GMVRI  
@VEDGDRIKDHIH HDWXZDXIK HF
 

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

LFEFZIKDHIHFW
DEXZAHVGGD×E

Ki prfsfetf `f`ardi hf gékguka garrfspaehf ik ieékdsds y hdsfùa hf ki gfrgmi

g frgmi `ftékdgi rftdgukir piri ki
gujdfrti hfk sik÷e hf usas `ÿktdpkfs garrfspaehdfetf ik prayfgta? "GZFIGD×E HF WIK×E HF KAGIK
GA@VEIK HF VWAW @ßKXDRKFW FE KI GA@VEDHIH HF GFEXZIK XZIRDGMF HFK HDWXZDXA HF
GMVRI - RZASDEGDI HF I_ÉELIZA - HFRIZXI@FEXA HF RVEA"> gae uei kuz kdjrf
k djrf hf 4.62 `.

VJDG GD×E

•  Kagikdhih ? Gfetrik Xripdgmf

•  Hdstrdta ? Gmupi
•  Rravdegdi ? Izéelira
•  Hfpirti`feta ? Ruea

HFWGZDRGD×E HFK RZATFGXA

Ki gujdfrti hfk sik÷e hf usas `ÿktdpkfs tdfef gaecdlurigd÷e i has iluis y gae uei kuz kdjrf hf 4.62`.

Ki fstrugturi
2.82`. hihishfkissapartf hf ki gujdfrti
girigtfràstdgis y gae(Gfrgmis) sf ipayie
fk cde i ikdlfrir fe kishfvdlis
fk pfsa hf gaegrfta
ki gujdfrti, sf miir`iha hf 2.:6
gaegfjdha ueix
gujdfrti gae gfrgmis `ftékdgis, tik ga`a sf `ufstri i gaetdeuigd÷e.

Cdl. Gujdfrti hf WV@  

  
:

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

@FXAHAKALÀI
@ÄXAHA HF HDWFÙA HARX HA

Kis fspfgdcdgigdaefs IDWG, prapargdaei has `ätahas igfptijkfs piri hdsfùir `df`jras hf igfra
fstrugturik y sus gaefgtarfs. Fstas sae fk Hdsfùa gae cigtarfs hf girli y rfsdstfegdi (KZCH? Kaih
ieh Zfsdstiegf Cigtar Hfsdle) y fk Hdsfùa par fscufrzas Rfr`dsdjkfs  (IWH? Ikkawijkf Wtrfeltm
Hfsdle), i`jas pragfhd`dfetas sf jisie fe kas prdegdpdas hfk hdsfùa hf fstihas kd`dtf, fk guik
prapargdaei kis craetfris hf utdkdhih fstrugturik. 

Riri fk hdsfùa hf kas fkf`fetas fstrugturikfs hf ki ir`ihuri, sf rfikdziré par fk `ätaha KZCH.

Gae fk `ätaha KZCH, sf car`ie lrupas pasdjkfs hf girlis hf sfrvdgda, y gihi girli hf sfrvdgda sf
`uktdpkdgi par ue cigtar hf girli, ear`ik`fetf `iyar i 9.2. Ki `iledtuh hfk cigtar hf girli rfckfoi ki
degfrtdhu`jrf hf fsi girli fspfgàcdgi. Ki ga`jdeigd÷e kdefik rfsuktietf hf kis girlis hf sfrvdgda fe ue
lrupa, gihi uea `uktdpkdgiha par su rfspfgtdva cigtar hf girli, sf kki`i girli cigtardzihi. Kas
`iyarfs vikarfs hftfr`deihas hf fsti `iefri sf usie piri gikgukir kas `a`fetas, kas gartietfs y
atris cufrzis fe ki fstrugturi. Fstas vikarfs hf gaetrak ea hfjfe sfr `iyarfs quf kis rfsdstfegdis
ea`deikfs hf kas `df`jras `uktdpkdgihas par sus cigtarfs    a rfhuggd÷e. Fetaegfs, kas cigtarfs hf
sflurdhih mie sdha degarparihas fe kas cigtarfs hf girli, y pahf`as hfgdr?
(Cigtar hf rfhuggd÷e   )(Zfsdstfegdi ea`deik hf ue `df`jra)   
Cufrzi cigtardzihi gikgukihi fe fk `df`jra, Zu  

  Ze   Zu 
Ki rfsdstfegdi rfqufrdhi hf ue `df`jra piri fk `ätaha KZCH sf hftfr`dei i pirtdr hf kis
ga`jdeigdaefs hf girli hihis fe fk rflki`feta hf gaestruggd÷e ipkdgijkf. Ki pirtf : hfk `ieuik hf
IDWG prapargdaei kas sdludfetfs cigtarfs hf girli piri fhdcdgdas y sf jisie fe fk IWGF <.

9.  V 0 9.8H
:.  V 0 9.:H + 9.3K + 2.6(K a W a Z)
7.  V 0 9.:H + 9.3(K
9 .3(K a W a Z) + (K* a 2.6\)
8.  V 0 9.:H +9.2\ + K* + 2.6(K a W a Z)
6.  V 0 9.:H + 9.2F + K* + 2.:W
3.  V 0 2.4H + 9.2\
<.  V 0 2.4H + 9.2F

Haehf

•  V ? Girli cigtardzihi a hf hdsfùa

•  H ? Girli @ufrtis (Hfih kaih)
•  K ? Girli Sdvis hfjdhi i ki agupigd÷e (Kdvf kaih)
•  Kr ? Girli Sdvis hf tfgmas (Zaac Kdvf kaih)
•  W ? Girli hf edfvf (Weaw kaih)
•  Z ? Girli ea`deik hfjdhi i ki prfgdpdtigd÷e pkuvdik a fk mdfka dedgdikfs, dehfpfehdfetf`fetf
hf ki gaetrdjugd÷e par fstiegi`dfeta (Zide witfr ar dgf kaih)
  
7

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

•  \ ? Girli hf Sdfeta (\deh kaih)

•  F ? Girli hf Wds`a (Firtmquinf kaih)

FWXZVGXVZ GD×E T RZFHD@FEWDE @DFEXA

Hihi ki gaecdlurigd÷e irqudtfgt÷edgi hf ki gujdfrti piri fk WIK×E HF VWAW @ßKXDRKFW y gae uei
kuz kikdjrf
fe fetrf ipayas
sdludfetf cdluri. hf K 0 4.62 `, sf gaegdjf uei ir`ihuri `ftékdgi tdpa tdofri, tik ga`a sf `ufstri

Cdl. Gaecdlurigd÷e hf ki Gfrgmi @ftékdgi

Hdgmi ir`ihuri fs ue `aetiof hf `df`jras rfgtas gaefgtihas fe sus fxtrf`as par gaefxdaefs
ckfxdjkfs piri car`ir uei gaecdlurigdae rdldhi, fe vdrtuh hf su pfsa kdlfra y su ikti rfsdstfegdi.

MDRAXFWDW FE ZFKIGDAE GAE FK IEIKDWDW HF IZ@IHVZIW

Fk ieikdsds hf kis ir`ihuris sf jisi fe kis mdpatfsds sd`pkdcdgiharis sdludfetfs?
9.  Xahas kas `df`jras fstie gaefgtihas saka fe sus fxtrf`as par irtdgukigdaefs sde crdggdae, fe
kis ir`ihuris pkieis, y par irtdgukigdaefs hf ratuki sde crdggdae, fe kis ir`ihuris fspigdikfs
:.  Xahis kis girlis y rfiggdaefs fe kas ipayas fstie ipkdgihis saka fe kas eahas.
7.  Fk fof gfetradhik hf gihi `df`jra gadegdhf fe ki kdefi quf uef kas gfetras hf kas eahas
ihyisgfetfs.

Ki riz÷e piri fstijkfgfr fsti mdpatfsds fs ajtfefr uei ir`ihuri dhfik guyas `df`jras saka fstäe
suoftas i cufrzis ixdikfs. Ga`a gihi `df`jra hf uei ir`ihuri dhfik fsti gaefgtihi fe sus fxtrf`as
par irtdgukigdaefs sd crdggdae, sde girlis ipkdgihis fetrf sus fxtrf`as, fk `df`jra fstirdi suofta saka i
has cufrzis fe sus fxtrf`as, tfesd÷e ixdik y ga`prfsd÷e ixdik.
Riri cigdkdtir kas gikguka hfk ieikdsds fstrugturik hf ki ir`ihuri fe 7H, sf utkdzi fk piquftf fstrugturik
hf GWD WIR:222.

RZFHD@FEWDAEI@DFEXA

Kas fkf`fetas fstrugturikfs ki ir`ihuri piri kas grugfs iärfas, tikfs ga`a? gufrhi supfrdar, gufrhi
decfrdar, `aetietfs y hdilaeikfs, fstirée ga`pufsta par pfrcdkfs guihrihas y/a rfgtielukirfs, y ga`a
rfcfrfegdi sf mi gaesdhfriha kas pfrcdkfs ga`frgdikfs hf WDHFZRFZV, tik ga`a sf `ufstri i
gaetdeuigd÷e.
  
8

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

Cdluri 9? Hd`fesdaefs Ea`deikfs (WDHFZRFZV)

Rrahugta hf igfra ki`deiha fe gikdfetf guyi sfggd÷e triesvfrsik fsté car`ihi par has ikis hf dluik
kaeldtuh, fe éeluka rfgta y gae prapdfhihfs @fgéedgis IWX@ I73 / I73@.

RIZÉ@FXZAW HF HDWFÙA IHARXIHAW

RZARDFH HFW HF KAW @ XFZD KFW

IGFZA FWXZVGXVZIK

•  Rfsa fspfgàcdga hfk igfra ?  0 <=62 Nl/`7

  @÷huka hf Fkistdgdhih hfk Igfra ? F 0 :x923 Nl/g`:
•
  
6

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

•  Gafcdgdfetf hf Radssae ?  0 2.72

•  Fscufrza hf ckufegdi fe fk igfra ? cy 0 8:22 Nl/g`:

G ZL W

Kis sakdgdtigdaefs hf girli i kis quf fstiré sa`ftdhi ki ir`ihuri sae?

•  Rfsa Rrapda (Hfih)

•  Wajrf girli pfr`iefetf (WGR)
•  Girli Sdvi hf tfgma (Kr)
•  Girli hf Edfvf (W)
•  Girli hf Sdfeta (\)

I gaetdeuigd÷e, pragfhf`as i gikgukir kis girlis hdstrdjudhis piri ue iegma trdjutirda hf 9.37 `.

@FXZIHA HF GIZLIW

7.:.9.9.  RFWA RZARDA (HFIH)

Gaesdhfri`as pfsa prapda ik pfsa hf kas

k as fkf`fetas fstrugturikfs `ahfkihas fe WIR :222, hdgma pfsa
fs gaesdhfri iuta`étdgi`fetf par WIR:222 piri fk ieékdsds y hdsfùa hf ki ir`ihuri.

7.:.9.:.  WAJZF GIZLI RFZ@IEFEXF (WGR)

Ki ÿedgi sajrf girli pfr`iefetf quf igtÿi sajrf fk sdstf`i fstrugturik fs ki girli hf ki gajfrturi,
sflÿe fk gitékala hfk cijrdgietf fsta fs 92.22 Nl/` :.

XIJKI? 7.9? Girli @ufrti

RIXZAEFW HF GIZLI GIZLI GIZLI
Nl/`: Nl/`
Girli @ufrti (H) - Gufrhi Wupfrdar
Garrfi hf @ftékdgi 72x82x:`` :.62
Gajfrturi Igfra Ikuzdeg, f02.82`` 7.<2
Xatik? 3.6=
Isu`d`as? <.22 99.89
Girli @ufrti (H) - Gufrhi Decfrdar
Irrdastrf dec.? `ftikdga 72x82x:`` 9.72
Ciksa gdfka risa, Jikhasi 8.62
Cdoigdae y fkf`fetas hf suspfesd÷e :.62
Destikigdaefs fkägtrdgis 9.62
Xatik? 4.=2

Isu`d`as? 92.22 93.72

  
3

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

7.:.9.7.  GIZLI SDSI (Kr)

Ki Ear`i Rfruiei F.2:2 dehdgi quf, piri tfgmas gae gajfrturis kdvdieis hf pkiegmis aehukihis a
pkflihis, giki`deis, cdjragf`feta, `itfrdik pkéstdga, ftg., guikqudfri sfi su pfehdfetf, fs hf 72 nl/
`:.

XIJKI? 7.:? Girli Sdvi hf Xfgma

RIXZAEFW HF GIZLI GIZLI GIZLI
Nl/`: Nl/`
Girli Sdvi (Kr)
Girli Sdvi hf Xfgma 72.22 8=.42

7.:.9.8.  GIZLI HF EDFSF (W)

Fk vikar `àed`a hf ki girli jésdgi hf edfvf sajrf fk sufka (Ys) sfré hf 82 nl/` : quf fqudvikfe i 2,82
` hf edfvf crfsgi. Ki Ear`i Rfruiei F.2:2 dehdgi quf piri tfgmas i uei a has iluis gae degkdeigdaefs
ga`prfehdhis fetrf 96¿ y 72¿ ki girli hf hdsfùa (Yt), sajrf ki prayfggd÷e mardzaetik, sfré?

Y 0 2.=2Y
t s
 
Fetaegfs?
 
Yt 0 2.=2 .22 0 7: Nl
.=2  82.22 `:  

XIJKI? :.7? Girli hf Edfvf

RIXZAEFW HF GIZLI GIZLI GIZLI
Nl/`: Nl/`
Girli @ufrti (H)
Gieik÷e 7:.22 6:.93

7.:.9.6.  GIZLI HF SDFEXA (\)

Ki Ear`i F.2:2 dehdgi Ki vfkagdhih hf hdsfùa (Sm) hfk vdfeta fe gihi ikturi hf ki fhdcdgigd÷e sf
ajtfehré hf ki sdludfetf fxprfsd÷e.
2.::
 m 
Sm 0 S     
 92 

Haehf?
S 0 =6.22 (Sfkagdhih hf hdsfùa misti 92 ` hf ikturi fe N`/m)
m 0 92.62 (Ikturi sajrf fk tfrrfea fe `ftras)

Fetaegfs?
  
<

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

2.::
 8.32 
Sm 0 972.22   0 924.6= N` m 
 92 

Isà `ds`a, ki girli fxtfrdar (prfsd÷e a suggd÷e) fofrgdhi par fk vdfeta sf supaehré fstétdgi y
pfrpfehdgukir i ki supfrcdgdf sajrf ki guik sf igtÿi. Wf gikgukiré `fhdietf ki fxprfsd÷e?

Rm 0 2.226 GSm :  

Haehf?
Sm  0 =6.4: (Sfkagdhih hf hdsfùa i ki ikturi m, fe N`/m)
G ? (Cigtar hf car`i ihd`fesdaeik)
JIZKASFEXA
G 0 2.= Gaesdhfrieha Rrfsd÷e
G 0 -2.= Gaesdhfrieha Wuggd÷e
WAXISFEXA 
G 0 -2.6 Gaesdhfrieha Rrfsd÷e

Fetaegfs?
JIZKASFEXA
Gaesdhfriha Rrfsd÷e Rm 0 2.226  2.=  924.6=
:
0 8:.27 Nl `:  

Gaesdhfriha Wuggd÷e Rm 0 2.226  ( √2.=)  924.6=: 0 √ 9=.29 Nl ` :  

WAXISFEXA
Gaesdhfriha Wuggd÷e Rm 0 2.226  ( √2.6)  924.6=: 0 √ 73.27 Nl `:  

Cdei`fetf rfsu`d`as fe ki sdludfetf tijki?

XIJKI? 7.8? Girli hf Sdfeta

RIXZAEFW HF GIZLI GIZLI GIZLI

Nl/`: Nl/`
Girli hf Sdfeta (\)
JIZKASFEXA
Rrfsd÷e 8:.27 3=.69
Wuggd÷e -9=.29 -:4.73
WAXISFEXA
Wuggd÷e -73.27 -6=.<:
  
=

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

IEÉKDWDW T HDWFÙA FWXZVGXVZIK

Fk ieékdsds fstrugturik hf ki ir`ihuri sf rfikdziré fe fk Wactwirf Fspfgdikdziha hf GWD WIR:222.

@AHFK @DFEXA FWXZVGXVZ K

HFCDEDGD×E HF @IXFZDIKFW
Wf hfcdef fk `itfrdik hf igfra gae fspfgdcdgigdaefs IWX@ I73

HFCDEDGD×E HF KIW WFGGDAEFW HF KAW FKF@FEXAW FWXZVGXVZIKFW

Riri fk pragfsa hf aptd`dzigd÷e hf pfrcdkfs fe fk pragfsa dtfritdva hf ieékdsds y hdsfùa hf ki ir`ihuri,

sf mi hfcdedha ki sdludfetf kdsti hf pfrcdkfs?

•  ZFGX. 72x72x:``
ZFGX. 72x82x:``
  
4

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

•  ZFGX. 72x62x:``
•  ZFGX. 72x32x:``

I pirtdr hfk guik sf sfkfggdaeiré fk pfrcdk `és aptd`a sflÿe kis sakdgdtigdaefs hf girli prfvdi`fetf
hfcdedhis.

@AHFKA FWXZVGXVZIK HF KI IZ@IHVZI

I gaetdeuigd÷e, sf `ufstri fk `ahfka fstrugturik hf ki ir`ihuri rftdgukihi piri ki kasi hfpartdvi

`uktdusas.

I gaetdeuigd÷e, sf `ufstri kas pfrcdkfs isdleihas i gihi fkf`feta

  
92

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

IWDLEIGD×E HF GIZLIW

Wf hfcdefe kas sdludfetfs pitraefs hf girli?

•  Rfsa prapda (HFIH)

•  Wajrf girli Rfr`iefetf (WGR)

•  Girli Sdvi hf Xfgma (Kr)

  Girli hf Edfvf (W)

•
•  Girli hf Sdfeta (\)

Xik ga`a sf `ufstri i gaetdeuigd÷e?

  
99

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

8.9.8.9.  Rfsa prapda (HFIH)

Rfsa hf kas fkf`fetas `ahfkihas fe WIR:222.

8.9.8.:.  Wajrf girli Rfr`iefetf (WGR)

8.9.8.7.  Girli Sdvi hf Xfgma (Kr)

8.9.8.8.  Girli hf Edfvf (W)

  
9:

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

8.9.8.6.  Girli hf Sdfeta (\)

Girli hf Sdfeta? Rrfsd÷e (Jirkavfeta) ‗ Wuggd÷e (Wativfeta)

Girli hf Sdfeta? Wuggd÷e (Jirkavfeta)  ‗ Wuggd÷e (Wativfeta)

IEIKDWDW FWXZVGXVZIK

8.9.6.9.  IWDLEIGD×E HF Z×XVKAW FE F]XZF@AW HF HDILAEIKFW T @AEXIEXFW

Hfjdha i quf kas fkf`fetas fstrugturikfs hf ki ir`ihuri pirij÷kdgi fstée sa`ftdhis i cufrzis hf
triggd÷e ixdik y ga`prfsd÷e ixdik, par ka quf sf kdjfri kas `a`fetas 7-7 fe fstas fkf`fetas, tik ga`a
sf `ufstri fe ki cdluri sdludfetf?
  
97

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

8.9.6.:.  GA@JDEIGD×E HF GIZLIW

Igarhf gae kis fspfgdigdaefs hf KZCH, ki Zfsdstfegdi hf Hdsfùa  Z  sfré fk `éxd`a vikar ajtfedha
e

hf kis sdludfetfs fguigdaefs?

9.  V 0 9.8H
:.  V 0 9.:H + 9.3K + 2.6(K a W a Z)
7.  V 0 9.:H + 9.3(K
9 .3(K a W a Z) + (K* a 2.6\)
8.  V 0 9.:H +9.2\ + K* + 2.6(K a W a Z)
6.  V 0 9.:H + 9.2F + K* + 2.:W
3.  V 0 2.4H + 9.2\
<.  V 0 2.4H + 9.2F
Igarhf gae kis girlis gaesdhfrihis piri fk prfsfetf prayfgta, sf tdfef ki sdludfetfs ga`jdeigdaefs hf
girli hfcdedhas fe WIR:222.

8.9.6.7.  ZFWVKXIHAW HFK IEÉKDWDW FWXZVGXVZIK HF KI IZ@IHVZI ZFXDGVKIZ

Kis cufrzis prfha`deietfs

y ga`prfsd÷e fe kasquf
(ZAOA), `dfetris fkf`fetas hf ki hf
kis cufrzis ir`ihuri
`a`fetasaeckfgtar
kis cufrzis
y kis ixdikfs
cufrzishftarsdaeikfs
triggd÷e (I_VK)
sfrée
rfkitdvi`fetf jioas. I gaetdeuigd÷e, sf `ufstrie kas rfsuktihas hfk ieékdsds fstrugturik hf ki ir`ihuri.
  
98

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

JZDHI WVRFZDAZ.- Wae fkf`fetas sa`ftdhas i cufrzis hf GA@RZFWD×E.

JZDHI DECFZDAZ.- Fkf`fetas sa`ftdhas i cufrzis hf XZIGGD×E.

  
96

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

@AEXIEXFW.- Wae fkf`fetas sa`ftdhas i cufrzis hf XZIGGD×E 

HDILAEIKFW .- Fkf`fetas sa`ftdhas i cufrzis hf XZIGGD×E. 

  
93

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

HDWFÙA FWXZVGXVZIK

8.9.3.9.  HDWFÙA HF FKF@FEXAW HF KI IZ@IHVZI

Kas pfrcdkfs ielukirfs K hf ki ir`ihuri fstée sa`ftdhis i cufrzis hf XZIGGD×E y GA@RZFWD×E.

Riri hftfr`deir kis hd`fesdaefs hf hdgmas pfrcdkfs, sf pragfhf gae fk gékguka dtfritdva par fk `ätaha
KZCH 47.
Fspfgdcdgigdaefs IDWG  ‗ KZCH 47?
Ru
 Il `de 0 ,  t
  0 2.42   …(9) 
 t Cy

Ru
 Ie `de 0 ,   t
  0 2.<6 , V 0 2.=6   …(:) 
 t CuV

K K
 722  r `de    …(7)
r  722

Zfikdzieha fk pragfsa dtfritdva gae WIR:222, kas fkf`fetas fstrugturikfs hf ki ir`ihuri sf aptd`dzie
i kas sdludfetfs pfrcdkfs ielukirfs
  
9<

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

JZDHI WVRFZDAZ.- Wf ihapti ue pfrcdk Xuja Zfgtielukir? 72 x 62 x :`` 

JZDHI WVRFZDAZ
Hfk hdsfùa, apti`as par?
Xuja Zfgtielukir
7 `` x 6 `` x :``
  
9=

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

JZDHI DECFZDAZ.- Wf ihapti ue pfrcdk Xuja Zfgtielukir? 72 x 82 x :`` 

:`` 

JZDHI DECFZDAZ
Hfk hdsfùa, apti`as par?
Xuja Zfgtielukir
7 `` x 8 `` x :``
  
94

@F@AZD HF G KGVKA FWXZVGXVZ K

HDILAEIKFW T @AEXIEXFW.- Wf ihapti ue pfrcdk Xuja Zfgtielukir? 72 x 72 x :`` 

:`` 

HDILAEIKFW T @AEXIEXFW
Hfk hdsfùa, apti`as par?
Xuja Zfgtielukir
7 `` x 8 `` x :``