& 1 2 States of Matte States of Matter 6. V1 There are no forces of attraction between Y¥ 1 One mole of any ideal gas occupies the molecules same volume under the same conditions of V2 The molecules are in a state of continual, temperature and pressure random motion ¥ 2 The density of an ideal gas at constant. V3 The size of the molecules is negligible. pressure is inversely proportional to the temperature All three statements are assumptions made about an ideal gas in the kinetic theory. (ans) p= Rt RT. ¥ 2 The molecules in a real gas have a definite size The molecules in a real gas are subjected to intermolecular forces, v3 Inan ideal gas, the size of the gas molecule is negligible and there is negligible forces of attraction between molecules. (ans) Blow pressure and high temperature Atlow pressure, gas particles have negligible size since the volume occupied by the gas is very large compared to the gas particle itself. At high temperature, there is negligible intermolecular attractions since the gas particles have sufficient kinetic energy to ‘overcome it. (ans) D the high pressure of 150 atm Real gases show the biggest deviation from ideality at high pressures and low temperatures At high pressures, gas molecules are packed close together and the size of a gas molecule cannot be assumed to be negligible. At low temperatures, forces of attraction between gas molecules are significant. (ans) A HCI An ideal gas has negligible intermolecular forces of attraction. The dipole-dipole attraction between HC/ molecules is stronger than the intermolecular van der Waals’ forces in He, CH, and Ns, Hence, HC/ deviates most from ideal gas behaviour. (ans) tere McQ Chemistry P => under the same conditions of temperature 7 and pressure p, Tis constant for the same amount of gas. V’is proportional to the absolute temperature (not temperature in °C). The ideal gas equation can be expressed as M pis nT = TERT sincen m = at constant pressure, density is inversely proportional to temperature 7, (ans) opine 1 v1 ie. e since p RT ‘The gas behaves non-ideally pil) = 15% 76.0 = 1140 pil’) = 60 x 20.5 = 1230 Since p;1')#2V°r, the gas therefore behaves non-ideally, (ans) ott 8 V1 ply eT V2 pM«dr V3 pad © Forideal gas, pl’=nRT => pl'y & T. © Since n=, pl'=2.RT or pM=".RT Since d=", pM=dRT => pM «x dT. © Since c=, p=cRT = px cl. (ans)1.52__ States of Matter © For ideal gas, pl not option 2) Since not option 3) (option 1) (ans) oP For an ideal gas, pl"= nRT For a fixed mass of gas, » is constant. Since temperature is also constant, pl is constant, (ans) ul volume p temperature For an ideal gas, pI”=nRT or V'= 22 at constant p, ToT where 7'is the absolute temperature (in K) Hence, the graph of I’ against temperature/*C is a straight line (positive gradient) cutting the temperature axis at -273 °C (or 0K). (ans) phen 12, constant, D o ; ‘The ideal gas equation, pI” = at constant p, I” T (ans) a nRT, 1B. A ammonia Among other attributes, an ideal gas has negligible intermolecular forces of attraction. ‘NH; has strong intermolecular attractions, caused by hydrogen bonding and so, shows the greatest deviation from ideality. (ans) omnes 1. ¥ 1 increasing the temperature ¥ 2 introducing more of the same gas into the same volume at the same temperature Increasing the temperature increases the kinetic, ‘energy of gas molecules. Introducing more of the same gas into the same volume at the same temperature increases the number of gas molecules with a particular energy. (ans) cnet 15, A 1 mol of Nz at 0°C in 11.2 dm? Ideal gas equation, pI’= RT => p= "82 4831.(04218 AP Ta = 202 kPa B 111 KPa C: water remains a liquid at 27°C. D: Atits normal boiling point, the pressure is, 1 atm (101 kPa) (ans) ett 16. C_amixture of 1 g of hydrogen and 2 g of deuterium of total volume I” Given: mol of Since pI"= nR7, Hence, at the same temperature 7, a pressure p is exerted by 1 mol of gas of total volume I” In€, mol of gas = mol of H; + mol of D 17. D It increases with increase in temperature and decreases with increase in pressure. RT P = Vis directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to pressure. (ans) tre V Using ideal gas eqn, pI’= nRT Atel MEQ - Chesney& 18. A lL kPa After connection is made, new volume = (1+ 2) dm’ =3 dm* At constant temperature, pI"is constant, 11 kPa (ans) 19, C 2.67dm* mass of 1 cm’ of ice (H,O) = 1.00 g ‘mol. of steam = mol, of HO = = 12 vol. of steam at 298 K = (12° x 24) dm* vol. of steam at 596K = (182 x 24) x $98 = 2.67 dm* (ans) 20. 0.10%8.31x300 1.0% 105 «83.1«10- ‘Using the ideal gas equation, pl'=nRT = wet 0.108 31(27 +273) (since n an T.0x105 «83,110 x83 “ipaoreiaoe om a " D 0 HES ‘As temperature increases from 7, to 7, the most probable molecular speed increases and more molecules acquire higher speeds resulting in a wider spread of speeds, ie. the maximum of the distribution curve shifts to the right and to a lower value. The total number of molecules (as indicated by the area beneath the curve) remains constant, (ans) tere McQ Chemistry States of Matter 22. fraction of molecules Speed ‘As temperature increases from 200K to 500K, the most probable molecular speed increases and more molecules acquire higher speeds resulting in a wider spread of speeds; ive. the ‘maximum of the distribution curve shifts to the right and to a lower value (ans) tpg 23, x number of molecules i ° speed When the gas is cooled, the most probable speed X is reduced and more molecules have lower speeds resulting in a smaller spread of speeds; ie. maximum of the distribution curve shifts to the left and to a higher value. (ans) tte 24, V1 The maximum of the curve is displaced to the right. ¥ 2 The proportion of molecules with energies above any given value increases. As temperature increases, the average kinetic energy of the molecule increases and more molecules acquire higher kinetic energies (less molecules have lower kinetic energies). So, the maximum of the curve displaces to the right and the proportion of molecules with energies above any given value increases. (ans) pressure c | bw temperature high The most accurate value of M, is obtained when the gaseous compound is most like an ideal gas; ie. at low pressure and high temperature. (ans) tte154 States of Matter 26. x Y B ionic covalent The lattice structure of solid X consists of two interpenetrating face-centred cubic lattices, like that of Na* CI”. Hence, ionic bonding is present in X. The lattice structure of solid Y is that of graphite (which consists of flat layers of carbon atoms arranged hexagonally). Hence covalent bonding is present in ¥. (ans) omeinse 21, D- sulfur Sulfur, Ss, has a simple molecular structure consisting of a lattice of discrete molecules held together by weak intermolecular van der Waals' forces. MgO is giant ionic; Na is giant metallic; and SiO» is giant molecular. (ans) mine 28, A CO; CO; has a simple molecular structure, which consists of discrete molecules held together by weak van der Waals’ forces. HO molecules are held together by hydrogen bonding. Cu giant metallic and MgO is giant ionic. (ans) eee 29. D silicon(IV) oxide SiO; has a macromolecular structure; strong covalent bonds between Si and O atoms. (ans) ote 30. ¥2~ sodium ¥ 3 sodium iodide Sodium has a giant metallic lattice. Sodium iodide (Na* I) has a giant ionic lattice. Iodine (L,)has a simple molecular structure. (ans) 31 ¥ 2 lattice of ions ¥ 3 delocalised electrons Copper has a giant metallic structure, which consists of a lattice of copper ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons moving randomly throughout the lattice. (ans) 32. V1 The Na* and CI” ions are both arranged in a face-centred cubic lattice V2 The distance between the nuclei of adjacent ions is the sum of the two ionic radii ¥ 3° Each Na* ion is surrounded by six C/~ ions NaC/has a giant ionic structure, which consists of a lattice of Na’ and C/” ions held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction. Each ion is surrounded octahedrally by six ON ‘oppositely charged ions in a face- @ ci- centred cubic close-packed structure (ans) 33 ¥ 1 The particles in the crystals are arranged in a regular lattice Ina simple ionic crystal, the positive and negative ions are arranged alternately in a regular lattice, When the crystal is tapped sharply along a particular plane, it is possible to displace one layer of ions relative to the next, Tons of similar charge then come together and repel each other forcing apart the e ‘two portions of the 1e2 ‘crystal; i. the crystal e cleaves. (ans) fe smnte 34 42 graphite V3 sodium In graphite, each C atom is bonded covalently to three other carbon atoms, using three of the valence electrons. The fourth valence electron is available for # bonding between adjacent carbon atoms, resulting in delocalisation throughout the layer. Sodium has a giant metallic structure, which consists of a lattice of sodium ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons moving randomly throughout the lattice. (ans) te Atel MEQ - Chesney35, solid D molecular vapour molecular Solid iodine readily forms iodine vapour (i.e sublimes) when heated, shows that iodine is a simple molecular solid. It consists of a lattice of discrete I; molecules held together by weak van der Waals’ forces of attraction, which required very little energy to overcome, (ans) 36. D van der Waals’ forces Solid CO; has a simple molecular structure consisting of discrete CO, molecules held together by weak van der Waals’ forces. (ans) 37. Da molecular crystal This solid is most likely to be molecular (D), onic crystal (B) conducts electricity when molten, Giant molecular crystal (C) has very high melting point (m_p.) while atomic crystal (A) has much lower mp. (< 100°C). (ans) empisin 38, C ionic MgO isa giant ionic solid, with strong electrostatic forces of attraction (ionic bonds) holding Mg” and O* ions together. For MgO. to melt, these strong ionic bonds need to be broken. (ans) 39, D__ Ionic compounds differ from metals in that ionic compounds do not conduet electricity in the solid state. Ionic solid is made up of a lattice of oppositely charged ions held together by electrostatic forces of attraction. The ions are fixed and thus cannot conduct electricity. Metals consist of a lattice of cations surrounded by delocalised electrons which are mobile and thus can conduct electricity. (ans) & tere McQ Chemistry States of Matter 40. D solid doesnotconduct 1610 A non-ionic compound does not conduct in the molten state. Since it has a giant lattice, the ‘melting point is, therefore, very high and it is a solid at room temperature. (ans) amine 41 D ice Ice contains both covalent bonding (between H and O atom within each HO molecule) and hydrogen bonding (between H,O molecules). Brass and copper contain only metallic bonding, while diamond contains only covalent bonding. (ans) te 42, A. Bonding electrons in the crystal lattice move Copper is metallic — it consists of a lattice of metal cations held together by a sea of delocalised electrons. Cu conducts electrici as a result of the concerted movement of the mobile bonding electrons in the lattice. (ans) omni 43, D silicon Silicon is giant molecular (like diamond). Its principal oxide is SiO, and its principal chloride is SiC, (tetrahedral in shape). (ans) er 44, x y z ce] 4 2 covalent SiO, has a giant covalent structure (like that of diamond). Each Si atom is covalently bonded to four O atoms (in a tetrahedral arrangement) while each O atom is covalently bonded to two Si atoms Si atom attached to 4 atoms1-56 States of Matter ¥2- The C-C-C bond angle between nearest neighbours is smaller in diamond than in graphite. ¥ 3° Allbonds in diamond are of the same strength but those in graphite are not. C-C bond is shorter in graphite (0.142 nm) than in diamond (0.154 nm) C-C-C bond angle is smaller in diamond (109.5°, tetrahedral) than in graphite (120%, trigonal planar), Diamond has a giant covalent structure and all C-C covalent bonds are of the same strength. Graphite, however, has a layered structure. The C-C covalent bonds within the layer is stronger than the weak van der Waals’ forces between layers. (ans) ee 46. B__ covalent bonds between carbon atoms ‘© Diamond is giant molecular ~ each C atom bonded covalently to four other C atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement (a 3-D covalent network of interlocking hexagons); C-C bond length is 0.154 nm. ‘© Graphite has a layered structure, Within the layer, each C atom is bonded covalently to three other C atoms, using 3 of the valence electrons. The 4" valence e”is available for x bonding between adjacent carbon atoms, resulting in delocalisation throughout the layer. The layers are held together by van der Waals’ forces. C-C bond length is 0.142 nm. (ans) soins 47 D_ Graphite has van der Waals' forces between the layers of atoms. ‘The weak van der Waals’ forces between the flat ayers of carbon atoms allow the layers to slide over one another. Hence, graphite is slippery and has lubricating properties. (ans) 49. V1 The empirical formula of boron nitride is, BN. V2 The boron and nitrogen atoms are likely to be arranged alternately in a hexagonal pattern. ¥ 3° Boron nitride has a layer structure with van der Waals’ forces between the layers Like graphite, boron nitride has a layer structure with van der Waals’ forces between the layers. In each layer, B and N atoms are arranged altemately forming hexagonal rings. The ratio B:N is 1:1 and so, the empirical formula is BN. (ans) cee ¥ 1 Silicon carbide has a higher melting point. ¥ 2 Silicon carbide is more resistant to oxidation ¥ 3° Silicon carbide is less likely to deform under compression, Silicon carbide is macromolecular. It has very high melting point, is resistant to oxidation and less likely to deform under compression. (ans) tre 51 ‘A. agiant structure with covalent bonds between silicon and carbon atoms Silicon carbide (carborundum) has a giant ‘molecular lattice (like that of SiO,), as indicated by its hardness, high melting point and chemical inertness. (ans) comtoe 52, C petroleum additives Lead is emitted into the atmosphere as PbBrs vapour and so, cannot be recycled. (ans) 48, V1 Itisa lubricant Like graphite, boron nitride is likely to be soft, slippery and can be used as a lubricant. (ans) tnt Atel MEQ - Chesney