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Lecture 3.
bookish colloquial
Two or more words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning,
distribution and (in many cases) origin are called h o m o n y m s. Of 2540
homonyms given in Oxford dictionary 89% are monosyllabic words and only 9,1%
are words of two syllables. Homonyms are not typical of Ukrainian.
There are several classifications of homonyms. One of them is based on the
type of meaning and according to it homonyms may be classified into lexical,
lexico-grammatical and grammatical.
Lexical homonyms belong to one and the same part of speech and the
grammatical meanings of all their forms are identical, but they are different in their
lexical meaning. E.g., ball1 – a round object used in games, ball2 – a gathering of
people for dancing; Ukrainian: 6paк — spoilage and 6paк — marriage, ключ, —
source, spring, fountain and ключ — key.
Lexico-grammatical homonyms differ both in lexical and grammatical
meanings, they belong to different parts of speech. E.g., bear1 – animal, bear2 – to
carry; seal1 – a sea animal, seal2 – to close tightly, Ukrainian: ніс (на обличчі) -
ніс (минулий час від нести).
Grammatical homonyms differ in grammatical meaning only. It is the
homonymy of different word-forms of one and the same word. E.g., stopped1 – the
Past Indefinite, stopped2 – Participle II. Ukrainian: відносно — prp., відносно —
adverb; точно— c j., точно— adverb. The following examples are highly illustrative:
provided – Participle II from provide, provided – коли, з умовою;
regarding – Participle I from regard, regarding – відносно;
owing – Participle I from owe, owing (to) – навпаки;
just — adverb, just — particle of emphatic precision.
The second classification is based not only on the meaning, but all the three
aspects (sound-form, graphic form and meaning) are taken into account. Here we
distinguish homonyms proper, homophones and homographs.
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Homonyms proper (perfect) are words identical both in sound-form and in
graphic form but different in meaning. E.g., bark1 – a noise made by a dog, bark2 –
a sailing ship; back1 – part of the body, back2 – away from the front, back3 – go
back, bear (ведмідь) — bear (носити, родити), bay (затока, бухта) — bay (гавкіт,
гавкання), pale (кіл, паля) — pale (блідий, тьмяний). The important point is that
homonyms are distinct words: not different meanings within one word.
Homophones are words identical in sound-form but different both in
spelling and meaning. E.g., son (син) — sun (сонце), pair (пара) — pear (груша),
see (бачити) — sea (мope); sight (зір, погляд) – site (місцеположення, ділянка) — cite
(цитувати); coarse (грубий) — course (кypc); light (легкий) — light (світло); meet
(зустрічати) — meat (м’ясо); piece (шматок, кусок) — peace (мир). In Ukrainian there
are few homophones, among them several borrowings with doubled consonants
(біль - білль), and words with unstressed vowels „е/и” (гребти - греби - гриби).
Homographs are words identical in spelling but different both in their
sound-form and in meaning. E.g., tear /tiə/, /tεə/, lead /li:d/, /led/, wind /wind/,
/waind/, bow (поклін) — bow (лук), row (ряд) — row (шум, ґвалт). In Ukrainian
homographs are distinguished by the stress, e.g., дере΄вина (одиничне дерево) - дереви΄на
(матеріал для виготовлення різних предметів), ΄сага (жанр давньогерманського епосу) -
са΄га (річкова затока).