3 journey free ancient tines te modernizeACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my faculties Ar. Anubha and Ar, Manisha singh who gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic architecture of maharashtra which also helped us in doing a lot of research and we came to know about so many new things we are really thankful to them. Ar. Anubha Ar. Manisha SinghCONTENT 1. Introduction 1.1. Origin 1.2. Geography and Climate 1.3. Demography 1.4. Divisions 2. Evolution 2.1. Middle kingdom 2.2. Medieval and early modern period 2.3. British colonial period 3. Timeline of Transformation 3.1. Popular cities in each period 3.2. Changing popularity of cities 3.2.1. Social and Cultural reasons 4. Modern Day in Maharashtra 4.1, Famous cities in today's Develop 4.1.1. Architecture of the city 4.1.2. social and cultural impacts 4.1.3. Techniques used 4.1.4. Materials used II5. Well known architects in the present day 5.1. Reason why they are famous 5.2. Their buildings 5.3. Comparison with architecture in early days 5.3.1. Positives and negatives 5.3.2. Similarities and Differences 5.3.3. Relevance to the present and earlier time period 5.3.4. Critical notes 6. Conclusion 6.1. Design adaptations 6.2. Design recommendations 6.2.1. Concept 6.2.2. Design elements and features 6.2.3. Impact on social and cultural aspect 7. Bibliography and Reference IeCHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION1.1 ORIGIN a A Huan Tsang ‘The name Maharashtra is believed to be originated from rathi, which means chariot driver. Maharashtra entered the recorded history in the 2nd century BC, with the construction of its first Buddhist caves.According to the recorded History, the first Hindu King ruled the state during 6th century, based in Badami. The name Maharashtra first appeared in the 7th century in the account of a contemporary Chinese traveler, Huan Tsang. According to one interpretation, the name derives from the word maharathi (great chariot driver), which refers to a skillful northern fighting force that migrated southward into the area. The group’s language, intermingled with the speech of the earlier Naga settlers, became Maharastri, which by the 8th century had developed into Marathi. There was also a continuous influx of people from remote Greece and Central Asia. Ajanta caves Ellora Caves INTRODUCTION | 71.2 GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE Maharashtra is occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan plateau in the western peninsular part of the subcontinent in India. It is surrounded by Goa and Karnataka states in south, Andhra Pradesh in southeast, Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and Madhya Pradesh in north, Chhattisgarh in east, and the Arabian Sea in west. Maharashtra is the third-largest state of India, both in area and ’ population. Maharshtra,india Its coastline is 330 miles (530 km) long along the Arabian Sea. Rice is the dominant crop of the state, but cashews, mangoes, vegetable cotton, oilseeds, and tobacco are also important. The state has a tropical monsoon climate with seasonal rains as heavy as over 400 cm in some regions. Warm summer starts from March onwards up to late October, while winters are mild. Forests comprise 17% of the total area of the state. Majority of the forests are in the eastern and Sahyadri regions of the state. Main Rivers of the state are Krishna, Bhima, Godavari, Tapi-Purna and Wardha-Wainganga. 2.| INTRODUCTIONRainfall and Temperature The climate is subtropical to tropical and characteristically monsoonal (i.e., wet-dry), with local variations. India’s southwest monsoonal rains break on the Mumbai coast usually in the first week of June and last until September, during which period they account for about four-fifths of the annual rainfall. Four seasons are normal: March—May (hot and dry), June-September (hot and wet), October-November (warm and dry), and December-February (cool and dry). Rainfall is extremely heavy in Konkan, averaging about 100 inches (2,540 mm), with some of the wettest spots receiving up to 250 inches (6,350 mm), but rapidly diminishes to one-fifth of that amount east of the Ghats. The coastal regions enjoy equable temperatures; monthly averages at Mumbai are in the low 80s F (about 27-28 °C). A change of more than about 13 °F (7 °C) between day and night temperatures is unusual. Pune (Poona), higher up on the plateau, benefits from cooler temperatures throughout the year. INTRODUCTION | 31.3 DEMOGRAPHIC Hindu Maharashtra has a huge m= Muslim geographical area with m Buddhist a population of @iain 11,23,74,333 individuals and thus. ranks second on the list mAllothers of the most populated states in India. Males constitute 50.3 million and females, 46.4 million. Maharashtra's urban population stands at 42.4%. Religion Distribution Its sex ratio is 922 females to 1000 males. A majority of the population is formed by Marathi Hindus, constituting almost 82% of the whole lot. The next largest religion constituting 13 percent of the total population is the Muslims, who reside mainly near the Mumbai Thane belt and the Marathwada area. ‘The Konkan and western part of the state also have a significant Muslim population. Other religions that are significantly notable in the state are the Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains and Christians. 4.| INTRODUCTION1.4 DIVISION ‘There are 35 districts in Maharashtra having specified by six administrative divisions i.e. 35 districts of Maharashtra have been divided into 6 regions to obtain their location and government/administration purpose. Six Administrative Divisions of Maharashtra: 1) Vidarbha (Nagpur Division) Area: 49,874 sq km; Population: 12.4 million 2) Vidarbha (Amravati Division) Area: 46,455 sq kim; Population: 11.7 million 3) Marathwada (Aurangabad Division) Area: 64,590 sq km; Population: 18.7 million 4) Konkan (Konkan Division) Area: 30,746 sq km; Population: 28.6 million. 5) Khandesh (Nashik Division) Area: 57,806 sq km; Population: 18.5 million 6) Western Maharashtra (Pune Division) Area: 57,054 sq km; Population: 23.4 million Pare Des Administrative Divisions INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER-2 EVOLUTIONTIMELINE 3°-13™ CENTURY MIDDLE KINGDOM © The Chalukya dynasty and the Rashtrakutal dynasty © Yaday dynasty Ajanta Caves and Ellora Caves 1206-1818 MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN P. oT Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates @ Maratha Empire @ Maratha Navy @ Ellora Caves 1818-1947 CE: BRITISH COLON British Raj Third Anglo-Maratha War Modern manufacturing industry Development of Mumbai Bibi ka Maqbara 6 EVOLUTION2.1 MIDDLE KINGDOM (3RD TO 13TH CE) The region that is present-day Maharashtra has formed part of a number of states, including the Maurya empire, Satavahana dynasty, the Kadamba dynasty, the Vakataka dynasty. Some of the greatest monuments in Maharashtra, such as the Ajanta Caves and Ellora Caves, were built during the time of these empires. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 3rd and 4th century BCE. 1. The Chalukya dynasty and the Rashtrakuta dynasty. From the 6th century CE to the 8th century, the Chalukya dynasty ruled Maharashtra. The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the 8th to the loth century. From the early 11th century to the 12th century the Deccan Plateau, including a large part of Maharashtra, was dominated by the Western Chalukya Empire and the Chola dynasty 2. Yadav dynasty 12th-13th century The Yadavas initially ruled as feudatories of the Western Chalukyas. Around the middle of the 12th century, as Chalukya power waned, the Yadavas declared independence. Ajanta Caves Ellora Caves EVOLUTION | 7ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES-. « Beautiful paintings on the wall and the ceilings depict the life of the buddha. Architecture of hinyana and mahayana are still available in the caves, Flourishing buddhist architecture , art and religion. ‘They used stuppa's and other rocks to represent buddha. ‘There are beautiful images of nymphs and princesses are well portrayed, Supported by robust pillars, ornamented with designs. Paintings are all over the cave except for the floor. Many areas of the painted walls , ceiling and pillars are fragmentary, Pillars in caves Ceiling design 8] _ EVOLUTION2.2 MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN PERIOD (1206-1858 CE) In the early 14th century, the Yadava dynasty, which ruled most of present-day Maharashtra, was overthrown by the Delhi Sultanate ruler Ala-ud-din Khalji. 1.Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates After collapse of the Tughlugs in 1347, the breakaway Bahmani Sultanate governed the region as well as the wider Deccan region for the next 150 years After break-up of the Bahmani sultanate in 1518, the Maharashtra region was split between five Deccan Sultanates: Nizam Shah of Ahmednagar Sultanate, Adil shah of Bijapur,Qutub Shah of Golkonda,Bidar Shah of Bidar and Imad Shah of Elichpur. The Mughals under Akbar started capturing territories held by the Deccan sultanates towards the end of 16th century. In the second half of the 17th century, the Mughals were constantly challenged by the Marathas under Shivaji, and later his successors. Tomb of Salabat Khan II, an example of architecture of Ahmednagar Sultanate. Bibi Ka Maqbara,a replica of the Taj Mahal, was built during the reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. nn A Bibi Ka Maqbara Tomb of salabat khan II EVOLUTION |Q2.Maratha empire (1674-1818 CE) The Maratha Empire dominated the political scene in India from the middle of the 17th century to the early 19th century. In 1674, he was formally crowned as the Chhatrapati (Monarch) ofhis realm at Raigad Fort. 3.Expansion of Maratha Influence in 18th Century under Shahu I and Peshwa rule In 1737, the Marathas defeated a Mughal army in their capital, in the Battle of Delhi. By 1760, the domain of the Marathas stretched across most of the Indian subcontinent. 4.Maratha Navy Shivaji developed a potent Naval force during his rule. The Maratha Navy was dominant in the area until around the 1730s, was in a state of decline by the 1770s and ceased to exist by 1818. ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES + Monuments are encircled by verandahs and huge casements, thus allowing ventilation from all directions of the tomb. + Offers splendid views of the lush green hills and the whole of the city + Floral designs on marble, as seen on the tombs interior walls + The structure is in the form of a hexagon, its angles ornamented with minarets Floral designs Minarets EVOLUTION2.3 BRITISH COLONIAL PERIOD (1818-1947 CE) The East India Company controlled Mumbai beginning in the 17th century and used it as one of their main trading posts. The Company slowly expanded areas under its rule during the 18th century. Their conquest of Maharashtra was completed in 1818 with the defeat of Peshwa Bajirao II in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. The Gate of India and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya are examples of this period. 1. British Raj The non-Brahmin Hindu castes of Maharashtra started organizing at the beginning of the 20th century with the blessing of Shahu of Kolhapur. The campaign took off in the early 1920s under the leadership of Keshavrao Jedhe and Baburao Javalkar. The ultimatum in 1942 to the British to Quit India was given in Mumbai and culminated in the transfer of power and the independence of India in 1947.By the end of the 19th century a modern manufacturing industry was developing in the city of Mumbai. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya Gateway of India EVOLUTION — ff 4]2. Post Independence After India's independence, the Deccan States, including Kolhapur, were integrated into Bombay State, which was created from the former Bombay Presidency in 1950. From 1954 to 1955, the people of Marathi speaking areas strongly protested against being included in the bilingual Bombay state. Since 1960, On 1 May 1960, following mass protests, Bombay State was divided into the new states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES-. Indo-Saracenic architecture was developed in the second half of the igth century, combining Indo-Islamic and Hindu architecture with cubes, bows, painted windows, waxes and its characteristic minarets. ‘The building has a central entrance porch, above which rises a dome, tilled and modified well "tiled in white and blue flecks, supported on a lotus - petal base". ‘The monument built in yellow basalt and indissoluble concrete. A cluster of pinnacles, topped with miniature domes surround the central dome. Material-yellow basalt 1.2} _EvotuTion» VULHSVYVHVN « |ABOUT THIS BOOK ‘ THE JOURNEY OF MAHARASHTRA IS VERY RICH IN CULTURE AND TRADITIONS RESULTING IN A RICH HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE S THIS BOOK GIVES YOU A GLIMPSE OF THAT JOURNEY FROM THE CAVES TO FORTS AND MODERN TIMES AS WE KNOW MAHARASHTRA TODAY