BIOLOGY- Reproduction in Humans Reproduction 2 types of cell division ‘Meiosis: 46--> 23 haploid Mitosis: 4546 diploid Sex cells/germ cells/gametes: [A gamete is a reproductive cell containing the haploid no. of chromosomes. Sperm (23) Fee(23) Totalats Gonads ‘ends Seravesce Prorat shed \ coupers end Vas deferens & p Caton > ut Bladder? ‘ \ Spermduct/ vas deferens cold ube epidyns Epidydimis meter around 25 um, cus coeome ile plece- contains mitochondria Talfiagea Fundus Eog Fallopian tube viduc/alopian tube Ovary Menopause: the time whens womenstows downan finaly stops Endometrium reducing eg. Around 3555 ys. ir Peni ean eectie organ ‘containa to bod vessel Sperm storage native formPuberty secondary sex characteris tate beard tiesto appear inthe pub eon and underampis penisand tetckes entge nse Production of sperm tour totem tan enbrger an voce depene Femmrsoetiogenand progesterone asta to appearin the pubérepionand underarmpis Srstand uteri eke, hips broaden ‘Merstnation and ovubtionstat Overview ‘Comparison of Mitosis and M ‘Leads to production of gametes ‘Leads to ae production of somatic cells (body cells) ao Only fale ctomasomes ae pasied onto [A fllsael vomazomes& pase on the daughter cls ie. the haploid number of each dougie cell this the chromosomes diploid mmber of chromosonies” (0 ‘Homologous chromosomes and their genes | The ‘chramasomes and genes in each daughter are randomly assoned between the gametes | cellarenical = New anisms produced by mei insexal | Iw apmisms a praduceby mish reproduction wil show variations fiom each | sexual npoduction they wll al esemble ‘other and from their parents ach othe and their paren they CF ase ssid te ‘clones A comparison of ale and feral game [ak gametes | __Feae gametes “Rear one at aime Renan Recudeet tne Able eve fie moc onteza | Very small (105 mim =of which around | Comparatively lrg (0.1 mam in ameter) eee ne papas >] ot opophen wih eats — ST as usin fr ppt he twas fase || Nucleus contains either an X ora V ‘Necleus aka Suomen | Fallopian , tube Uterine cavity Endometrium Myometrium. Vas deferens \ Bladder VKPenis dj Seminal Urethra vesicle Epidydimis estore sperm duct state + — | spermatic and ~ epididymis ‘The male reproductive system ako cated under the stomach, consis of the folowing pat: + Tests:a male human fas to testis. testes a male gland which produces sperms and the ak Se hormone testosterone Scrotum the sa whic hcontaine the teres * Sperm Ducts (as deferens) The ae two muscular tubes, achconnected to 2 este They cay the sperms fromthe tests tothe wets * Prostate Gland: secretes 2 nuttive fil tothe sperms Yo forma mictue Caled semen. * uretham a tube isle the penis which s the pathuay ofsemenand rine outotthe boy. ‘Pens the male sex organ whichefpcubtes semen into the vagina during sonal neous *eplijrescoled tubes in which inact) sperms are stored * Semralvesie: & another ghd Iie the prostate gd. ako secretes uti fas for sperms fed fromand sim informing semen ‘he testis ae ine the scrotum which ngs ousie the boy Thi because testes work best ata temperature be that of the Boy Myometrium. \ Cervix Vagina re female repreductive system £ ne proces of onl reproduction ae ocd “he eae clei whish are els in the woud Cine cae Teumter clo! ora (guar: ‘ova’. The fnctions of the female erode fora Fp pndoc ova eau ta hey af eriized hy he male Meta wpe Smith emo ue stom. ovaries of. ‘Tones arth este gonads, making and cleasing the female pemeis or) Thre ae ‘Reon eich ie salle an a pineons bl ying itheowecablomen Theale SyoQGT tas cnry fur mechs fom rate ovaries, tht 56th vary rele ne trum every gh weeks vidas ‘re cwics rhe abs which cathe oa away om the ovaries, Theyre ind with ia TEN topatier wih tle masa abistace, Help Te move the ova gewty slog I ‘riliaton osu i uly does 0 about one-third of he way along he oid. vera ‘Tetris pear-shaped organ ying behind asl above tbe lade. Is wacom Invoustary muscle (mace tat cunot be consol controled). The embeye dens ‘eters dng preznane. cents ‘The ceviche “nak” f the wer, where the ters isthe vagina. Ht supple mea the agi ‘The vagina sth pat ofthe fre system which cies the penis during capa. muscular ad scab (fre pat ofthe bic) and connect the ere Wah Si-ike waa opening toh sil Inhumans the female sex cel gamete) ald an egg F012 (Plral-ov un) The mak sex cella hua called 3 sperm Seva ‘eproductionn hinans stats bya sexual inttouse fold by the fsbnof the two gametes together forming 3 gee (rerteation,The menstrual cycle Once a female reaches puberty, she will start to ovulate (release ova from her ovaries). Ovulation is one stage in her menstrual or monthly cycle. This cycle is associated with the production of a spongy lining to the walls of the uterus in which the embryo will develop. As shown in Figure 6.10: * Over a period of about 14 days, the walls of the female's uterus develop a spongy lining containing many blood capillaries. * When the spongy lining is ready, ovulation occurs. The ovum passes down the oviduct, but if the ovum is not fertilised by a sperm, it continues its journey through the uterus and vagina and out of the vulva. * ‘The spongy lining then peels away from the uterus wall, damaging the blood capillaries, and is passed out of the vagina and vulva, together with blood. This is #zenstruation or the monthly period, which lasts for a few days, and occurs about 2 weeks after ovulation. * Once the ute 6 wall begins to rebuild its: spongy recovered, it ing under the influence of hormones (See below). Meanwhile a new ovum is maturing in the ovary.againunderhormonalinfluence. When mature, the ovum is released (ovulation), around 2 weeks after menstruation. fan ovum is fertilised and the woman becomes pregnant, her menstrual cycle stops until after the baby is born. When a female reaches the ‘menopause, usually around 50 years of age, she stops ovulating, and thus can now longer become pregnant, Facto affecting the menetrvaleycle time when sexual intercourse ismostlkely toleadto pregnancy CO menstruation spongy lining of the ers developing spongy liningof the |) 1 Senmatts tices | ovwlation Figure 6.10 The human female menstrual cycle ‘ovation usually takes place around day 14 Days 14-16 ae the days when ferlzton is mast ikely to take pace.Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle ‘The control of the menstrual cycle involves several hormones, some produced by the pituitary gland under the brain, and some by the ovaries. ‘The four significant hormones and their functions are as follows: Hormones and the menstrual cycle ‘At the start of the cycle, the lining of the uterus wall hhas broken down (menstruation). As cach follicle in the ovaries develops, the amount of oestrogens produced by the ovary increases. The oestrogens act ‘on the uterus and cause its lining to become thicker and develop more blood vessels. These are changes that help an early embryo to implant. ‘Two hormones, produced by the pituitary gland atthe base ofthe brain, promote ovulation. The hormones are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone, or lutropin (LH). They act on a ripe follicle and stimulate maturation and release of the ovum, ‘Once the ovum has been released, the follicle that produced it develops into a solid body called the ‘corpus luteum, This produces a hormone called progesterone, which affects the uterus lining in the ‘same way as the oestrogens, making it grow thicker and produce more blood vessels. Ifthe ovum is fertilised, the corpus luteum ‘continues to release progesterone and so keeps the ‘uterus ina state suitable for implantation. Ifthe ovum is not fertilised, the corpus luteum stops producing progesterone. Asa result, the thickened lining of the ‘uterus breaks down and loses blood, which escapes through the cervix and vagina. The events in the ‘menstrual cycle are shown in Figure 16.58. Menopause Between the ages of 40 and 55, the ovaries cease to release ova or produce hormones. Asa consequence, ‘menstrual periods cease, the woman can no longer hhave children, and sexual desire is gradually reduced.follicle maturing 10088 oO» BB (ypitandue DAYS. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 2627281 2 3 4 5 startof — endot copulation could result in fertilsation HUMAN FERTILISATION Ferilation: Fusion of spermand ovumto forma got knownat fetiation, folie cts 7a wn Ny snot a © Vo. = © eh Figg wttinteoat aon doo fem ite Some re 640 oe eon smtosis ferteaton “heen mbno tmek down the evict tthe imide the tthe emo becomes er nr Ral nthe ng ofthe er 2 eed na hi ed a cae the aon pees cate INBBREUGR Te emt continues rvmtersac, which pect ktomdarege ant Serowand potter rece that form cies prevents neq pressures omactng on ndorgars. fers veel, whenallbe oats re ‘Se i cae anit ad forme the mb teed ste One ofthe ‘Te ongenan ood made wieeptte emo fistonas ofr the heat ah pump od the and growig ae ote tome nottes ound te boy aft em. Bod by ean taste cae the racer Function of mio ait + Support ling resticted moment Placenta Soon after the ballof cell reaches the teri, some eelning evening ‘of the cel, instead of forming the organs of the ‘embryo, grow ito a dice structure, the placenta (figure 1652() The placenta becomes closely § q é tched othe lining ofthe esa & tached i q E {othe embry by a tube cated he imbiialcont 2 5 : (eure 1652(), The nervous stem (bain, spinal {ond and sense oar) start to develop ver ith ‘tera few vets, the embrio's heart has developed er {nd circulating blood through the umbikalcond (0) afer2 weeks abouts weeks (0 Seeks and phcenta as vellas though fs ovmtésves Figure Y6S1 Honan enn at ws (gure 1652(b)oxygenand nutrients suchas glucose and amino acids pass across the placenta to ‘the embryo's bloodstream. carbondiowie passes ‘fromthe embrio's blood to that ofthe mother. ‘lod entering the placenta fromthe mother does ‘ot mi withthe embry's blood gure 1653shows the human embryoat7 weeks ‘surrounded by the amnionand phcenta age snap th ‘Advantages of breastfeeding over bottle-feeding The dietary needs of a pregnant woman include the following: ‘= Protein *# There isno risk of an allergic reaction to = Carbs breast milk = Vitamin ¢ * Breast milkis produced at the correct ‘Vitamin D and Calcium temperature = Iron * There are no additives or preservativesin breastmilkBirth Control + Breast milk does not require sterilization since there are no bacteria present that could cause intestinal disease * There is no cost involved in using breast milk + Breast milk does not need to be prepared. + Breastfeeding triggers a reduction in the size of the mother's uterus