PLANNING

AND
EVALUATION
 DEFINITION

ÒE.C.Banfield:“a plan is a decision about a course of

action.”

a plan is a systemic approach to defining the

problem,setting priorities,developing specific goals and
objectives, and determining the alternative strategies and
method of implementation.
 1)Conducting a needs 2)Determining 3)Development of
assessment priorities program goals and
objectives

STEPS
OF PLANNING 4)Resource
identification
5)Alternative
strategies
6)Implementation

CYCLE

Monitoring, evaluating
and revising the
program
 Reasons for needs
assessment
CONDUCTING • To define the problem and to
A NEEDS identify its extend and severity
ASSESSMENT • Obtain a profile of the
community to ascertain the
causes of the problem
• Evaluate the effectiveness of a
program
Conducting a needs assessment can be very costly with
respect to funds, labour and time.

Co-ordinate with research activities of other agencies

Investigate surveys done in the past by other organizations

e.g. dental schools, local and state health departments

Solicit the assistance of other agencies and organizations.

 COLLE CTION OF DATA

Survey Clinical Personal

questionnaire examinations communication
 • Priority determination is a method of
imposing people’s values and judgments of
what is important onto the raw data.
• Factors affecting priorities:

1. Population affected
D ETERMIN IN G 2. Serious condition gets preference over non-
PRIORITIES serious conditions
3. High risk groups e.g. preschool and school-
aged children, mentally/physically disabled
persons, chronically ill, elderly persons,
expectant mothers, low-income minority
groups
 Program goals are broad
statements on the overall
purpose of a program to meet a
defined problem.
DEVELOPMENT
OF PROGRAM
GOALS AND E.g. in a community if school
OBJEC TIVES going children have more caries,
the goal should be ‘to improve
oral health of the school-based
children in community X.’
 TH E A IMS A N D OBJECTIV ES SH OUL D
SPECIF Y TH E F OL L OW IN G:

Extent: the scope and

What: is to be magnitude of the Who: the target
attained? situation or condition population
to be attained.

When: by when the

Where: the program
desired condition is
is to be conducted
intended to exist
• an objective might state “by the year 2025, more
than 90% of the population aged 6 to 17 years in
the community X will not have lost any teeth as a
result of caries and at least 40% will be caries-free”
 Selection of resources for a activity,
such as personnel, equipment and
supplies, facilities and financial
RESOURCE resources must be determined by
consideration of what would be most
IDENTIFICATION effective, adequate, efficient and
appropriate for the tasks to be
accomplished.
Appropriateness: the most suitable
resources to get the job done

Adequacy: the extend or degree to which

the resources would complete the job

Effectiveness: how capable the resources

are at completing the job

Efficiency: the cost and amount of time

expended to complete the job
 Limitation of resources

Policies of the organizations

Social customs of the community

IDENTIFIC ATION
OF THE Lack of funds
C ONS TRAINT S
Attitudes of social organizations

Lack of skilled and unskilled manpower

Socioeconomic conditions
 • Being aware of the existing
constraints and given the available
resources, the planner should then
consider alternative courses of
ALTERNATIVE action that might be effective in
STRATEGIES attaining the objectives.
• It is important to generate a
sufficient number of alternatives so
that out of that number at least one
may be considered acceptable.
 An implementation strategy for each
activity is complete when the following
questions have been answered:
Why: the effect of the objective to be
achieved

I M P L E M E N TAT I O N What: the activities required to achieve

the objective

Who: individuals responsible for each

activity
• When: chronologic sequence of activities

• How: materials, media, methods and techniques to be used

• How much: a cost estimate of materials and time

 During implementation, continuous monitoring and
evaluation is required of all activities during the full
course of the project.
Continuous evaluation allows us to :
MONITORING, • Measure the progress of each activity
EVALUATION • Measure the effectiveness of each activity
A ND REVIS ING
• Identify problems in carrying out the activities
THE PROGRAM
• Plan revision and modification
• Justify the costs of administering the program and
if necessary, justify seeking additional funds
 EVA LUAT ION
• Assess achievement of the stated objectives of a programme, its
adequacy, its efficiency and its acceptance by all parties
involved.
• Intended to determine the value of the programme to see if it
has been carried out as prescribed and discover whether the
required performance and objectives have been achieved.
• It should demonstrate the extend of the contribution to oral
health in the target population and whether each part of the
programme is relevant and appropriate.
 • Relevance: relevance or requisiteness relates to
the appropriateness of the service, whether it
is needed at all . If there is no need, the service
can hardly be of any value. E.g. smallpox
vaccination.
• Adequacy: sufficient attention has been paid
ELEMENTS OF to certain previously determined courses of
action e.g. staff allocation
EVALUATION • Accessibility: proportion of the given
population that can be expected to use a
specified facility, service, etc. barriers to
accessibility may be physical, economic, social
or cultural
• Acceptability: service provided may be
accessible, but not acceptable to all
 • Effectiveness: the extend to which the
underlying problem is prevented or alleviated.
• Efficiency: measure of how well resources are
utilized to achieve a given effectiveness – e.g.
ELEMENTS immunization provided in a year compared
with accepted norm
OF EVALUATION
• Impact: expression of overall effect of a
programme, services or institution on health
status and socioeconomic development e.g.
malaria control in India – incidence of
malaria dropped and improvement in
agricultural, industrial and social aspects.
 • Formative evaluation or Mid
term Evaluation
T YPES OF
E VA LUAT I O N • Summative evaluation or End
term Evaluation
STE PS E VALUATION OF HE ALTH SE RVICE S

Determine what is to be evaluated

Establish standards and criteria
Plan the methodology to be applied
Gather information
Analyze the result
Take action
Re-evaluate