-
eter, which greatly reduces the size of subsequent optical components.
Since the focal length of the focusing lens is thrice that of the collimating
lens, the image of each wavelength is triply magnified. The theoretical
imaging size for each wavelength is 4.56 mm × 0.6 mm, which can be
completely received by one channel (7 mm × 0.8 mm). In addition, the
image will not fall completely into a channel gap, which may result in
a missing spectral line.
For spectrometers, the signal to noise ratio of spectral detection is
seriously affected by stray light. In the crossed double-grating configu-
ration, a band-pass filter placed behind the collimating lens has filtered
out the stray light of the background. Both gratings have zero-order
and first-order diffracted light, and the zero-order diffracted light as un-
wanted stray light needs to be eliminated. The zero-order diffraction of
the signal light from the two gratings is shown in Fig. 10. It can be seen
that the zero-order diffracted beams on both gratings travel in oppo-
site directions and can be absorbed by black obstruction. Therefore, the
stray light of zero-order diffracted light has a small effect on the PRR
signal.
To analyse the spectral distribution on the LaPMT, we simultane-
ously traced twenty-four N2 PRR lines to get the full spectrum footprint
shown in Fig. 11. There are actually thirty PRR lines from 528.54 nm to
535.51 nm, but Zemax OpticStudio can only simulate twenty-four wave-
lengths at once. The rotational quantum states JS = 0, 1, 2, … 8, 10, 12,
14 of the Stokes branch and the rotational quantum states JA = 2, 3,
4, … 10, 12, 14, 16 of the anti-Stokes branch were selected. The initial
intensities of all PRR lines were set according to the values calculated
in Section 2. It can be seen from Fig. 11 that each line is separated and
clearly distinguished.
The imaging area is quite large and distorted, therefore decrease in
resolution is inevitable. It can be seen from Fig. 11 that from bottom
Y. Zhang, C. Wang and H. Chen et al.
Fig. 10. Schematic diagram of zero-order and first-order diffracted light from
the two gratings. The blue and red lines represent the stray light of zero-order
diffracted light and the signal light of the PRR, respectively.
Fig. 11. Footprint of the LaPMT used in this study. The upper half includes the
Stokes Raman branch lines and the bottom-up rotational quantum state is 0 to
14 (not including 9, 11, and 13). The lower half includes the anti-Stokes Raman
lines, with a rotational quantum state of 2 to 16 (not including 11, 13, and 15)
from top to bottom.
Optics and Lasers in Engineering 134 (2020) 106291
Fig. 12. Smile distortion versus wavelength.
Fig. 13. The signal intensity distribution is for each channel of the LaPMT. The
blue bars represent the simulation result, and the red dotted lines represent the
theoretical calculation result.
to top, the image begins to bend gradually; i.e., there is smile distor-
tion. The smile distortion in the dispersive direction versus wavelength
was calculated and is shown in Fig. 12. We can see the smile distor-
tions vary from 40 to 70 𝜇m when the wavelength is from 528 nm to
536 nm. Considering that the gap within each channel of the LaPMT
is 200 𝜇m, the smile distortion can be ignored. Moreover, the keystone
distortion, which affects the detection efficiency and dynamic range of
each channel, is relatively small over the whole spectrum. The maxi-
mum distortion over the entire wavelength range is 3.4%.
Furthermore, to analyse the specific performance of each channel of
the LaPMT, we simulated all channels using the non-sequential mode
of Zemax OpticStudio, except channels fifteen and sixteen, which were
blocked by an obscuration. We chose all the PRR lines for N2 between
528.5 nm and 535.6 nm for simulation. The signal intensity distribution
of all the channels is shown in Fig. 13. The result of the simulation is
consistent with the theoretical calculation in Section 2. In the middle of
the LaPMT, from channel 7 to 25, each channel detects exactly one spec-
tral line corresponding to the 2nd to 9th order of the anti-Stokes branch
and the 0th to 8th order of the Stokes branch, respectively. In both ends
of the LaPMT, channels 1, 2, and 3 and channels 30, 31, and 32 also
accurately detected one PRR spectral line, corresponding to the 14th to
16th order of the anti-Stokes branch and the 12th to 14th order of the
Stokes branch, respectively. There are some deviations in channels 4,
5, 6, and channels 26, 27, 28, and 29, that are mainly caused by the
Y. Zhang, C. Wang and H. Chen et al.
non-linear dispersion of the grating. Due to the certain non-linear dis-
persion characteristics of a planar grating configuration, four lines in the
anti-Stokes branch are imaged on three channels, and three lines of the
Stokes branch are imaged on four channels. These deviations are likely
to be resolved in subsequent algorithms and experimental research. Two
dozen spectral lines detected can already accurately retrieve the temper-
ature. According to the spectral intensity calculated by theory, the cor-
responding correction coefficients can be added to several other spectral
lines.
6. Conclusion
In this paper, an optical design of a crossed double-grating spectrom-
eter is proposed for extracting PRR lines from LIDAR returns. By using
a round-to-linear fibre bundle, the backscattered signal received by the
telescope is increased and the signal attenuation caused by an additional
entrance slit is avoided. The double diffraction of the crossed double-
grating configuration met the high requirement of linear dispersion. A
spectrometer with a 32-channel LaPMT was simulated to obtain PRR
lines of N2 when the excitation wavelength is 532 nm. According to the
results, the Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman lines, with rotational quan-
tum states from 0 (2) through 14 (16), are effectively separated and
obtained on each channel of the LaPMT. amongst the channels, an ab-
sorbing obscuration was set in front of channels 15 and 16 to eliminate
the Mie-Rayleigh scattering signal. A band-pass filter was placed behind
the collimating lens to eliminate the background signals. The simulation
results show good agreement with the theoretical calculation results.
The proposed crossed double-grating configuration is suitable for ultra-
high resolution spectral detection of a small spectral range. In addition,
the design has minimal distortion and can be applied to the detection
field using a LaPMT.
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (61,505,009).
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Optics and Lasers in Engineering 134 (2020) 106291
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Yinchao Zhang: Methodology, Writing - review & editing, Re-
sources, Funding acquisition. Chen Wang: Validation, Writing - original
draft, Writing - review & editing. He Chen: Conceptualization, Writing
- review & editing, Supervision. Siying Chen: Resources, Project ad-
ministration. Pan Guo: Resources. Jingxi He: Validation. Lifu Wang:
Investigation.
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