LABORATORY

SAFETY
Ann Fatima G. Quindao, RMT, LPT, MPH
 Laboratory
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
• Goggles
• Gloves
• Mask
• Lab Gown
• Hairnet/Ponytail
• Foot Protection/Enclosed Shoes
Laboratory Safety Rules
Teacher’s Safety Rules in the Lab
 Laboratory Activity No. 1

THE PROPER COLLECTION,

OBSERVATION OF AN IDEAL URINE
SPECIMEN FOR URINE ANALYSIS WITH
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION.
 TYPES OF URINE SPECIMENS
Random
• Urine Screening
First morning
•Ideal specimen for routine screening and
pregnancy test (hCG).
•Most concentrated.
•For evaluation of orthostatic proteinuria.
 TYPES OF URINE SPECIMENS
2-hour postprandial
• For diabetic screening/monitoring
Catheterized specimen
• For bacterial culture
Midstream clean catch specimen
• For routine screening and bacterial culture
Suprapubic Aspiration
• Bladder urine for anaerobic bacterial culture
and urine cytology.
 TYPES OF URINE SPECIMENS
Three-Glass Collection
•For prostatic infection
1. first portion of voided urine
2. Middle portion of voided urine.
3. Urine after prostatic massage.
 Examine the 1st and 3rd specimen
microscopically then compare the
number of WBC and bacteria.
 Prostatic infection if the 3rd specimen is
10 times greater than that of the 1st.
 2nd specimen serves as control. for
bladder and kidney infection. If
positive for WBC and bacteria, then
results from the 3rd specimen is
considered invalid.
 TYPES OF URINE SPECIMENS
Glucose tolerance
• Optional with blood sample in glucose
tolerance test
Pediatric specimen
• Use soft, clear plastic bags with
hypoallergenic skin adhesive to attach to
the genital area of both boys and girls are
available for collecting routine specimens.
 TYPES OF URINE SPECIMENS
Timed Specimen
 24-hour
 12-hour
 4-hour
 Afternoon (2 PM-4 PM)
• Begin and end the collection with an empty
bladder;
• Requires preservatives
• For addis count
• For nitrite determination
• Urobilinogen determination
 TYPES OF URINE SPECIMENS
Drug specimen collection
Chain of Custody- process that provides
documentation of proper sample
identification from the time of collection to the
receipt of the laboratory results.
Required urine volume- 30-45 ml; 60 ml

container capacity
 Temperature- 32.5 °C -37.7 °C
Blueing agent- is added to the toilet water
reservoir to prevent specimen adulteration.
 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

• Color
• Transparency
• Specific Gravity
• Odor
COLOR
• Colorless/Straw
• Pale Yellow/Light Yellow
• Yellow
• Dark Yellow
• Amber
• Orange-yellow
• Yellow-green
• Green
• Blue-Green
• Pink
• Red
• Port wine
• Red-brown
• Brown
• Black
Color
The yellow color of urine is due largely to the
pigment urochrome
• Urobilin- The oxidized form of urobilinogen that
provides the brown color to feces
• Urochrome- Yellow pigment produced by
endogenous metabolism that imparts the
yellow color to urine
• Uroerythrin- Pink pigment in urine derived from
melanin metabolism that attaches to urates in
the sediment
CLARITY
Transparency of urine, ranging from clear to turbid
Table 4-1. Urine Clarity
CLARITY TERM
Clear No visible particulates, transparent

Hazy Few particulates, print easily seen through

urine
Cloudy Many particulates, print blurred through urine

Turbid Print cannot be seen through urine

Milky May precipitate or be clotted

ODOR
 Urine normally will have a faint, aromatic
odor of undetermined source. Specimens
with extensive bacterial overgrowth can be
recognized by an ammoniacal, fetid odor.
 Lack of odor in urine from patients with
acute renal failure suggests acute tubular
necrosis rather than prerenal failure.
ODOR
Table 4-2. Characteristic urine odors associated with amino acid
disorders
Disorder Odor
Cystinuria Rotten eggs
Hawkinsinuria Swimming pool
Ketoacidosis Sweet, fruity
Isovaleric acidemia and glutaric Sweaty feet
acidemia
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) Maple syrup
Methionine malabsorption Cabbage, hops
Phenylketonuria Mousy, musty
Trimethylaminuria Rotting fish
Tyrosinemia Rancid
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• The density of a solution compared with that of a similar
volume of distilled water, influenced by both the number
and size of the particles present
• Urea (20%), sodium chloride (25%), sulfate, and
phosphate contribute most of the specific gravity of
normal urine.
• Normal kidneys have the ability to produce urine with a
specific gravity that ranges from 1.003 to 1.035.
• The specific gravity of the plasma filtrate entering the
glomerulus is 1.010. The term isosthenuric is urine with a
specific gravity of 1.010. Specimens below 1.010 are
hyposthenuric, and those above 1.010 are
hypersthenuric.
• ≥1.040 SG indicates presence of radiographic dyes.
Urinometer
 This is a hydrometer that is adapted to directly measure the
specific gravity of urine at room temperature.
 Should be checked each day by measuring the specific
gravity of distilled water.
 Calibration temperature: 20 ° C
 Subtract 0.001 for every 3° C that the specimen
temperature is below the calibration temperature.
Add 0.001 for every
• 3° C that the specimen temperature is above the
calibration temperature.
 Corrections must also be made for protein or glucose
present; subtract 0.003 for every 1 g/ dL of protein, and
0.004 for every 1 g/dL of glucose.
 Urine volume required is 10 ml-15 ml.
Specific Gravity using
Urinometer
Refractometry
• Measurement of the light-bending capability of solutions
 Determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a
specimen by measuring refractive index. Refractive index is a
comparison of the velocity of light in air with the velocity of
light in a solution.
 Uses small volume of urine (one or two drops).
 subtract 0.003 for each gram of protein present and 0.004 for
each gram of glucose present. (amount of protein or glucose
present can be determined from the chemical reagent strip
tests).
 Calibration: (1) distilled water should read 1.000. If necessary,
the instrument contains a zero setscrew to adjust the distilled
water reading. (2) Using 5% NaCl, which as shown in the
refractometer conversion tables should read 1.022 ± 0.001, or
9% sucrose that should read 1.034 ± 0.001.
 Principle: Refractive Index
Specific Gravity using
Refractometer
Reagent Strip
 The reagent area has three main ingredients
present: polyelectrolyte, indicator substance, and
buffer.
 Principle: pKa change of pretreated
polyelectrolytes in relation to the ionic
concentration of the urine.
 The reagent strip assay for urine pH must be
performed carefully to avoid run-over from
adjacent test areas, which can cause false
readings.
Specific Gravity using
Reagent Strip
 QUIZ
1. Give atleast 5 PPE
2. Give atleast 5 ID Hazards
3. Give atleast 3 Don’t’s in the Lab
4. What is PPE?
5. What is urine?
 QUIZ
1. Methods of urine specimen collection?
2. Lists of physical examination?
3. Methods of determining specific
gravity?
4. Normal range of urine specific gravity ?
5. Clarity of the urine which has many
particulates and print blurred through
urine?
GOOD LUCK AND GOD BLESS!
 ANSWER
1. Give atleast 5 PPE
• Goggles
• Gloves
• Mask
• Lab Gown
• Hairnet/Ponytail
• Foot Protection/Enclosed Shoes
 ANSWER
2. Give atleast 5 ID Hazards
 ANSWER
3. Give atleast 3 Don’t’s in the Lab
• Never enter a science lab without a teacher in the
room.
• Never touch anything unless you are told to do so.
• Don’t put anything into your mouth in a lab.
• Don’t drink or eat in a lab.
• Never run in a lab.
• Never throw anything.
• Never take anything in the lab.
 ANSWER
4. What is PPE?

Personal Protective Equipment

 ANSWER
5. What is urine?

Urine is a sterile liquid by-product of the

body that is secreted by the kidneys
through the process called urination.
 QUIZ
1. Methods of urine specimen collection
• Clean-catch or clean-voided
midstream
• Three-glass collections
• Catheterization
• Suprapubic aspiration
 QUIZ
2. Lists of physical examination
• Color
• Clarity/Transparency/Turbidity
• Specific Gravity
 QUIZ
3. Methods of determining specific
gravity and its method
• Urinometer – Buoyancy
• Refractometer – measures the refractive
index which is the ratio of the velocity of light
in air to measurements of concentration
• Reagents strip/Dipstick – based on pKa
change of certain preteated
polyelectrolytes in relation to ionic
concentration
 QUIZ
4. Normal range of urine specific
gravity?

1.005 – 1.035
 QUIZ
5. Clarity of the urine which has many
particulates and print blurred through
urine?

Cloudy