{ \ INSTRUCTION MANUAL of NOVA2 _ SPECIFICATION fated PLASMA Major Radius 300 mm Minor Radius 60 mm SHELL Material cast Aluminum Minor Bore Radius 77 mm ‘Thickness 10 mm(not uniform) Time Constant for m=0 and 1 for local fluctuation LIMITER Material Aluminum Bore Radius 60 mn Thickness 10 mm VACUUM CHAMBER 18 msec 2.3 msec Material Stainless Steel(sus 304) Minor Inner Radius 73° mm ‘Thickness 2 mm Vacuum Seal Pumping system Viton O-ring Turbomolecular Pump 500 1/sec x 1 Titanium Sublimation Pumps x 4 unit Base pti Bx10°8 Terr + Dihin pom . 22x10” Torr JOULE TRANSFORMER ae) ad Material Cold-Milled Oriented Core of 0.3 mmt 0. Cross Sectional Area of Central Leg 0.045 m? i of Side Legs 0.029 mx 2 Bffective Magnetic Flux Swing? 0.1 Vsec ‘ urn Number of Primary Winding 10 Tx 4 y Resistance 4.8 motmx 4 SéR\(c te lo kA. TOROIDAL FIELD COTE Number of Units 24 Total Turn Number 20 7 x 24 Major Radius of Coil Center 320 mm Bore Radins 120 ma : Conductor Size 14 mm x 5 mm Total Resistance 112 m ohm Total Inductance 10 mH Br Ona mum) IS kG :VERTICAL FIELD COIL : Mean Radius 540 mm ‘turn Number 107 x4 Mean Radius of Return Windings 150 mm By TATE kh COMPENSATION WINDINGS Vertical 1 T each (Outer) R= 400 mm, Z + 240 mm (Inner) R = 160 mm, Z = + 130 mm' Horizontal 1 T each R 390 mm, Z + 240 mm CAPACITOR BANK FOR TOROTDAL MAGNETIC FIELD Unit Capacitor 5 kV, 200 uF(2.5 kd) x 60 Maximum Stored Energy 150 ko Main Switch . Vacuum Sealed Metal Contact Crowbar switch Semiconductor Diodes POWER SUPPLY FOR JOULE HEATING Z Capacitor fast 5 kV, 200 uF slow 500 V, 45 me(Electrolytic) Main Switch Ignitron Crowbar Switch Diode POWER SUPPLY FOR VERTICAL FIELD Capacitor fast 5 kV, 200 uF slow 500 V, 34 mF(Electrolytic) Main Switch Ignitron Growbar Switch Diode 3 Ne 2 #IO ene are 5 loo ey[i] ELECTROMAGNETIC sysTEM ‘ (1-1) Toroidal Magnetic Field 24 Pancake-shaped unit coils are installed in a frame made of FRP. The terminals of coil units are located at upper side and connected to each other by jumpers. To avoid a loop formation with the jumpers coupled to the Joule transformer, ‘a long copper belt is connected at the last coil unit and returned along the jumpers to minimize the error field produced by the connections. To compensate the stray error field owing to the external connection and the misarrangement in the coil unit themselves, the main coil current is shunted to the vertical and horizontal compensation coils. The vertical compensation coils consist of loops set at the top and the bottom on the frame with large and small radii each. Inner and outer loops are connected in opposite way to decouple to the Joule transformer. The horizontal compensation loops are set at the top and bottom of the frame. These are connected in opposite way and make no couple with the core. The shunt resistors. are installed at the side wall of the core, which consist of nichrome strips and sliding contactors. The wiring is shown in Fig. 1.1. By adjusting R, and R,(R = R,+R,= 34 mohm), the current to coil is changed. The shunt ratio is given by R;/(R+jwL). Since the time constant L/R is much e Ue shorter than that,of main circuit,the i current in the compensation coil is L & re i rm a, proportional to the main current. The FF maximum insert loss due to these Len : shunts is 17 mohm for both compensation a a ew and not large in comparison to the resistance of main coil of 130 mohm. Fig al The main coil and the two shunts are connected in series and the current is fed by 80 mm? coaxial cable from the capacitor bank via a big knife switch for polarity change. "Normal" means the toroidal field is anticlockwise viewing from the top. The compensation coil systems are in ground side of the power supply. When switched to "Reversed", the compensation circuit become at high potential up to 5 kv. The capacitor bank is charged up by the power supply in another cubicle. The charging voltage is controlled by a meter-relay. see the circuit diagram of the power supply. (1-2) Joule Heating ‘ The iron core sheet(Sin-nittetsu z-9H, 0.3 mmt) are insulated at four corner by mylar film to’avoid the core forms a closed loopto the toroidal B-field. The insulation is fragile. Do not step on them. The primary winding of 40 T is standard. ‘The coils are energized by 10D-2v coaxial cable via a polarity switch.’ "Parallel" means the electric field (i.e. plasma current) is in parallel to the toroidal B-field for “Normal” position of By ee As the core has a hysterisis characteristic shown in Fig. 1-2, preceding to each shot, the core must be preset at the state A and swinged toward the point B to obtain a large full swing. at the end of each shot, the core state stands at the point C. 10 bring the state from it to A, a circuit shown in Fig. 1-3 is prepared. SW, is turned on for the setting before each shot. Sw; is the main switch of ignitron MI3100 and SW, is a magnetic contactor. C; is the 500 V, 600 uF electrolytic capacitor for the preset of core. The diode D; is essential to avoid a ringing in the preset. C; (5 kV,200 uF) is for fast current rise and C,(500 Vv, 227 mF) is for power-crowbar to keep flat high current state. The two supplies, fast and slow, are automatically connected by the diode Dj, D, is for the crowbar of the slow bank. Figi-3 (1-3) Vertical Field. whe vertical field necessary for the equilibrium is given by By = (Wolp/4 1m) (1m(8R/a)+ B pt(1i-3)/2)- The vertical field is applied by the pair of upper and bottom coils of large radius (R=500-540mm) and another pair of coils with small radius attached on the central leg of the core to cancel the couple with the joule heating transformer. | Each windings consist of two 10 turn coils and the time constant of the circuit can be changed by connecting the two coils in series or in parallel. When aluminum shell is attached, the applied vertical field from the coils cannot reach'the plasma ring. It is necessary to apply very fast high current(forcing) for the plasma to feel an appropriate vertical field. ‘i When the device is operated in shell-less mode by retracting the aluminum shell, spatial index of the vertical field n.= ~(R/By)( dB,/dR) must be 0 Oa pres hah Gabe ey c 1 1 = reanery soe 1 ayo> Jo otlvinin, 520 Pap oa fee eh erie 3 ST ado oanse 1ULH7ZINOI -4ad | lanwalan3> Cawea-9 1g > Cae jo ab ay on grr brash | r Ihren asio A |g Hoo! arg my sss= (gamna@ino> saisvw) t | utnoo-ta) : Rees] CAS | MANN | Banoo Ts39a Awan’ ] [ Gin (sr phe ee | | OLny 40 jLs eva Cass) TWNDIS Tosing jo Layo ensAe Master Controller —This_controls all of NOVA. ‘This contains four timers of second order 1,12,7; and Ty, 1, is used to swing the transformer core hysterisis into negative direction, T; is for heating the filament to prepare seed electrons ahd charging the high voltage to push them into the chamber at the end of this period and,?; is for main discharge. 1, is the rest time between shots in automatic operation. When "operation mode" sW is turned to "manual", the timing relay T-is off. only manual start is accepted. Terminals T, to T; are energized with commercial line power during the relays R, to R3, respectively. Terminals (A,CiB,) to (A;C3B3) are isolated contacts corresponding to each relay. C means common, A normally open and B normally closed, respectively. Now contact (AsC3) is used to initiate the toroidal field coil power supply. The relay Ro is energized when the controller is active, i.e. from the start of T, to the end of T;. The instantaneous manual. start or instantaneous contact of the rest timer T, is held by the relay contact Ao'Cy'. “Under operation" alarm signal light and/or sound should be taken from this terminal T, or AgCg contact: Two remote Ss are attached to this controller. One SW has central off ="stop", up ="auto(matic start)", instantaneous dow = "manual (start)". Another SW has up = "normal" and down = emergency (stop)". 214 —taps Sovabrowe Cons aera ie | "gy oT ‘ fa ay oy, mgsoty ey, 'g'o' | i! eo1 ¢ lo ee fll Wy] AT] peor | | | sj asny | e a ot at —>ypaposeA-now = i 1 3a. Nao=}- Md ! 1 is loan a! | aL Nne| i i BeRPseR Nea at Aa Hs 1 ea aya oie ae ‘ond ao y ws ay pee Phen mesh oe i at | Cs ayewea> YaMN@lheo yYaLsvwVacuum Pump Controller ———thit's-controtier-can-control-a-rotary—pump(RP}—and—turbo— molecular pump(TMP). The foreline valve between RP and TMP is actually manual. . 4 It should be noted that though TP is said to be oil-free, it is true so far as the TMP is running and when it stops, oil vapor. from the lubrication oil of rotor goes into the vacuum chamber. The main valve is automatically closed when the TMP stops. But the tube connecting the TMP and the main valve is contaminated with the oil. Once the TMP stops, before opening the main valve, wait for long time sufficient to clean up the contaminated oil. Baking the TMP and the main valve is recommended. Never try to pump down ‘the chamber long time only with rotary pump for Rutherford scattering as a calibration of Thomson scattering. The controller is constructed with instantaneous normally open(NO) switches, normally closed (NC) switches, relays and relay contacts. Each stage has a similar circuit as shown in the figure. The preceding stage contact and interlock contact are connected in series. By pushing the PBa(NO), the corresponding relay is energized. one of the contact in parallel to the PBa holds the relay on. PBb(NC) switch cuts the relay off. This system is on safe side for line power failure Interlock works when the foreline pressure is higher than 1 torr (measured by a Pirani gauge and adjustable by a trimmer on Pirani controller) and waterflow is not enough (by flow switch). When “interlockfree" SW is on, the relay 8R is energized and interlocks are released. All stages can be operated individually without any interlock. The numbers in circle, show the pin assignment of the mult iconnector: Vine Sieew -wbsop Noe poland wows fine ay msl - sare Aov0y cela) priieg 34 ( ¢ |Sairand "etre sg. a cay < | aL al witty sit “A ( ae acl 4; e ‘I zad 4 iT ar | Anwata Pas sh ae sop90W0) -gprut | + aaTIOYLNOD WaLsAs WNADVAWail Conditioning and Gas feed —Wall—conditioning—is—essential—for—tokamak—operation: ~ Wall is always covered by multilayers of air, water, oil, fat and so ons 1015 molecules/cm? /layer can be stuck on the surface exposed to the atmosphere. The molecules are easily knocked put from the surface by collisions of fast particles. They increase electron density and cool electron temperature through radiative loss. : (1) It is desirable to keep the chamber wall very clean. It means the surface is covered only with air, CO, and water which is inevitable. In this case, an ultimate vacuum better than 5 x 10-@ torr would be sufficient for tokamak operation. When it is worse than 1 x 10-7 torr, good discharges cannot be expected. In the case that discharges were done on the previous day, the strict condition mentioned above may be ignored. When hydrogen is used for the discharge, it takes 48 to 64 hrs before the vacuum returns to the ultimate. The ultimate vacuum can be obtained immediately for the case of helium discharge. (2) Once the chamber wall is contaminated with messy oil, for example,with rotary pump oil by being pumped down only with a rotary pump without oil trap for long time, it is very, difficult to remove the oil from the surface. Although high temperature (>400°C) baking would be effective, it is not allowed for viton O-ring seal chamber. Alternative way is to cover the surface with clean material. ‘Titanium sublimation is used for this purpose.’ However, when tokamak is discharged in wall covered with fresh titanium, electron density decreases very quickly and discharge goes to slide away mode. It is impossible to supply enough gas by ordinary gas puffing téchnique. Particles escape fast to the wall but gas is supplied with thermal velocity. Too much gas puff makes the discharge disruptive. (3) When titanium stblimation is used, it is necessary to partially saturate the fresh titanium surface with hydrogen by introducing hydrogen gas into the chamber. Fast particles from plasma hit the wall and the adsorbed hydrogen is released. The neutrals enter plasma and isionized. ‘Through programmed piezo valve operation, gas feed can be adjusted to keep the electron density constant. Filling pressure and time to saturate the titanium surface with hydrogen must be decided taking account of the history of the wall and the amount of sublimated titanium. Start with a rough guess; p = 1x 10-3 torr and T= 30 min. For helium discharge, as being notpumped by titanium, the gas may be fed simply through programmed piezo valve directly to the chamber under an ultimate vacuum condition by titanium sublimation, or a continuous gas feeding is also allowed. (4) Piezo valve and controller The: original piezo valve is PV-10 made by Veeco(?) vacuum co., which was modified to increase the maximum flow rate by enlarging the central hole. ‘The controller has two modes: One is the continuous mode where the output voltage ig DC 0 to 100 Vv and it is adjusted by 10 turn pot. Another is the programmed ‘mode where the output is triggered by a pulse at the input and the voltage V, last for a period %, V2 for T; and V3 for'T;. Vi to V3 and 7, to 7; are adjustable independently to 0- 100 V for Vy and to 0.1- 10 msec for % by 10 turn pots, respectively. When the toggle switch turned to “monitor”, the output waveform appears at "monitor" for checking by CRT, where no output signal at "out". (Circuit diagram is attached) Gas valve must be triggered at about 3 m sec before joule heating voltage is applied. When the time is too long, the hydrogen gas is adsorbed by the titanium. When too short, the gas is localized. Va p0-100V. -(Omsec. (5) Discharge cleaning Discharge cleaning is very effective and must be done continuously. For genaral wall conditioning, relatively low toroa#sl magnetic field and low temperature plasma discharges are used before strong titaniom sublimation. (Bt = 2-4 kG, p > 1 x 10-4 torr, 20 - 30 sec interval, hydrogen) Once a continuous glow discharge was examined in hydrogen and argon by inserting a rod elestrode. But no good result was obtained. 200 - 300 discharges for cleaning were done every day before starting experiments. mul ee“av -aV lav rea te ceTitanium Sublimator By sublimating fresh titanium film on the wall of vacuum chamber, residual gas is adsorbed on the wall. Gas is adsorbed physically or chemically depending upon the species, but the detail is not made clear yet. ‘ Titanium - Z = 22, A= 47.90, d = 4.54 g/cm, melting point = 1668°C, boiling point = 3260°C, heat conductance = 0.041 cal/cm/sec/°C, n= 42-55 y Qem and work function $ = 4.17 v. Sticking coefficient (probability to be stuck per collision) = 0.02 for Hz, (room temperature) = 1.0 | for H(atomic hydrogen) When the Ti wall is chilled to liquid nitrogen temperature, the sticking coefficient is near 1. But the surface will be’ quickly saturated because of no diffusion of stuck hydrogen into the inside of titanium. Rare gas and hydrocarbon C,H, cannot be pumped by titanium. When they are ionized, they are adsorbed. In this sublimator, titanium rod of 3 mm dia. is heated by electron bombardment. The feature of this type are ,in comparison with commercially available resistive heating type, compact, less heating power is required, titanium is consumed more effectively and it is inexpensive for both initial and running costs. The filament is 0.1 to 0.15 dia. tungsten wire formed to spiral in 1 mm dia and 12 turn (the contact between turns are not permitted clearance is necessary). The contact between turns does not matter when the spiral is used as simple thermal electron emitter because contact resistance is large enough to prevent short cut current. However, in this application, the contact get wet with evaporated titanium and the contact resistance is reduced dramatically. -The titanium rod is set as close as to the filament. local heating makes efficient evaporation of titanium with small power consumption. ‘the point of titanium is formed to spherical shape owing to the surface tension of melted titanium. When heating power is too much, the sphere becomes too big and efficient evaporation is spoiled. To avoid this, the relative positioning of the point and filament is important. At initial operation, 4.5 to 5.5 A of heating current to the filament i required. when titanium is sublimatéd on the filament, the emissivity of filament becomes better and 1.8 to 3 A of Beliciafilament current is much enough to sustain the bombardment heating power. It is not clear why the sublimated titanium reduces the work function of filament (the difference in the work functions between titanium and tungsten is small). Probably small amount of impurities or titanium compound with them would change -the-work—— function. The bombardment electron energy of 1.2 kev is used because high energy reduces necessary current for required bombardment power. Occasionally, arc discharges happen along the deposited titanium on the insulating tube. Periodical cleaning or replacement of the insulators are inevitable. as titanium sublimation increase the emissivity of filament, it works as a ~ positive feedback and makes instability. An appropriate control system is required to operate the sublimator. The circuit diagram is shown in another sheet, where emission current is controlled to be constant by adjusting heating power to the filament by a power transistor. Taps in the transformer is for limiting the overcurrent to the filament even when a trouble occurs. A standard operation condition is that bombardment power 1.2 kV x 25 mA or 1.0 kV < 30-mA and heating power of filament 20 w, ie 50 W in total ! Handling Procedure 1) Make sure that titanium rod does not touch the filament. - 2) Minimize the tap position and then turn on SW1. 3) Turn on $W2 to standby. The high voltage is applied through safety resistor.. If no high voltage appears, there is short circuit between the rod and the filament. Ignore small leak current along titanium on the insulating tube, sometime by applying the high voltage the leak channel is taken out. Then turn’ to operational position. 4) Raise the tap position. At 4-5 A in the case of new filament, otherwise, 2-3 A of filament current, electron emission begins. Adjust the emission current to 25-30 mA by "bomb. current" VR. 5) It takes about 10 min. before stable operation. Watch the emission current and filament current for mean time. 6) When more than 3.5 A of filament current is required, the distance between the rod and the filament is too large. Adjust it by pushing in carefully by 1 mm, Do this when the high voltage is off. Otherwise; the mélt sphere on the rod point will be shaken off or deformed. When the distance between them is not known, push in the rod slowly checking the resistance between them by circuit tester. After noting the touchiness, pull out about 2 mn. 7) When new rod is installed, the distance between the rod and the filament changes rapidly owing to the formation of spherical tip. 8) When new titanium rod and/or new filament is used, a lot of outgas comes out. Heat gradually.3 Miscellaneous Notes 1) Base pressure of better than 1 x 10-5 torr is required before this titanium sublimation. Otherwise, curious instability will be observed. aaa 2) Emissivity seems to increasé with better vacuum. 3) at the bombardment power of 1.1 kv x 40 mA, 0.08 g/hr of sublimation was observed. ‘The rate would be changed depending upon the radius of sphere tip, relative position of the rod and the filament. 4) As the line density of 3 mm dia. titanium rod is 0.3 g/cm, 0.08 g/hr means 2.5 mm/hr. 5) As atomic density of monolayer is 5 x 1014 cm2, 0,08 g/hr of sublimation rate deposits 1600 layers/hr of titanium film at the distance 10 om from the sublimator. 6) Estimation of pumping speed. As the thermal velocity of molecular hydrogen is 1.5 x 105 cm/sec, assuming the sticking efficiency 0.02, the pumping speed is given by 0.02 x (1/4) x 1.5 x 105 = 0.75 1/sec/cm. The surface of chamber is 8.5 x 10? cm and assuming 1/2 of the surface is covered by fresh titanium , the total pumping speed is estimated to be 3200 1/sec. The observed value after 2 hrs sublimation was 2400 1/sec. s 7) Although a comparison between commercial grade (99.3 %) and pure (99.9%) titanium rods was made, no difference was observed on the mass spectra by Residual Gas Analyzer. meee)De | | | } Doms — ——— == a —. “ y ramnede: Ft PBL 2AM ssojerns' OS fio ot se ae PE WMD ~ —_yoremojyy wajebuny- (Kb bb~ Y%Ebb? (24k, prequeg Wana} AOPPMYgNE, went vOg NT, eesth 1140, PLO ‘30h ES a2gxaheles (pe/ set -3.26 2 holes a @ Copper = zpes/set Walco g Ly oo © plastic | | pe /set [bass ieS02 STANBYSBSPZ A BY on st ee oe HO00V som fui ) Bw eo 12 {ea} +12v } Ire-2t 4) Re 906 ev 4 25V ES. oN swi ALioov meaification YU gust Gees Foie geToroidal Magnetic Field -5-kv-2004F x 60_units are connected in parallel. It is very — dangerous to connect all capacitor directly together, because when one unit capacitor failed all of stored energy would’ be concentrated into the unit and it would lead to a terrible explosion. Special safety devices are attached to every other capacitor iunit. It works by shorting circuit at the each capacitor terminal to prevent the energy from other capacitor units flow into the inside when large current flows in the circuit. Every 5 units are assembled together and connected to a collecting bus by coaxial cables. The cable works as a fuse, too. | The main closing switch is metal contactor in vacuum. It works perfectly without any trouble. When the load is a inductance, the current rises slowly and a "chattering" in the metal contact’ induces a big noise. In order to avoid this, a small capacitance is connected to the load side of the switch with a resistor in series. This helps to make arc between contactor electrodes and the current rises smoothly. The largest. drawback of the metal contact for switch is the “time jitter". The contact is driven by a solenoid and the response time is in the order of 100 msec. Accordingly, all time sequence of the experiment must start with this turn-on time. In the capacitor bank, a trigger system to detect the rising edge of Bt coil current is installed, which trigger digital timing pulser. The current crowbarring is done by semiconductor diodes. The maximum reverse voltage of the unit diode is 3 kV. Three diodes are connected in series. To equalize the reverse voltage in three diode resistors are attached in parallel to each diode. Do not turn on the capacitor bank without heavy load, or stored energy goes to the potential equalizers and destroys them. When the control power (200 V) is turned off, a 1 kQ safety resistor discharge the capacitor through a solenoid contactor. The e-fold time is 12 second. Do not hurry to touch the power line. The control circuit consists of a 2 sec delay timer and an ordinary relay. Manual button SW on the capacitor bank cubicle or ‘remote contact A;C; of the master controller starts the discharge and 2 sec later the time delayed contact TR-1b is turned off and the metal contact main switch off. Pe LaieCapacitor Rank and Corttiller for Toroidal B-Field Veet Seated Crowbar Diode Metal Cowkacto’ eh Custeubiehi 6VC~ SE Chiba Meck x3) from charger oe cman sKVS Coo © @ewil) i . a discharger 60 units u 4000 pF gee ood pa .t Foo aur) : & Seale fa! Cire ea! Ac 07 €) oom charger) e) rR. | aasee : : oe Relay ( contraliey ) oe coon. o 5 Ceonnegred to Aaa. tn Mectur coutiater. 9) iF Seow sop a 22 BNC ose Co Digital ‘ alse Thain Grenentev ) p28aeTév-t Joule Heating and Vertical Field Power Supply Te consists of a fast capacitor C; (5 RV 200UF ofl capacitor) and slow capacitors C; (450 V XX mF electrolytic capacitors). The main switch is an ignitron (Mitsubishi MI3100) and crowbaring is automatically connected by dicdes. The charging voltages of the two capacitors are independently controlled by’ charging controllers. Another capacitor C; is charged in reversed polarity and used to reverse the residual magnetic field in the core. The crowbar diode is essential to avoid any ringing in the core inductance. This initialization is done before every main discharge by a heavy electromechanical contactor. The contactor is controlled by 1 sec time delay relay which is triggered by T; output of the master controller. ‘The slow capacitance C; must be changed dependently upon the vacuum condition of the chamber. As the impurity is decreasing by discharge cleaning, the electron temperature is improved greatly. Then the loop voltage is reduced much and the discharge period becomes longer. To support the elongated discharge period, the more capacitance is required. on contrary, when too much capacitance is connected the Joule heating for a bad vacuum condition, the loop voltage is high and the definite core flux swing is consumed quickly, the residual charge in the Joule heating capacitor bank is discharged through a low inductance circuit because the core is saturated. a huge current flows in the primary circuit and will destroy the crowbaring diodes and capacitors themselves. A couple of knife switches are prepared to change the connected capacitance. ghe power supply for vertical field is quite similar to the Joule heating circuit except unnecessity of the initiation of residual magnetization in the core. yy [power crowbar] When C1 and C2 are charged to Y% Vi and v2 espectively (V1>V2), turn on SW. Owing to D1, until v decays lower than v2, Cl and L determine thw wave form. When V comes down to V2, Di becomes conductive and (C1+¢2) and L dete4rmine the waveform. When V crosses over base line, D2 becomes conductive and crowbarred.JOULE HEATING POWER SUPPLY Jay = ae ee es ibs SA ree 5 sur ae odes (AM “Blooc, Citic vesistor) 4. ind IMM eter, vesistor) a aL ete ay T ies [ire sige contacy [ ne ol Chor safety Y scr) = a R fei) ss 4 rial: \ Shaler toi0e? 2 Ie = ees “ak ' Lext, ' i] ; Bi \ Bas t ‘tg \ | = 0 é2) ah Ye ares oe : j a see e (BSS) CHES RTION) | | b 1 i j AC R00y ri Jeonju ley ” — 29> Sedav-3 CNichvome wite) we 7 Pane cioow) ep-0306 | - gritron 0. % ON Cw oS pargpets | aga a aes 21000 twsce | AK R) insuloling Tr, core S0x50 wet VA Ee HF or Desired MF 26-10-16Capacitor Charging Controller ——prock-diagre: Ag — toov Slide Sov | trans as Charging voltages are from some 100 V to 5 KV. By putting ScRs in the primary circuit of the power supplies and controlling the conducting angles, the same controller can be applied to various out put voltage power supplies. Sliding transformers(slidacs/variacs) are installed to all of power supplies. This is to limit not only charging current, but also the maximum charging voltage even when the controller fails. Moreover, when the controller is broken, you may simply short circuit the control terminals by a jumper and you can continue your experiment by adjust the slide’ transformer manually. Rl in the circuit diagram is put to suppress a parasitic oscillation due to leakage inductance of the power transformer and to restrict the charging current to the capacitors. R2 is charging current pick up shunt and should be chosen to make the voltage across it 10 V at the maximum current. [charging current] can adjust the current. R3 determines the maximum charging voltage. The controller accepts 100 YA at maximum. When R3 is chosen to 100 MQ, the maximum charging voltage is 100 MQ x 100}HA = 10 kV. SCR should be selected depending upon the primary circuit current of each power supply. (this design is old. Usually vg7(Unijunction transistor) is not available now. It should be replaced to a programmable unijunction transistor and probably it is better to construct the circuit with more ICs.)