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Printed at : Sanjeev Offset Press, New Delhi.1 Fundamental Integration Formulae 1.1 INTRODUCTION Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. In differentiation, we are given a function and we are required to find its derivative or differential co-efficient. In integration, the derivative of some function is given and we are required to find that function. 1.2 ANTIDERIVATIVE OR PRIMITIVE A function F(x) is said to be the antiderivative of the function f(x) on the interval (a, 5) if a @& FPel=Aa), Vee la, d). And we write d a Fel = fx) - J rena: - Fw. SOME SOLVED EXAMPLES ‘Example 1. Find the antiderivative of the function fx) = <*. 4 Solution. From the definition of antiderivative it follows that the function F(x) = = is an antiderivative because dafx* a3) oa a. Example 2. 7 (sin x) = cor x Solution, feosxds = sinx ‘Also, ifc is any constant, Then 2 (sin x + ¢) = cos x. ‘Therefore ;In general [ cos xd = sin x+c. 12 INTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY It shows that different values of c will give different integrals and hence a given func- tion may have an indefinite number of integrals. Remark. The presence of indefinite constant c justifies the name Indefinite Integral. ‘Thus, we may conclude that Z [Fe] = ix) = J fends =F) +6 where c + constant and known as constant of integration. Note (i) The symbol | is elongated S, and represents the summation and stands for integral of the given function, i) flx), the function which is to be integrated, is called the integrand. i) J dx is called integral w.r.t. x. (iv) ¢ is called constant of integration and it means any real number. (o) xin | fix) dx stands for variable of integration, (vi) The integral of a function may or may not exist. In other words, it may not be possible to find a function whose derivative is equal to the given function. (vii) The integral of a function if it exists is not unique and any two integrals of a function differ constant, (viii) The geometrical meaning assigned to the integral is area of some region. (ix) Integral is used to find physieal quantities like contre of mass, momentum ete. gt Result 1. Prove that | x" de =~ 46, when n +—1. aD mst a a Sol. We have 2 #"")_@+Dx" z dz|nvi} @+D nal ‘Thus, we may write tea Belo, The above Result is also known as Power Formula. Note. The Power Formula, could be memorise as inerease the power ofx by one and divide by the increased power. Result 2. Prove that [ 2de = lag | x1 +0, where x20. Sol. Clearly citherz>0 or x <0.FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE » Therefore, there may be two cases : Case I. Whenx>0,then |xle=x a ad 1 dx Hoe! x I= 5. (log x) = — Therefore, in this case, we get. 1 J Sax = log I xl +e. Case IL. When x < 0, then | x | =—x ad d 1 1 dx [log I x I] = dx Hog (-* = ca CO PRts Therefore, in this case, we get J ds =logilxl+ec Thus, from both the cases, we have J de =log Ix I +e. 1.3 SOME STANDARD ELEMENTARY INTEGRALS Based on differentiation and definition of integration, we have the following standard results. The student is strongly advised to commit these results to memory, because no further progress is otherwise possible. (i) <(@)=0 => [ 0.ax =c od ; (ii) a=) = f ledz exec (iii) (he) =k = [ kde skx +e n+ ww 22 1 ine Det axtine-l dx|n+1 ~(ntD kn _ = f= -dx =" +e;n#-1 d 1 1 (v) Glog |x l= — = J Se slog ixi+e (ut) fe) =e => J ef dx mete, cin £{ 2) oes =a*;a>0;a41 z = [ of de= c +cj;a>0,a41 log aINTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY (witty (ein x) = cos x => | cosxdx = sin x +e (ix) © 008 x) = sin x = [ sinx de =~ cosx +e (x) © (tan x) =» sec? x = | sec? xr =tanz+e dx (xi) © (cot x) = cosec* x => | cosec? x dx =-cotx +e crit) (see x) = see x tan x => | secxtan xdr = seex+¢ (xiii) £ (— cosee x) = cosce x cot # => | cosec x cot x dx =—ecosec x +0 (xiv) a (sin! x)= i => | ! dx =sin"' x +c dx 1- x" ji-x? a 4.).—2 1 — tan-l (rv) = (tan »)=7, 3 => J se stan xr+e . ad 1 1 (xvi) —(sec"! x) = => a ir = sec! x +e dx x¥x"-1 JES d 1 Note. We know that ——(- cos"! xj = de i-x? From this result, it should not be concluded that sin-! x = - cos-! x. Rather, sin-! x and cos! x differ by a constant. (xvii) 4 (cos! x) = —— => f at de = 008 x40 dx 1-x? 1-x? .», @ ‘ -1 -1 = = dx = cat"! (xviii) x (cot-* x) ext = f lex? cot x+c da om | -1 (xix) — (cosec"! x) = => dx = cosec™! x +c. dx xe? -1 J zyx? -j 1.4 INTEGRATION OF ALGEBRAIC, LOGARITHMIC, EXPONENTIAL AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS Example. Evaluate the following integrals : a I ae 5* oon | x (i) Jj cw (ii) J dx (iii) J a (iv) [ x4 de (v) fyeu (vi) [e?™* dx xFUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE (vii) j e™ dx (viii) fase dx (x) [ Yb? ap. Solution. (i) J dx = [x3 de x x a = +c 1 -~=+1 3. a5 =F teed Mee 3 . » (ii) fo dese te 1 (iii) | sam de = x ¥? de (34) +c Cr -12 say tes-arM@ere 2 (+1) a =| = x (iv) x” dx KésD +c x? =-—+te 5 1 1 -th —dx=[ —de = | x dx (u) lz ah 1 a-l fan) LS “(Ea (2=4) +c= ft (vi) Jerse idx = [e®*"dx = [xd (ix) fia ~ . _ ght : J v den +6] ts m log n = log n™] [‘ elt = fix)]6 INTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY (ui) fer dx =ze4+e. ° (viii) fab * de =f ab&* de [ve al * =x] dal 4 = {x". de = ~~ 4-2 * = |x = 301 +c= 4 +c r aX = a ‘ a * dy = a* (ix) 5 -dx i dx | Ja joga +e| af 2 ~— #1 p | (x) J Ye? -dp = ftp?) ap = fp ap = 4 fe |: Jt de= 2 +6] ~+ 3 63 3 = Fe +e= sp se. 3 1.5 IMPORTANT EXTENSIONS OF ELEMENTARY FORMS (a) All the results mentioned in the standard elementary integrals holds good when x is replaced by (x + a) in any formula. where a — any constant. For example : . ( + yred (i) [xtay" dx = TF +0; (n #— 1) a (x+a)"*! -~ 1 (n+) (e+ay" = (x + a)". dzx| (n+1) (n+ 1) 1 ae —— dr — . _ (it) xta =log |! x+al+e;x4-a. (iti) J sec’ (ix+a).dzx =tan(x+a)4+e (iv) fertt*.dr wert +e, (6) If x be replaced by (ax + 6) on both sides of any standard result mentioned in the list, the standard form remains true, provided the result on R.H.S. is divided by ‘a’ ie., the coeffi- cient of x, where a and 6 being constants. For example : (ax +6)"*! . by" dxr= (i) | (ax+ ) (na l)a +c; (nz-1)FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE, «(n+ 1) (ax +b. dx| (n+).a | (nt).a 1 fy te ax+b a Ses. 1 w (ai) foce*(ar +b) de= fan taced) 4e exh tiv) few? ae = +e. 4.6 THEOREMS ON INTEGRATION Theorem L. If ffx) be an integrable function on x, then Proof, Let us consider that [fia de = ga+0 By definition Sigel = fiz) = Steals 20 =fs)+0= fx) Elfreode] =p. a =(ar+ b) Efron AD oul) [By using equation (1)] Tv By using equation (2)] Note. This result shows that integration and differentiation are inverse processes and they neutralize the effect of each other. Theorem 2. Jrio ax =a] pivas where k =» constant. ie, the integral of the product of a constant and a function is equal to the product of constant and the integral of the function. Proof, Let us consider that ficode =a) ‘Then, by the definition of an integral, we have d ax B= fz) = 2 (eet) = ke. Sige =k. fx) = Joe fa) de =k gta = Je Perde=k. [radde Al) (2) Iv By using equation (1)] {+ By definition of an integral] [+ [rtarde= ats)]8 INTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY Remark. If fix) = 1, then Je-denk. frdeak[2°de-teoe, ‘This implies that, the integration of a constant 4 with respect to x is dx. ‘Theorem 8. Prove that the indefinite integral of algebraic sum of two or more functions is equal to the algebraic sum of their integrals. ie, Jota + geod = [fied + faced. Proof. Let us consider that Jris).de =A AD) and Jato.az =a) 2) £ yen=n0 8) and tata = ae Aa) = Symsae= Linon Zee =f) + ete) Jofer+ e0o-dr = Aad+ gi) (By definition of an integral] By using equations (3) and (4)] ef fiside+ [glade [+ By using equations (1) and (2)) Remark. (i) The generalization of the above result is fino fala) +... + fx@O). de = Jrwadcs fpirdstus fhladde. Gi) It can be easily derived that the indefinite integral of the difference of two functions is equal to the difference of their integrals. (iii) The results of theorems 2 and 8 can be generalized to the form flficers hafae) nn lode = inf flzres + inf aerae cot fey J falco ie, The integration of the linear combination of a finite number of functions is equal to the linear combination of their integrals. 4.7 IMPORTANT EXTENSION FORMULAE OF STANDARD INTEGRAL FORMS nat @ forge +e; (n#-1) et = Jeers by dea Gt sere _leglartdl «a fo -de tog tet +e = laa * =FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE 9 z= (iii) fat .de=— 4 03(a>0,a4- log a mirth => jam? de= oe tes (a>0;a#21) mirth e (iv) Jet -ae =e4+e = Jem"? .de= +c (v) foosx.dx =sinx +e = fos (ax +6) de = Siniar +6) be (vi) [sin x dx =-cosx +e = fein (ax +b)de =-8E*) (vii) [scc? x de =tang+c = [ec? (ax +b) dx = SEE *) +c (viii) [ cosec? x dx =-ctxr¢e¢ = Jose? (ax +b) dx = — ota +6) +e a (ix) [seex tan x dx =secx+c = foce (ax + b) tan (ax +) dx = 82 (ae*?) +¢ (x) [cose x cot x dx =-—cosecxr+c cosec (ax + 5) -——|a de SOME SOLVED EXAMPLES Example 1. Evaluate the following integrals : => [cose (ax +b) cot (ax +6) dx = (i) fa-xVz dex (ii) [Vr de (iii) | (e? -3x+ 4) dx (iv) [ a* .e* de (v) | 2.3% de (vi) [ (x? - 2e+ 4)? dex (vit) f x4 de (viii) | gt? de (ix) f 37° dx Solution. (i) [ G-2 Ve de =f We-xVx)de = f x? de-f x? de n+¢l1 ts fot ae n+110 INTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY x 2 2 - ten gmt x +e. Pr dn Va+1 ntl “ _f wa x “ " dy = (ii) | Yeax=f x dx = j +¢c [= ax ote —+4] 3 = Set +c. 2 ‘ a ttl (iit) [x -82+4)de = [x dx-3[xde+4f de : [x dr=——— +e 3 2 = 5-- 7S parte. (ae)* a f * * dx = * = a r = (iv) fa e J (ae)* ax log(ae) *° : fe dx oe a" e* = log (ae) *“ 2y 9X E gi z we x - a* (vp) [ 2% .a%dx = [ 4*.3%de=[ 12* de : fa dx Ze] 12" = jog 12 * (vi) | (x? - 2244)" de [ (a+b +e)? =a? +b? +c + 2ab + he + 2ca] = | (x4 + 4x7 + 16 - 4x9 - 16x 4+ 8x") de - | (x4 — 4x9 + 12? - 16x + 16) dz =| x4 de- a] x* de +12] x* de ~ 16{ xdx+16{ dx a+] : [ xtae== +e| n+l] 5 4 a 2 x 4x x x eS tPy - By + lOx +e xo xt + 49 — Be? + lO 4c. on]FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE weet ned (vii) M4 de== te as fxtaee® J Ba fxta © dee OT =01( 25) + {orden 2 +6] (ix) Jat dra fa" de [em log n= log n™) an =Jeueti te te a" oa] aise Example 2. Evaluate the following integrals : i) f geet ay flow @ f sFar id fF see xdz 3 (itt | JEG? + 28? -2 + 9)de ww [(¥-4) dz [ faracn io ai [feet xae=3 fcc? rdr =F tne ee, (iit) [ Vela? +20? 5 +8) de = fata? +20? -243)de = fet 4 22 2? 43x") de = fa deo afc de fa de +8 fede ,12 INTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY (io) S(4-4) a= fler- a (a-6)' =a— 68 Baba - 6) = fl? 9 32 Pe ar = fee ae ede = foe? =a ~ 30" 432) dx = fs dx— fe deaf x dz tafe" de 3 1 1 we) g 2) gy! gat @) estanfé 2 fede fort ide= Fo - ~241*°= Example 8. Evaluate the following integrals : of(eD(e dle Go JE ae tin (50) ax toy [50° 4204-104 feo 2) ae ( [EEE ae.FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE 1\(.2, 1 Solution. (i) f(z+2}{« + las zx x = fl? +3} {2 +5) la = i= thee 3 late : f(# ta4ie 5 Jae = fetes [x.de+ [ae + fax git} lel ‘el wit = 301 + Tat eglal+ = 341 +c 4 2 <2 x = x fo + | lx l4+——+#e “a 2° 8 -2 4 2 x" x 1 = —+— +log | x | — —— +e 4° 9 78 Se iy JER ae [+B Sere florea) =afl.dr+b[tde+e x? dx =x “241 cz =ax+blog|x!l+—— 77 801 +C “1 cr =ax+blogixl+— 7 +C€ sax+blogix!-—+C. (iii) J fe+5=* Jae= farm d+ [5x* dx = 3fx«” dx +5{x* dx hea 3x 2 Batt? 2 #c23.—. x84 “Ty 401 1 +e Z =6 x +x 4c. (iv) is + 2x76 tat fo 9) a = a de +2[ x de—1[x.dr+ [= de+5{—dx a4+1 =i+1 L+i -¥2+1 = ox 42% 2s += +5loglzl+¢e 3+1 -5+1 1+1 lui 2 4 4 x"? =e, re +=] +5log zi +e 214 INTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY eae Ta aie l+x+x° (l+x)+x" (1+x) x (v) dy = Jar (lea) x*(1+x) il; 7+) ag fie +f a= iE der ft lez gael Se slog (142 ten > a tog 1142 | ee =~ = + log | lex! +e. Example 4. Evaluate the following integrals : (i) Joss dx (ii) fa ~ 42°) dx -x° 4+4- ! ix 2 (iti) (re) = ja [rz dx (v) Jaca ‘ de. 1 +1 2 Solution. (i) [Vax+0 de = [lax +b)” de = eet te Fs v2 _ x+y c=— 2 (ax + b)*? + ¢. Ge) ™ 3° (ii) [e4x? 4x) dx =4fx® de—4f x dx 4,3*1 4y75t1 4x4 4x “Gal -ea*¢" a a te 1 ext+—7 +e ; . 2 ~ giex?*+x-1 eee - -1 (x-Di(x" +) =a7(x -1)41(x -1) (iii) eae Tem ee —— fr x(x x J x-1 J (x-D =(x —1)(x? +1) 3 = |(x?+Ddr = [ x? . Je Jz dx +f dx 3 +x+C (iv) J x? dx = l+x*-1 5. [Add and subtract 1 to the numerator] 1+x? 1+ x? 1+x* 1 = fl Sept = fae] are -tan2x+c : [chp aestant xed +xFUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE 15 wf @-3* Vaden f Wt-62+9). lade = fa? 62 4.9).2 tem fx 6x 4 92) dr = f 2 dx —6f2%* de + 9f 2" de. 3 1 att get"! get! a7? ae? ont? Bh Shr Ta Wa 82 a2 2 2 2 <224 2 60% Example 5. Evaluate the following integrals : ( J et +Se0na— 40! +.2)dx tip f (- 20+ aa f on wy ( 22 ae wf FS io) f EE x? yf x42 ofa wo fF a Bx ty [ et? (oid J oe (wits) [ See ax. Solution, (3) fle! +3 conx—4x* + 2)ds af farsa] cosxde-4f a2 dx+2] de ‘ wersasinz- “2 s20e0 se+3sinz-x'+2r+c. io { (a 1 aege-of taeaf Wo f(e ~2e" +B)ae= Je de 2f et dee f Aue oo + fetde= +e = net tog let te 1 a J deslogizl+e. z = Jet et 4 log lel te 2 x ad tes Since the degree of numerator is greater than the degree of denominator, therefore by actual division, we have16 Is l+x lix- Loe -Jre- fa [Add and subtract 1 to the numerator of second intergral] 1 =f ede-J aes] O net v J tden2 0 nel =x+log | 1+x 1 +c. J dae=togict+e x 1 . qez, _ f lare Gu) eae J x41 1 “Jae {Add and subtract 1 to the numerator of the second integral] 1 esto J “+s Tee og | 14x 1-x4logl14xi4e log | 1x 1-240. wes ae Since the degree of numerator is greater than the degree of denominator, therefore by actual division, we have : 3 x4 ix? —4( x- ota [= » Ale * aux . 1 @+bP =a? +b? + 2ab) |e18 INTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY ‘engl 0 Bealaate the Slowing ines: w f(E+4 +fast eat +a). dx ;a>0 w@] omy, de Gi) f eet 4 cote 4 c0te), de toffee - Solution. () S(E+de= +0" +03) a2 fedrea flare fae det fat devo [x.de Z 57+} ©) fie" +0" +e" 0% +sina).de. 1 - x dx 2 = Es etogisls +e. loga pet set Gi) Jott d= isaa* sit fam de x oa oo: * Shoge *° : Je de = Egg ia Oia al (Gi) fle? + eth 4 et OtA) de = Jeetee 4 eh 4 ede te mlogn =log n™) = flat +2° +0%).dr [ee 5 fa] “4 +@*. x4. = fot.des fet. der fat dx “tga ani wo ff s-7F -+}.e x fucace | iypae~ 2] Fg ae Joa a weetante—Qeirte- 3 46 : J ggg tertante reef Ppa wsin"ts +eFUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE 19 ©) Jl? 407 +e at 4sin a). de = Je ade Jat de [cay d+ fina. de zo) ot (eal - tiga aes Tine zte Example 7. Evaluate the following integrals : » f= ay [+O idx weer faq a [TE ae aay f atte? ey - x See tay amar. win [ wf nT A Solution. () [7 —.de x +l ‘ = oe [Add and subtract 1 to the numerator] : a®~b? =(a +bXa-b) (2? - x7 +) 1 — det dx x+l Ira » (xt 1) (x9)? 17 2(e? -127 0) =Jot-vde fore sae fidesf rede = 2 -estarizee [- Jpdze-tntard| saane ti {TERY ae @ 2 [OP HO +20" .b* ate -f [<= OF, 20h) a*b* a*b® a*b’ (i @+ bP =a? +206 + BY20 INTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY watt (x +2074 1-2? @-24) (e240? 2? (t-a+) * (cP 414 20x? 41-2) (a? =x +1) -dx [Add and subtract x? to the numerator) dee = fet e+ D) de Tv (e?-64 =(a- Xa +8] sfx? dre fx.dx+] dees Bare, fo 1 de (Add and subtract 1 to the numerator] Ji+z * . 2 © See “(HE- sea) de = files)? de- fia sy dx “ase?! aia?” eee Gt? Gea “fi -1 3/2 v2 (Fea). aja = F408 2040! 4e, Example 8, Evaluate the following integrals : . 1 o 2x | eae ©) pees (ii) f xYSe=2 dx Gi) f (a4 eet). 1 i = de Solution.) Let I laa | L Jour i- faxt2 senalizati |) sates eee * [On rationalization] - ee 1- \2z42 (@a+)-(ax+2) =f Se af Wev8 de- J fev ide =f x42)" de~f ar+ 0” de . ge = (ae BT [: Jlaxrbt de eat? +c L (a+6)(a-6)=a?-B*]FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE 21 day dot x42)?" Grey? a tt aoe) 2(3+3) (ax + 2! — Fae UM +0 = glide + 2) Qe+ IPA] +e. f 2x (i) [| —2* ede | eS =| BE x NOPE INOUE ay [On rationalization] Yats+ja-x yars-Ja-= [Te @+5)(a-6)=0?~8%) =| EE ae | are | te =f @s+n arf @-n? ae tay Lat (a +x)? (a~ x)” a py _ fax BT . (3-3) ots)” [: J exe or ae EO 2 2 2 2 = Farr + Fa-n +0 2 = 5 lesa Ha- Ml +6, (iii) Let 1s f x/5e-Bax of Sx or=3 as (Multiply and divided by 5) - zJ (5x -242)/5e=2 de [Add and subtract 2} =3J (x—-2)f5x—2 d+ 2 {5x-B dx ati -9” 2 a = Ef 6-2 ara Z | e-2)" deINTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY _ 1 Gr- git 92a a? e 8 ye oe by** [: J tas oy" ar= aD --| 2 4 = Fog Gt BF + ae Ge— 2 a0. io) f 8 Hebd bes a fak-tare | ear e Jot de= to re “foe ferttaee Example 9. Zualuate the following integrals : @ Jeg, x-de lees ide 2 Gi FY ae © | Fostee of a ade 0 fat Solution. (i) flog.x.de=J1.de = +e. (slog, .a = 1) [eee Jat Ee (On rationalization} (a? = 6) = (a + ba -5)) = j ete) Grta~Je+b) 4 te “Gta)-G+d) ” agate a-& fast ae elk eta 1 ey! a-6 32 o-6 32 *°FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE 23 1" e+ o ae 5g arb ee 3 a 2 +b)? +e -b 3° a-b ~~ ® 2 iti J Beh ae. ‘Note. If the integrand is a rational function whose numerator and denominator are polynomials and degree of numerator is greater than or equal to that of the denominator, then, first divide the numerator by the denominator and then use the result : F = Quotient + ae] Denominator. (ox4 0? dx? 4441 x-2) at yazed les 2 —. de = | ————.. da -Bx x-2 x-2 + 26 1ax+1 = fae de 412224 2%, x=2" act =p Wee 25 log | x- 21 +c met + 1Br + 25 log | x-2 1 ee. Wo |e cr a ze =| 1 V8 +8- V62=2) oe (On rationalization] Noa+8+ o-2 “isd fore = _ f vGe43 - J5x-2 (gt B= _ = erp ly @-B6)=(@ + ba -8)1 =f cen ft te [Ta] =p [Jox+9" ae fex-2" ax] 1 Pees | “5) 3 3 3° 25 =1f2 pa _ 2 og, gyn §[ Zee +99? - 2 x-a29?] 6 = Gre 9 —Gr- B14 6.24 INTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY [ie mlog, n= log, n™] =f elt ("2 = Fay] ©) [ate * yxtl-yx-2 1 Jx+1+Jx-2 ‘i, enti: 2 . (On tionalizatic See = (On tionaintioy 2 fein 2 (> @*=04) =(a+ bXa—6)) (e+ D-(2-! a = pe? = Efe vY? des fie-2" dr] 1 [G+ | @-2)” 1f2 ao, 2 972 opr a sex 3[Baew ge +c 2 22 eer Dee 2h te, Example 10. Evaluate the following integrals : yy feetl a) [24 fate Go J 25 -a. Solution. First, see note given in the part (éi) of above example. o faye) she “S(* -s?414—2 )e x41 = fct-2?+D.de25 xe) Fat let ety FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE. = fet de- fa? des fide wet x xt - - et-Derte — 5 8 a=xt41 axt-g? + + xed el Example 11. If f(«) = ty Solution, We have fa) = [r'@).de = J (5 1 1 “Je loe > fix) = log tx 1 + tan x4c x when x = 1, f) => FT elog 1+ tan! 1+ Fr0+E rem c=0 Aix) =log |x + tan tx, 1)26 INTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY Example 12. [ff (x) = a sin x + bcos x and ro=4,=3,7(2 = 5, find ftw. Solution. We have fid= Jrvo.de = J(asin x+5 008 2).de za fsinzdr+d [cos x.dr = fit)=-acosx+bsine+e (1) when x =0,/(0)=4 = 4=asin0+bcos0 = 42046 = bed (2) whenx = 0, 0) =3 By using equation (1) = 3=-acos0+bsinO+e = Bs-ate = e-a=3 (8) whens 4,7(E) = 2 2 By using equation (1) Epa k = 5=-acos F+bsin = +e = B= -al0) +b) +e 2 5=bec = Bade [By using equation (2)] > c=1 4) ‘Substituting the vlaue of c in equation (3), we have = 1-a=3 = as-2 Now, substituting the values of a, b and c in equation (1), we have fix) =2cosx+4sinx +1. 1.8 INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC AND INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNC- TIONS Example 18. Evaluate the following integrals : (i) Jean? x.de Gi | f= sin Be ode Gi) [tin x +008 x).de Gv) [ cosee x (cosee x + cot x) dxFUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE 27 Solution. (i) [tan? xdv = fisee? x- Dae [++ eect A- tan? A= 1] = Jove? ede fide =tanz—x4e. (i) f JIB Be ae = f (eos? x + sin? 29-2 sin x c08 x)” de [+ cos? A+ sin? A = 1, sin 2A = 2sin A cos A] = [llcos x sin a)*}"* de = (cos x sin x) dx = Joos xd~ fain xd = xin s—(-c08 x) +6 =sinx +cosx+c. (iti) (sin +008 x).de~ [sin x de+ [eos de cosx+sinx +e. (iv) Joosee x (cosec x + cot x)de cosec® xdx + fcosec x cot x.dx cot x — cosec x +c. in 57 SRE |. ae cos? x cos? x = Jevec? see xtan x). de = Joc? x.dde— free xtan x.de stan x—seex te. Example 14. Evaluate the following integrals : @ Je see” x —7 eosee® x + 30" )dx wf tan(3z - 5) sec (3z - 5) dz iy fein? oy fein? titi) | sin® 3 ae (iv) | sin? 2x4 Dade () J cost Beds. Solution. () { (sec? x-7 cose? x4 3e*) dx =6f sect xde~Tf cosec? x de +3) et dx =6 tanx —7(—cot x) + Se" +e = Gtanx +7 cotx+ Set +c. wi) J tan (82 ~ 6) sec(3z ~5) dz => 1-cosA=2sin? — 2 =e oe, [« J secs tan 2 dx =uee x +e] (ii) J sin? ga = 3f 2sin? 5 dx [Multiply and divided by 2] 1 ss 1-eos 2A =2sin? A = 5] (-cosarde ‘28 INTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY 1 1 =3J ldr-3 cos xdx 1 . 1 . = pep tins te= 5 e-sinal+c. tiv) f sin? ax+ Dae -f $sin ax + 1)- Zain tae + 0] a 4 4 > sin3A=3sin A—4sin® A = 4sin® A=3sin A-sin3A = sint A=Ssin A-1 sin 3A 4 sin (e+ Dde-2f sin 6x+3)de asset) [==] SS | - =| Eee 2 4 6 = $ cos (2+ 104 Gt cos(Gr + 8)+e. () J cost ax dx =f (cos? 20)? de 1+ cos 4x =J drests) dx ‘+ 1+008 2A = 2e08? A = 1+c0s 4A =2cos? 2A (142 cos 4x +008? 4x) dx > J J (1+2c08 tes tesB ae 4 i 4 (14200842444 eons) ax (§ +ecears 2 eons) de te ies kl lee # ax+3f vos dx des 2 cos Bx dx (2) (a) +a | |] 2\ 4 8. 8FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE 29 Example 15, Evaluate the following integrals : sin? x 1 ade of Teens as Wi [sro (ie) [sin Ji veon Be wd 243 cos (wy f 22 Sees ain? x ~ cos? Solution, ) f sin’ x ge [ 1008" = gy [: sin? A+ cos? A = 1) 1+cos x Te cos x tens 2-08 x) 4 = Jo1-cos x) ax T+ 608 x = fide Joos rd ax—sin x +e. 7 {2 sinx «@ [per [e a? b? (a4 bXa-B)) sinx cos” [v sin? A + cos? A = 1] = Jee? x de — Jace xtan x de = tan x ~s0ex +0. [Multiply and divided by 4] wre ames =4]—— dt =4 Poy de lar Jrsee * (> sin 2A =2 sin Acos Al At cot 2x) 2 —2cot 2 +c. (ivy [sin x, fT+c08 Be ce = sin x. 2 008% x de cos 2A = 2 cos? A - 1) = V8 fsin.x.cos ede = F [asin coon de {Multiply and divided by 21 sp Jsin2eae (> sin 2A.=2sin Acos A]30 INTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY + 2430082 2 Seos x w Je a(S. se 2). as 2 or Sin? = =2 fonsee! x de-+8 fot x cosee x dx =—2eotx—3 coseca +c, Example 16. Integrate the following functions : (i) fan x + eat xP (gi) £08.28 = 008 2a, cos x = cos a (iii) z (iv) (2 tan x - 3 cot x)? , ©) ~. sin? x cos” x Solution. (i) {tan x +cot x)" dx = fetan? x + cot? 2+ 2tan x cot 2). de [sect A— tan? A= 1, cosee? A cot? A = 1) af {eect x1 comet «14 2.4an 2.4) ode tans = Jicoe? x + cosce? 2-242). = [soe x + cosce? x) de = [sec? x. dx + [oosec? x.dy =tanx—cot x +0. sy { SOBRE = 0082 2 @w cosx-cosa” [cos 2A = 2 cos? A- 1) 2» )—(2eo8? 2 e— 2.008? (Boost xD Geoe a) gg . | Pom seme gy cia cos x— oso (cos? x - cos" a) (cos x +08 (eos x cos ct) 2 cerccsa cas c—eosa “ot af (cos x — cos a) de =2 f(cosx cosa). dr =2 feosx.de+2 feosa.de 22 feos xdr+2c0s 0: [1.de =2sinx +2reosa+e. sin? x cos? (sec? x~ Wd = [sec x.dx- [1dr =tanz—x +0. sec? A -tan? A= 1) Sede = [tant 2drFUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE 31 (iv) J(2tan x — Scot 2)? dz = Jretan 3)? + (3 cot x)? - 22 tan xX(3 cot x)].de = [G4 tan? x +9 cot? x 12 tan xeot 2).ds = Jtatsec? x — 0+ 9e0see" x - 1) - 12}. de [: tanzeotx=tan 2. =] tans = [ld sec? x- 449 cosee? x 9-12) de = [td sect x+ 9 cosec! 1-25) .ds a4 occ! xde+9 feoseet x.dx-26 fide =4 tan x9 cot x 25x40. = (gittng-qaitite,) «= (atest « fin? x oss in? xeon? = cont JarktieJask« = [seca tan x de ~ [ cosse x cot x dx = see x + cosee r+. Example 17. Evaluate the following integrals : eos? x- sin? x Seosx+4 ® de iy [EEF ae 0 ea 0 Pe io z 445 .in x (ii) [ Jt+sin& ae vy | de w) | fim sing dx wif aie ae « oi eet tan®” cos? x- cos 2x Solution. (i) == yee x= [ oe cos 2x {2-cos® 2x 1 ot agen te 60s x ‘| cosx +4 i) See ide sin’ x 2x sin? x32 INTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY Tie 4 ee" SEE de + 4 Poasect x dx af : sina‘ sinx 23 feosee reot x.dx +4 feosee? rae =-Becosee x—4 cotx +e. ws = iit) J jirsin 5 de + eos? A+sin? A=1 = J yoos? $+ sin? + 25in cos = oeke sin 2A =2sin A.cos A 4 4 aoa = sin A =2sin 5 con 5 “J fowS ssn) dee [foo + sin). ae (sin x/4) | (cos x/4) = Se ke V4 Va Joe = Joos Fax fin Fae te= Asin 4 cos 4 iv) [Ae 5sin st x deaf 4 des fo SP ae cos? x cos x ' cos x 4 = + (ao Se) = 4 face! x.dx+5 free xtanx.de =4tanx +5 see +c. w J ising de cos" A+sin? A=1 = Joos? Sain? 2-205 sin = de sin 2A =2sin A cos A \ 2 2 2 2 s ~A A > sin A =2sin “> cos >FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE 33 | sin? (ei) lees? a+ cane = sin A=2sin cos | vnactunbons| 2 2 * 1+c08 2A = 2 cos* A = 14608 A= 20s? 4 tan? = dx Ee sec? A-tan® A = 1] _ (eect —tan x) de [On rationalization] (see x - tan x) tye = f Se ets ay [se a®=b' = (a= bXa4 d)] sec* x—tan* x = five! x= see x tan x) de Ie sect A=tan® A = 1] = foect x.dx— Jseex.tan ide =tanx-secx+c. Example 18. Evaluate the following : of =a cose Gi) [sin x08 x (sin 2x + 008 22). de 1-cosx se tan x 1- cos 2x id | Sian a do) f (E8832) ts = - 2 ope Solution, (i) { 8—SE2E yp = f SO eae x= Dy 1-cos x l-cosx x Boos? x+1toosx yf -(2cos* x-cosx- 1) 1- cos j= = (cos xD) (20s x + 1Xeos x - 1) = f Sess Mess ae = [@cosx+D.dr (cos x- 1) =2 foosx.de+ [1dr =2sinz+xee.INTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY (i) [sin x 00s x (sin 2x + cos 2x). de = 3 fe sin x cos x). (sin 2x + cos 2x).dx [Multiply and divided by 2] sin 2A = 2 sin Acos A} = 3 Jin 2x (in 2x + cos 2x}, dx u 3 fitsin? 2+ sin 2x cos 2x). de = + Je2sin® 2x+2sin 2x-c0s 22) ae [Multiply and divided by 2 again] = 1 f1-cos + sin 4x) x [is 1-cos 2A =2 sin? Al =} [Jt-ae— feos dx.ax + Join dx dx] 1/, _sinde _ cos de 4 4 Gii) Please try yourself. (Ans. see x—tanx+x4e] 1-cos 2A =2sin? A’ 1+ cos 2A = 2cos? A stanx-xte Example 19. Evaluate the following integrals : ° offs + sin 2). sect x. de (iy J ee sin? xeos? x 7 sin® x , i cin | ee w [rae wo {(e ~ cos: 2 Sar sotation (a f= 285), see de 2 + (1 - cos? wf 2) nets Iv sin? A+ cos?A = 1) =f (PS ESE*) sets . 1+2FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE 35 = f| TEE, see? 2-98 coo? x] de lex? +x” = Jove? x. de dx =tanx—tan e+e. ci [in ztomt z+ooa' x (a? +59) = (a+ 6)? = Sab(a +b) sin? x cos” x (sin? x + cos? x) -3 (sin? x + cos” x) in? 2 vax sin? x.cos® x sin? A + cos? A = 1] “Slgrtan-t}-« in? x + cos? = [SH dra fide sin? A+ cos* A = 1] sin? xeoe? x cos” x = + [$24 dea fide Vint reas?» J [> G?=6?)= (a+ bXa-d)} 1=2sin? x cos* x [Add and subtract 2 sin? x cos? x} = [Seinen n= 2sin® x cos? x}. (sin x + cos? xXsin? x~cos? 0] 4 1-2sin? xcos? x [y sin? A+ cos® A= 1]INTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY = fisin® x 60s” x).de [ir cos 24 = cos? A~ sin? A] (Cs cos 2A = cos? A — sin? A) [Iv cos* A+ sin? A = 1] cos 2A =2cos* A-1 = ee h= 2 008? Ay 1 = Trg lessinal+e 2 st 2 et? loi, 2y 1 1, = 57g 7 Bta g Sine t= gx - Gx 5 sina te.FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE 37 1.9 EVALUATION OF Jain «dx AND Joos" ax Inorder to evaluate [ sin® xx and j cos” xdr for n= 2, 9, 4 the integrands sin* x and cos" x are expressed in terms of sines and cosines of multiples of by using the following formulae : (i) cos 2A —2sin?A ii) cos 2A = 2 cos? A= 1 (ii) sin 3A =3 sin A-4 sin’ A (iv) cos 3A = 4 cos’ A - 3 cos A. Example 20. Evaluate the following integrals : (i) J cos? ne ae (i) f cost eae Wii) [ sin! xe téo) f sin? ede, 1 Solution, (i) f cos mdz = 5] Bees ne dx [Multiply and divided by 2] 25 J (1+0m ne) de [ ¢0s 24 = 208? A= 1] x1 sin2nx “alt dea 3 J eos2ae. dr 4 te ied. sin 2nx +¢ (ii) J cont x.dx = f (cos? x)? dx 2 =| (PS ds = 2 (1008? 2x-+200828) dr 4 =1f (+ Tee. noose) de 4 2 1 1a ea) (103+ Seow du-+2con2) cs 1p (3 d “q ($+ Jeoe4x + 2c082) de “Sf a Jeon d+ 3 cos 23) dx =Bfrdes Tf onstr.de se} contxde _3e,1sindx 1 sin2e “eta 4 “272 *° neh sindes sin dee ity J sin® x.de w [ (sin® 2)? de Iv 005 2A = 1-2 sin? A} “SEPS) a =i) (1444554 acon) 7 J (1 re08? e208 2s38 INTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY 1 (143+ Beosax - 2eos2r) dx (3 +dcosax- Beast). dx J 4 1 *4 3 8 j J (+ Wnts tents} dk J Loads + 3 f cosas. de - jf em2eae 1sindx 1 sin 2x *e 04 2B sD singe— tein 2x +e ‘y sin 3A =3sin A-4ein A ivy f sin’ x.dx =f (Gain tsinax) ae = Asin? A =Bsin A—sin A 4 a a, 3.4 1a = sin’ A=3sin A—bsin A Example 21. Boaluste the following integrals : ( J sin? 2x4 5).dx Gi) J sin® x cos? x dx Citi) J 009? xed, Solution. (i) { sin? (2e+5).dx > cos2A=1-2sin? A = 2sin® A=1—cos 24 1-cos 2A 2 1 2(2e +65) fas = sin?A= 1 Lids ~ 5 J cos (4x +10). dx sin (4x + 10) ‘+e 4 sin (4x + 10) +c. 2 i 8 z_ 2 (i) J sin® x cost dx = f (sin x e08 2)* dy 1 {Multiply and divided by 16] a 1 f isin 2x) 2. f (sin e008 2). = 5g J (sine) ede J (sin? 2ay? deFUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAE. 39 1 ¢ (1 cosdx *: cos 2A =1-2sin? A * 16 * => 2sin? A =1—cos2A = sin? Aa £7008 2A 2 = sin? 24 = 1 c0s4A 2 1 2 = gq J atone 4x - 2008 42).dx -a/ (1+ 429889 ons) ae 1 1, cos8x =a) (urd . ~ Bean te).de 15 (8, cos8x -al (3-25 — neosas). as 1 = yyy) (9+ 000 8x —4 e004). de 1 =i J vedo f cos sx dx—4 f cos 4x.ds] = ylte+dene 424], - galt Jin —sin 4] 9 iii) J cos? xa = f (2) te a feoste.dr+f Scosx.dr |x cosA =4 cos? A-Beos A 4 = 4.0008 A=cosSA +3008 A cost A= 20838 +308 A 4 1.40 EVALUATION OF {sinmx cosnx d Jeosmx cos nx dx AND Joimmnx sin nx dx In order to evaluate [sin ms cos nx de, fcosmecasnede, [sin mesin neds, the integrands sin mz cos nx, cos mx cos ny, sin me sin nx are expressed in terms of the sum (or difference) of sines and cosines of multiples of x by using the formulae : (@) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A- B) Gi) 2.cos A sin B = sin (A + B)—sin (A - B) (iii) 2. cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A -B) (iv) 2.8in A sin B = cos (A — B)— cos (A + B)40 INTEGRAL CALCULUS MADE EASY In applying these formulae, it is advisable to have A > B, because A > B would imply A-B>0. Example 22. Evaluate the following integrals : @ feos mx cosins de + when (a) m+n (b) m =n. Gi) finms sins de men > m-n#0. Solution. (#) (a) It is given that, when m # n, feos ms cos ned = 2 [2c08 mx cos nx de (Multiply and divided by 2] = 2 feos (a+ mx + cos m ~ nsx [++ 2.008 A cos B= cos (A + B) + cos (A ~ B)} 1 1 = Jeostm+ ma de-+ 5 [costn -n)x.dx _sin(m + nde, sin (m—n)r “Am +n) 2Am—-n) (6) When m =n ; cos mx cos nx dx = cos” nx dx J J = 3p cos? nx = 2 fas cos2nv).de [Multiply and divided by 21 1 1 2g) ede t 5 foot 2ne.de gh sindat 41 cin one ee. 2 2° Qn 2 4n° ~ wf nima sin nx di = 2 [2sin msin ne x [Multiply and divided by 2] 7 } Jleostin —ne~ cost + nix Ide (: 2sin A sin B= cos (A -B)— cos (A +B)] 1 1 = GJ costin—n) x.cde—5 fas (m+n) x.de sin(m=n)x _ 1 sin(m+a)x (m-n) 20 m+n in (m =n jae in(m+n)x (n-ne) m+n Example 23. Evaluate the following integrals : @ Join de sin 20 de (ii) Joos a cos x .dx (iii) [sin 4 008 3x dx (io) f sin 9s cas dx de. Solution, (i) [sin dx sin 2x dx f2sinaesin 2x dx [Multiply and divided by 21