Design and Modeling of Fluid Power Systems

ME 597/ABE 591 Lecture 5

Dr. Monika Ivantysynova

MAHA Professor Fluid Power Systems

MAHA Fluid Power Research Center

Purdue University
Displacement Machines

Study different design principles and learn about the following topics

Axial piston pump design solutions (swash plate and bent axis)

Radial piston pumps and motors – piston support

Gear Pumps – internal and external – axial and radial gap compensation

Vane pumps – advantage and disadvantage of this design

Please study the appropriate chapters in

Ivantysyn, J. and Ivantysynova, M. (2001), Hydrostatic Pumps and Motors.
Akademia Books International. New Dehli. ISBN-81-85522-16-2
Aim: - To be able to select the right design for your system application!
- Knowledge about limitations of each basic design
- To apply models on system level for each design
Design and Modeling of Fluid Power
© Dr. Monika Ivantysynova 2
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Displacement Machines
Swash Plate Machines
Axial Piston Machines

Piston Machines
Bent Axis machines
F
In-line Piston Machines
with external piston support

Radial Piston Machines

with internal piston support

F External Gear
Gear Machines
Internal Gear
Annual Gear
F
Vane Machines Screw Machines others
Fixed displacement machines Variable displacement machines
Design and Modeling of Fluid Power
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Bent axis axial piston pumps
Synchronization of cylinder block

Driving flange
Cylinder block

Using a bevel gear

Using a universal joint

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power

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Bent axis axial piston pumps
Synchronization of cylinder block connecting rod
piston

Piston rod
Cardan joint Synchronization by piston rod
Synchronization by pistons

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power

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Kinematics of bent axis pumps
Four link 3D mechanism Five link 3D mechanism
Cylinder (4)
Cylinder (4) Frame (1)
Frame (1) Piston rod (5)
Piston (3)

Piston (3)

Driving flange (2)

Driving flange (2)
Assuming a fixed connection between link 2 and link 4, achieved by
synchronization the mechanism has finally three
mechanism has finally two degrees degrees of freedom
of freedom Piston can rotate about z -axis and 3
Piston can rotate about z 3 -axis piston rod can rotate about z5-axis
Design and Modeling of Fluid Power
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Piston Design

Short piston with piston rod Long piston with piston rod

Synchronization by Synchronization by
universal joint or bevel gear pistons or piston rods

Spherical piston with piston ring Conical piston with piston rings

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power

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Design Examples

Driving flange bearings Pump control device

Spherical valve plate

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power

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Design Examples
Driving flange bearings
Fixed displacement pump

Conical piston

Spherical valve plate

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power

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Radial Piston Pumps

with external piston support with internal piston support

Rotating cylinder body

Stationary cylinder body
Suction Stroke ring
Delivery

Suction
Delivery
eccentricity
Rotating cam or crankshaft

Displacement volume adjustable by changing eccentricity e

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power
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Radial Piston Pumps

Multiple stroke radial piston pumps

with external piston support with internal piston support
Rotating cylinder body
Stationary cylinder body

Stationary stroke ring Rotating cam

Only fixed displacement pumps realizable!

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power
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Piston support on outer stroke ring

Plane valve plate Stroke ring

Stroke ring

Piston

Rotating cylinder body Piston rotation enforced

by friction force Ff
Design and Modeling of Fluid Power
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Piston support on outer stroke ring

Stroke ring

Piston

Piston roller guide

Stroke ring borne in roller bearings Piston sliding bearing

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power
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Piston support on outer stroke ring

Slipper support Stroke ring

Hydrodynamically
Hydrostatically balanced slipper
balanced slipper Slipper pocket

Ball joint inside the piston

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power
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Stroke ring support
Using a sliding carriage supported using line contact

Stroke ring mounted on a pivot

Change of eccentricity by pivoting

the stroke ring about pivot axis

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power

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Design Example

Pump control system Slipper

Piston

Stroke ring
Control journal

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power

© Dr. Monika Ivantysynova 16
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External gear pump
Basic principle
Radial gaps between teeth addendum circle and housing

Housing Inlet Outlet

Driving gear

Qe = V ⋅ n -Qs
Driven gear

Axial gaps between housing and the gear pair must be very small to seal the
displacement chamber
Design and Modeling of Fluid Power
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Two stage gear pump
Inlet 1 Outlet 2
p1 p4
Driving gear

p2 p3 Driven gear
Driven gear
Outlet 1 Inlet 2

Outlet 1 and inlet 2 can be connected p2 = p3

or the pump can have two separate outlets p1 = p3

the driving gear is pressure balanced!
Design and Modeling of Fluid Power
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Internal gear pump
Internal gear (ring gear) Pinion Advantages:
Better suction ability
Higher efficiency
More compact design
Less noise emission
Pressure zone Suction zone

Crescent shaped divider

Using teeth of standard involute design requires a combination where the

pinion has two or more fewer teeth than the ring gear! Pinion and ring gear
are then separated by a crescent shaped divider.

Longer duration of teeth meshing leads to better sealing function

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power
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Internal gear pump
Crescent shaped divider

Many different tooth profiles have been applied in the recent past.
Design and Modeling of Fluid Power
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Annular gear pumps

Applying specially generated tooth curves it can be achieved, that the inner
rotor (the pinion) has only one tooth less than the ring gear, thus eliminating the
crescent-shaped divider.
Ring gear (z2) Each tooth of the pinion maintains
continuous sliding contact with a
Outlet Inlet tooth of the ring gear, providing
fluid tight engagement.

Relative sliding velocity between

pinion and ring gear is very small
Pinion (z1)
quiet operation and long
service life

Gerotor pump

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power

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Annular gear pump – Orbit principle

2 Pressure port
Ring gear (z2) fixed

Rotating pinion (z1)

Outlet Inlet Displacement volume is
given by z1 times z2 tooth
spaces

Multiple delivery of
each tooth space
Rotating
distributor
1 Suction port
Design and Modeling of Fluid Power
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Pressure compensated axial gaps

Sealing ring Gear pair Shaft seal

Pressurized area A Axial gap

Sliding bearing

FZ FZ

End cap Bearing bushings housing Front cover

Only one direction of shaft rotation possible!

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power
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Pressure compensated axial gaps

Driving gear Axial gap – pressure compensated

Pressurized area

Sealing

2FZ

Sliding bearings Driven gear Improved volumetric efficiency

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power

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Pressure compensated radial gaps

Radial gap compensation

Axial gap compensation

Pressurized area

Bearing bushing

Small pressure zone achievable

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power

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Gear pump – design example

Driving gear Shaft seal

outlet inlet

Driven gear

Bearing bushing performing a radial and axial gap compensation

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power

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Internal gear pump- design example

Internal gear pump with axial and radial gap compensation

Pinion
Ring gear special shaped divider

inlet

Pressurized area Moveable bearing shell

outlet
Radial gap compensation
Design and Modeling of Fluid Power
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Screw Pumps

With two meshing screws

outlet

inlet

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power

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Screw Pumps
outlet
t…thread pitch

outlet
inlet
With three meshing screws

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power

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Vane Pumps
Classification of vane pumps

Unbalanced vane pump Balanced vane pump

Stator
Rotor

Fixed and variable pump design Only fixed displacement pump

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power

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Vane pumps- basic working principle

Single stroke vane pump – variable

displacement volume inlet

Overcenter pump – the direction of flow can be re-

versed by change of eccentricity, i.e. without outlet
changing the direction of rotation of the drive shaft

Relatively high friction between no flow!

axial moveable vanes and rotor
&
between vanes and stator outlet

Large radial forces exerted on the rotor inlet

Limitation of max. operating pressure (20 MPa)
Design and Modeling of Fluid Power
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Vane pumps- classification

Multiple stroke vane pump Rigid vane pump

Rotor

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power

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Fluid distribution

External fluid distribution

Internal fluid distribution
outlet
stator

rotor

inlet Distributor - fixed control journal

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power

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Rigid vane pump

Displacement volume: Stator ring

Rotor

Pulsation free flow

vane
1st rotor 2nd rotor

Design and Modeling of Fluid Power

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