In coss over the next aventy years of upto {60 percent. They aso say thatthe potenti market for wave paver larger thar the market for ind and solar pewer combined, Sorshile the costs may be high tthe moment, they'll evenrualy came down. Ths eld make wave energy much more competitive the longer term, ‘So, 0 sum up all dee of the solutions we've looked at solar, wind, and wave power ~ allo these solutions may have been ‘hought ofa inefficient and/orexpensive inthe past. Butover the last ten to teen years environmental needsand political Support have created a growing market, Now, there's an increasingamoun' of evidence to sugges that they vil al become increasingly Important sourees of energy production over the nen ten to reny years 011.8 Extract ng s thot environmental ie considerations need to be 2 balanced, What Isnow possible, butespensive, sto capture and store CO, ‘What like to emphasize are the Aitieites invoived in dealing with nuclear Where 1,200 new wind turbines aweek can be situated shard tose. Unit 12 Biz extract 1 In today’s lecture we'e going 1 develop the -eneral theme of progress by looking at akey ‘rea of human progress. This is urbanization, the gradu movement of human populations ‘vay froma rural existencein the countryside, to living in towns and cts. And our tle today is The eects of urbanization on human heath Progress, as ve saw last week, suggests Improvement, the idea of things getting better. and ittends to be associated with ‘things iike economic growth, industalization, and urbanizason. Well, these things are of ‘course many ways very postive but as Tin, bout to argue, rapid grovrth such as we sce around us todey in many parts ofthe world ‘an have serlous consequences. And net all of them ate postive “The atea Fm going to focus on today's ‘urbanization, and in particular the impacts Of the urban fesse, the urban climate on Fhuman health. What are the eferson human health of lvingin act? Obviously it depends fon what kind of urban environment were talking about. notalleities are the same. Living in ving in Vancouver cr Copenhagen and lvingin..'don't know, et’ say Jakarta Dor Kolkata. jscleasty not the same thing, Dut here will be similar effets, none the less. Now these effects, these impacts, can be positive negative or broadly neu. But actually, when we talk about impacts they tend to be mare negative than postive ‘So, what are the main impacts ofthe urban climate on human health? Broadly speaking there are ro main ists which inlence people's health in cities. These ae heat stress luring summer conditions, and air polition. Heat sues in particular isa major factor, ‘mainly due tothe urban hea sland’ elec. ‘Now, the urban heat island eect refer o situation where the ateas around large urban ents, o cies, are measurably hoe than ‘he surrounding countryside and agricultural areas. Urban centres ae hotter beeause firstly {hey e bul up, rather than natural. They hhave more buldngs ad roads and fewer freon spaces. rather than vegetation shih Felesses moisture into the atmosphere. So, Inery broad terms, you could say that ral ‘teas are cooler and wetter bull-up areas atehotte and dryer Secondly, urban ateas Felease heat into the mosphere - they release heat inthe form of he energy rom buildings, from heating and at-condioning And heatislso erated by people, and by. tualfc, ofcourse. For these reasons usban teas ate hotter causing wha is known a the turban heat island effec. etme give you an example. The summer 0f 2003 was the hottest summer in Europe for ‘any centuries, nosiby since the year 150, Teresulted in lange nambers of heat related deaths across mich of western Europe, Particularly in big cities where cemperatures ‘wore higher. ince then, this whole see has become a partieulaly Important topic in science and governinent policy a now tke to look atthe tpleof bio. climate in some more deta. Bio-climate Isan important factor for human health Bio-climate involves and brings together al ‘the meteoroiogical variables, the different factors which afect he temperate of the human body. So, things lke ar temperature and air humiaity. he amount of moisture inthe ar. and also wind speed, short wave solar radiation fom the sun, and long wave terrestrial emissions, heat rom the ear stsll. All ofthese variables influence our body temperate, “The normaly accepted body temperature for a healthy human i 37 degrees Celsius Wha this means that humans have to keep body temperature of 37 in all climates under al climatic conditions. So there is very lite room for vatlation. Therefore too mueh hheat or thermal stress, can lead to negative effects on human health, very quickly mis quite key thar in some parts ofthe ‘world summer temperatures wil inezease due to global warming. Thisis going wo bes particular problem in urban areas. And hest waves lke the one in Europe in 2008 il be ‘nox rather than exceptional 'S9, how does heat workin relation tothe ‘human body? Well there are several processes joing on. We prochice energy constantly, as ‘result of digesting our food and through activites like walking and cunning, This fenergy has o be balanced in order keep ‘he bor temperature constant, a 37 degrees. Basically, in cooler ait, we ose heat energy’ because we need to use more energy to keep warm, And in warm air we gain heat energy Humansrelease energy 2 number of ays, such as sweating, and breathing deeply. Breathing deeply produces alot of humidity alot of moisture, and this leads toa significant Ios of energy fom the body ‘We can do this atany temperature, including tropical temperatures, ut as the humidity inthe surrounding air increases, the process comes les effective, The result an {increase in people suffering fom heat tess Two local environmental factors directly affect body temperature. These ae wind dnd sun. Any wind speed sail help to keep your body temperature down =the higher the wind speed he stronger the cooling cet, normally. On the other hand ify ‘tay to login the sun, you're exposed to sole radiation, which means you're receiving moze heat energy compared with being in the shade, So hear stress is elated to summerweather conditions without high wind speed, with high air temperatares ad high uri, and also being surrounded by the warm surfaces falls and roads, Ani's prety clear that youl find most of hese conditions in an turban envionment rather than rural one, Another factors that night-time temperatures tend to be much higherin eis thar outside, “These conditions are not deal for achieving 8 ‘00d sleep and recover. B28 extract Inthis presentation, want tolook tthe argument that economic growth isthe bes ‘way of measuring progress the progress of Society | think most people agree that ifthe economy is growing, then things are genezlly Improving fr that society. Henever there area number ofargurens against this Kea that economic growth isthe Dest measure of progress forall societies. And thats what ‘wantto alk about fs, ‘One ofthe main arguments schati'you have goods or services that are not sold, not ‘exchanged for money, then these goods or services don thave any economi value, Forexample, when people produce their ‘vin food, or take care of someone sho is Sick o look after an od person in their own ‘homie, no economic value is placed on this, Orinsocietes where theresa system of ‘exchanging goods, of exchanging services, ‘where io money changes hands, then these transactions aren't measured. So in eases lke these you havea kindof ‘hidden economy’ ‘which can't be measured. OK, let think about itn elation tothe simsora society In most societies high levels of employment where most people have a ob, isa sign of progress. Howeves, economic growth doesn't automatically ‘mean high employment. For example, when the economy Is growing you often have technological advances taking place. and these technological vances can aetally reduce employment, especialy in areas like ‘manufacturing or agriculture. If technology starts todo the work that was previously done by people, then obviously mare people will be unemployed, without aol And thie! a negalve eect, because there ate fewer people spending money keeping the economy rowing. And lo levels of empleyment also haveothereffees...on people health on their psychological well-being, educational ‘opportunites, levels of ere, and so on ‘Anotterssue to think abouts that ‘economic grow is usually measured in gross ‘domestic product. of GDP. GDP isthe total value ofall goods and services, in all sectors, produced by acountry in one year But the problem with using GDP asa measure of rogress i that t doesn't show how much money people earn in comparison to each other whois rich and so is poor, basically Soyou can havea situation for small percentage ofthe people, where their income ‘sincreasing drastically. but for mostocher people there's very litle increase in heir Income, and thei ving standards So growth doesn’t mean tha evervone is gesting ich, ‘only that some people are geting riche. In fact there are signs in some socleties where the gap between the rich and the poors, Increasing, So even in counties with high GDP. it's very possible for many people ttl be ivingin pores ‘One more point about GDP .. GDP focuses lonthe shor: term. It doesn ttake nto aceon, uniraz