Sstening nizing end noting down cause and effect ions ina lecture standing key cause and effect language orizing causes, effects, and evaluation Speaking ® Sentitying related ideas Svalating cause and effect relationships Using cautious language Reading dentifying cause and effect relationships in a text © shorwave Increased air humidity + longwave terrestrial emission from the earth Two local environmental factors body temperature Thermal stress (too much heat) + * & 2 Compare your notes with another student and help each other to complete any Symbots information. De inks 3. Expand your notes into sentences. Use words / phrases from Academic Language and + sets fluences Task 3 (0 express the cause and effect relationships clearly and accurately. Example: Thermal stress (100 much heat) + .. possible negative effects for human health ‘Thermal stress can result in negative effects for human health, 4 Connect your sentences in 3 to complete a paragraph about the effects of the bio- climate on human health. Ihe first sentence of the paragraph is provided. Bio-climate involves meteorological variables such as air temperature, and affects human health in various ways. TASK S Critical thinking - evaluating the content of a lecture INDEPENDENT stuby 1 Work in groups and discuss questions 1-3. Give reasons for your views, and use Ses wheter examples from the lecture where possible. Seething > presented ‘an we have too much progress? 250 couse orm effect pooner ae isa key Estening sil 2 Should we be promoting policies to limit progress and growth? identifying any evaluation 8 Dowe need to reduce the size of our cities rather than allowingand encouraging more aK petant. people to meveinto them? beth an eates esti related to your reso 2 Look back at the effects you suggested in Task 1, How relevant are they to questions study, and note down 2 Lookchackat the effects you suggested in Task 1. How rel they to questi cainelyeminy 1 S above’ suomi UNITAZA LISTENING 163‘Academic texts frequently contain some discussion of a cause and etfect relationship. You eed to be able to identity the causes and the effects they are related to, and the author's stance an each one, Language such as prepositional vetbs (ee. lead to. result in) are frequently used to show cause and effect relationships, and recognizing such language will help you understand these relationships It is also important to evaluate the strength of these Ideas for use in your own writing This module covers: © Identifying cause and effect relationships ina text «© Identifying stance in cause and effect relationships © Noticing and using prepositional verbs TASK 1 Previewing the topic of a text 1 Work in pairs and discuss questions |‘. 1 How do factors a-d influence the number of children people decide to have? @ occupation b education © income dtheroles of men and women 2 Why doyou think family size varies between different countries? 8 Whatis the effect ofa falling birth rate on a country’s population? 4 Why are people in developed counties living longer than in the past? TASK 2 Gaining an overview of a longer text 1 You are going ta read a textbook extract on changes in age structure during the 20th century. Work in pairs and note down three predictions about the content of the text. ‘Think about: + changes in the birthrate (the numberof «differences between developed children born per woman) countries (e.g, North America, Europe) + the number of older peoplein society and developing counties (e.g. partsof Altica, Asia, and Latin America) 2 Read the text quickly and check: of your predictions are included. 3. Based on your first reading, what is the authors’ purpose inthe text? © © explain why the world’s population continues to grow to describe the effects of an aging population and falling birth rates © to predict future changes in society TASK 3. Identifying the main ideas in a longer text 1 Read the text again and match each summary to aparagraph 1-5, 2 Less developed countries need to continue to develop while they undergo demographic change, in order to control population growth. _ Anaging population is causing changes in some parts of the world, © Demographic changes affect all societies in different ways, but overall populations are getting older. _ Alarger aging population means that there will he more interest in improving the quality of people's livesin old age. © In some countries economic success is preferable to ha ng @ large family. 2 Decide which of the issues u-c has the most significant effect on soctety. Give reasons, using examples from the text (o support your ideas. 8 World population growth, > Anaging population © The pursuit of economic success 366 wuIT12¢ acAoINGChanges in age structure during the 20th century Paver moar aaa have already taken place in our society did not See i Seance Ain (2006) pp507-10. The Boogy of Aging bservtons an Pps Oxo OxorgURWeN Press. GLossaRY cohort (n) 2 group of people ‘who share acommron feature, ‘sue as age group demographic (a) relating to the popuiation or groups within a population replacement rate) the ‘umber of people that need to bbeboin to keep the population atine sane level reproductive age 7) the {age at which people can have cilren unITa2¢ READING 367TASK 4 Understanding cause and effect relationships ina text 1 Read paragraphs 1 and ? again, and find information to complete the tabl Paragraph Cause Effect 1 Changes in cultural habits and biomedical practices nae 1 Several European countiieshavea stable age structure > and alow death rate 2 Half the world's population lives in regions with 2 fertility rate of lass than 21. 2 Underline the language in paragraphs 1 and 2that expresses the cause and effect relationships in 1, 3 Read paragraph 3 again and the pairs of sentences -c. For each pair, decide which sentence is the cause and whieh is the effect. {Societies with low birth rates are changing, Ihe ratio of older to younger people increasing. bb Changes in a society’sage structure can create other changes to people's opportunities and obligations, All societies have age-structured roles and opportunities. © The ratio of older to younger people is increasing. Other changes to people's ‘opportunities and obligations can happen. Other changes to people’ opportunities and obligations can happen. People may work longer and start a famity later, 4 Rewrite the pairs of sentences in 3 using the following words / phrases. asaresult because consequently this means that 5 Read paragraph 4 again and complete the notes, No developed countries have! -Families* as people work to achieve economic success. In the future, birth rates might 6 Read the first sentence of paragraph 5 and complete the diagram, cause etect Cause sedeeaneniccrmaetint cause jj TASKS Identifying stance in cause and effect relationships 1 Read paragraphs 4 and 5 of the text again and identify the author's stance on points 4a-e. For each point, identify the specific words that indicate the author's stance, Example: ‘The potential effects of population growth in sub-Saharan Africa, the Midule Fast, India, and China. (paragraph 2) Stance: This could have serious negative implications for the entire world. Words: isa race to see... bring grief to the entire world. 4 Society’ attitude to economic success and having children. (para. 4) bb The likelihood that birth rates will remain low in developed societies. (para. 4) © The implications of the changes for families, individuals, and policy-makers. (para. 5) ertect 2 What action does the author think will be necessary as 4 result of the rising numbers of older people? 368 UNIT 12¢ READINGPrepositional verbs (a verb combiied with a preposition) are a typical feature of academic texts. The extraordinary demographic changes that have alrendy taken place in our society did not ‘result from ony change in basic aging processes. The enhanced survvel of such groups leads te a faye increuse in the number of people Who reach reproductive age. healthcare to elderly peapte in developed secieties ‘The verb isnot usually separated from the preposition. For example, we say The most effective way 10 deat with the problem, NOT-The-most effective way-to-dealthe. robter with. thet prepositional verbs include: account for, consist of, depend en, focus on, look at, Prepesitional vorbs with two objects are separated in the active form, ‘tS common mistake to associate progress with economic grewth. We based our conclusion on the iesults of an extensive research project. Similar verbs include: contribute to ielcte to. Some prepesitional veibs are more common in the passive form, for example: is cssociated! with 's based on, is related to, Progress is sometimes associated with economic growth, TASK 6 Using prepositional verbs ' Complete the text with the prepositional verbs in the list. You may need to change the ‘grammatical form of some verbs. Note that some verbs are separated, contribute to account for base on resultin focuson associate with lead to Its likely hat developing countries will! much of the population ‘growth in the world and will? ‘another two billion people the world's population over the next 50 years, Much of the population growth is? the fact that standards of living are improving in these countries, Many developing countries are attracted by living standards in the developed world and their policy is to * achleving the ssame sucess, Itis partly this drive that has recent population increases. This overall nprovement in the standard of living in developed countries in life expectancy, with people living to an average age of 78, ‘compared with an average of 68 in developing countries, Therefore, past and current trends, countries such as China and India will have very large elderly populations to deal with in the future. 2 Select three of the prepositional verbs from 1 to write sentences about the ideas expressed in the text TASK? Cri ical thinking - evaluating a text as a source 1 Work in pairs and look at essay titles I~, Discuss which ttle the text on page 167 ‘would be most useful as a source for. Give reasons, 1 ‘Describe and evaluate the main changes in world demographics in the twentieth century! 2 “The varying demographic patterns around the world ate likely to cause a range of Problems for diferent societies Describe and evaluate the effects ofthese changes? 4 ‘All progress brings with it negative consequences: Discuss, 2 Highlight the information in the text that you would include in your chosen essay ttle. Give reasons foryour selection, INDEPENDENT STUDY | Innite 9.12 weve lola soe of he "ost cmon purposes academe texts Comparson ad onrast: ‘iscisson assesmentat Drolens sndsolutens 2nd descrigton of cause ana effect ientyrg ey feaures imguage and oganzationatpartems conte yous ison the purpeseot > ext time youreaé an aademic text read le ely t deity he Sethors perpose, UNIT22¢ READING 169,As with spoken texts such as lectures, written texts can focus malnly on causes, on effects, oF on both. It is important to state the connection between the causes and effects and make it clear to readers which is the cause and which is the effect. You can make this connection ‘through language, and through sequence. You neeé to plan and structure your essay in 2 logicel way, by deciding what is more important to focus on first, a cause or an etfect. Throughout your text, you need to use cause and effect language clearly. This module covers: Planning and structuring a cause and effect essay Stating cause and effect connections through appropriate language Writing and evaluating a cause and ettect essay TASK1 Analysing a cause and effect paragraph 1 Read paragraph 1 from an essay and decide whether itis: © the introduction amainbody paragraph the conclusion, Paragraph 1 ‘Tectmoiogical progress can have many negative consequences for wildlife, especially damage ‘to animal habitats. Ubanization can result in the loss of agricultural land, forest, or both. Depenging on the ocal environment, such land is often the natural hatitat of many animal species. including birds and bats. and larger animals such as deer and foxes. The rumbers of animals like these quantifiably decline as aresult of the construction of buildings and roads €on their fermer habitats, Forest destruction is particulatlyserlous in the Amazcn region, sub- Saharan Attica, india, and the Himalayas (Beeby and Brennan, 2008, p.347).Othet examples (of technological progress include an increase in air travel, resulting in dangers for birds, wien they encounter aeroplanes, as well as further loss of habitat on the ground due tothe building and expansion of airports. Clearly these problems are becoming more serious because ‘of the rapid growth of urban areas in many developing countries, and the increase ina travel ‘nce Beeby A Bronnan. A (2008) First Eelogy:EelogcolPncibles and Eaviormertlissues 3d ed. (Oslo: Oxted Unversity Boxe 2 Select the most suitable title 1-3 for the essay in 1. Destruction of the 1 nvironment isthe price we pay for progress. Discuss. 2 Describe the main effects of human progress on the natural environment 3 To whet extent is human progress desirable? Discuss with reference to elther environmental or social perspectives, 3 Decide whether each fem in the list from Paragraph 1 is a cause or an effect. technological progress damage toanimalhabitats urbanization loss of agricultural land numbers of animal species such as birds and bats forest destruction construction of buildings, roads, and airports 4 Connect the items in 3 usingarrows (>) to show the causes and effects. Example: technological progress > damage toanimal habitats 5 Note down all the causeand effect language used in Paragraph 1, including the surrounding words. Example: ‘can have many negative consequences for 6 Identify anye language used mples of evaluation in Paragraph 1. Make anote of any hedging these evaluations. 370 NIT 320 waiTiNeLea Cause and effect language hen writing a cause and effect essay its important to vary the language you use, rather ‘han always lying on he sae words and structures. You can do this by using words with ‘similar meaning, tor example: ‘Nouns: Technological progress can have many negotive consequences / effects / results for ‘onimat habitats. \etbs: Urbanization tends to result in /fead to / cause te loss of ocultolland forest, both, Prepositions: The numbers of animals lite these quantifnbiy declines as a result of /because of / due to the construction of buildings and roods on theit former habitats. TASK 2 Varying cause and effect language 1 Read Paragraph 2 from a different essay and identify the cause and effect language. Paragraph 2 Human beings are naturally driven to make pragress in many areas. such as technology an¢ ‘mecicine. There are many pessble effects of th’s progress. One effect isan increasing gap between rich and poor, because keeping up with progress and development is expensive. ‘Another effect Is a negative effect on the environment such as destruction of the ainforests, because human progress tends to involve constructing new cities and infrastructure. Also, ‘because populations in most countries ae rising. there is increasing pressure on limited land resources to provide food to meot this demand. One further important effect of human progress is the increasing expectation to use the latest medical treatments and drugs. ‘Thee |s also a serious effect in terms of pressure on government budgets because of this ‘Therefore, there are many serious effects of human progress in many different contexts, 2 Rewrite the paragraph using a greater variety of cause and eifect language. Refer to ‘Task 1 and Academic Language for ideas. 3 Compare your rewritten paragraph with the original. Which one is more effective? Why? TASK 3 Evaluating the structure of a cause and effect essay 1 Read the essay title and plan below. Evaluate the essay plan using questions |~\. 1 Does the plan seem logical and clearly developed? 2 How effectively does each part of the essay lead into the following part? 5 Isall the material in the plan relevant to the essay ttle? 4 Are the essay ttle, thes statement, and conclusion clearly linked? TITLE: Identify and discuss the key couses and effects of individual success in education. ] Plan Introduction: © Context: the growing importance of education ‘= Main points: the causes of success are motivation, intelligence, and good teaching «+ ‘Thesis statement: each cause of successis examined in a different paragraph: the effects related to each clause are integrated in each paragraph. Paragraph 1: Motivation drives students to work hard and make progress. Paragraph 2: Intelligence isa key influence on educational success. Paragraph 3: Good teaching leads to effective learning and individual achievement Conclusion: Each of the three causes discussed is influential, and all three together should have a powerful impact on individual educational success. 2 Work in pairs and compare your responses to the questionsin 1. vuniTa20 writing 47aTASK 4 Writing a paragraph for a cause and effect essay 1 Plana body paragraph based on the following essay title, Follow steps 1-6, TITLE: hat ae the moin effects of recent developments In techrolegy on education and learning? 1 Note down some ideas related to the question. 2 Decidewhich effects) to focus on, and prepare some supporting examples and evidence. 3. Work out the topic and main point of your paragraph, Write the topic sentence. Decide how you will express the causes and effects, and what language you will use Decide whether o include any evaluation of the effets. Refer to Paragraph 1 in Task 1s a possible model for organizing your paragraph, ot ookat Unit 4D, Task 1 on page 058 2 Write a first draft of your paragraph, starting with your topic sentence. As you write, think about the following points. Use the questions to guide you, + Coherence - Does the paragraph contain one main point? + Relevance - Are all the points relevant to the essay ttle and the topic of the paragraph? ‘+ Clarity Are the cause and effect relationships clearly expressed? ‘+ Comprenensiveness - Is there enough supporting evidence and exemplification? ‘+ Evaluation - Have you inchided evaluation where appropriate? 3. Make any necessary revisions to your paragraph. 4 Work in pairs, Read and evaluate each other's paragraphs using the points in 2, TASK 5 Planning and researching a cause and effect essay 1 You are going to write a cause and effect essay on the theme of progress. Start by. choosing one of the essay titles 1-5. 1 Progress tends to be viewed positively. What negative effects of progress can you identify? Refer to one academic discipline such as economics, medicine, or technology. 2 What motivates humans to focus so strongly on progress, and what are dhe main ofsuch motivation? fects 3. What are the main effects of progress in free trade, industrialization, or wireless ‘communications? 4 Identity and discuss the key causes and effects of individuel success in education, 5 How has progress in digital technology affected people's access to knowledge and the consumption of news? 2 Note down your initial ideas for your chosen essay title, and arrange these in a logical order. Use questions |-3 to guide you. 1 What isyour main focus the cause(s), the effect(s), or both? 2 Howare the ideas connected, e.g. possible connection, ora very strong cause and effect? ‘5 Whar does your audience need to know first, before moving on {othe next item? 3. Work out what further information you need in order to write your essay, for example specific evidence and examples to support your main points. 4 Asa first step, review some of the reading texts in this book. Identify material in these texts that you could use in your essay. Think about questions 1-3. 1 Isthe material useful and relevantto your essay? How? 2 Does the material support, oF give an example of, one of your main points? 3 How much of the material do you need to use, e.g. short quotation or paraphease, oF a summary ofa longer piece of text? 5. Now think about questions 1-% above in relation to any other source material that you have found online or in the library. 372 UNIT 20 warn INDEPENDENT sTuDY Planing an essay isa vital stage. and alos you to find relevant sources to incorporate inta your iting. > extend your range ‘of sources by looking ‘new textsin the and online. Always note ‘down the source so ‘that you can correctly reference it in your waiting