Proof

Proof 1: is closed if and only if is equal to its closure if and only if if and

only if is contained in

Proof 2: Let be a closed set and a limit point of If is not in then the complement

to comprises an open neighbourhood of Since is a limit point of any open

neighbourhood of should have a non-trivial intersection with However, a set can not

have a non-trivial intersection with its complement. Conversely, assume contains all its

limit points. We shall show that the complement of is an open set. Let be a point in the

complement of By assumption, is not a limit point, and hence there exists an open

neighbourhood of that does not intersect and so lies entirely in the complement of

Since this argument holds for arbitrary in the complement of the complement of

can be expressed as a union of open neighbourhoods of the points in the complement of

Hence the complement of is open.

No isolated point is a limit point of any set.

Proof

If is an isolated point, then is a neighbourhood of that contains no points other than

A space is discrete if and only if no subset of has a limit point.

Proof

If is discrete, then every point is isolated and cannot be a limit point of any set. Conversely,

if is not discrete, then there is a singleton that is not open. Hence, every open

neighbourhood of contains a point and so is a limit point of

If a space has the trivial topology and is a subset of with more than one element, then all

elements of are limit points of If is a singleton, then every point of is a limit point

of