ANIMAL MIGRATION

Some animals migrate for reproductive reasons: either to find a mate, raise their young, or to
spawn. One of the main reasons animals migrate is to find food.
Migration is a pattern of behavior in which animals travel from one habitat to another in search
of food, better conditions, or reproductive needs.
Other animals migrate because of the climate or seasons. For example, monarch butterflies
migrate to avoid cold temperatures in the winter. Many animal species migrate, including
species of fish, crustaceans, amphibians, reptiles, insects, and mammals. Some researchers
suggest that these animals use a mix of stimuli, such as sunlight, the Earth’s magnetic field, and
chemical cues, to find their way. This makes it different from emigration, when animals travel
to find a new, permanent place to live. For example, salmon start life in rivers and migrate to
the sea to feed and grow. These animals might journey by land, sea, or air to reach their
destination, often crossing vast distances and in large numbers. After spending up to seven
years in the ocean, they migrate back to the rivers they were born in so that they can spawn. In
Tanzania, wildebeests, zebras and gazelles migrate in huge herds. In the winter, they migrate
back to warmer waters to raise their calves. First, migration happens seasonally, and second,
migration involves a return journey. Christmas Island red crabs migrate for similar reasons.
STALKERWARE: THE SECRET APPS PEOPLE USE TO SPY ON THEIR
PARTNERS
Apps that secretly give people access to their partners' smartphones are growing in prominence, but is
the
threat being taken seriously?
“Catch cheating spouses” the website for California-based HelloSpy, a smartphone app, says.

There is a photo of a woman with a bruised face and a man grabbing her arm. Infidelity is easier these
days because of online social networks and mobile phones, the page claims. But the “good news” is that
technology can reveal infidelity too, it says. On the site for another app, FlexiSpy, I seek help from a
customer support agent. During a web chat, I say, “I think my wife is cheating.” The agent, whether
human or bot, immediately asks whether I have physical access to her phone so I can install the app.
Neither HelloSpy nor FlexiSpy responded to a request for comment on these marketing practices. The
sale of such apps is permitted in both the US and UK, but these disturbing examples demonstrate how
the software easily slips into a legal grey area.
The software itself is perfectly legal. For example, an employer might tell an employee that their work
phone will be loaded with software that records everything they do. The employee’s consent may be
explicitly granted in that case. However, software can also be installed surreptitiously on someone’s
device to snoop on their messages and phone calls. The use of such “stalkerware” seems to be on the
rise. “Accessing the contents of someone’s phone now is accessing their life,” says Lucy Purdon at
campaign group Privacy International. “We are very concerned about this.” Once installed, stalkerware
can be set up so as to be practically invisible to the phone’s owner. It might be used, for example, to
monitor their location and movements using GPS. It can provide access to any text messages or pictures
they send, or record everything they type. In some cases, stalkerware can even switch on the device’s
microphone to eavesdrop on private conversations. Purdon and her colleagues have examined apps that
market themselves as helpful tools that allow parents to keep an eye on their kids. In reality, they offer
unbridled access to children’s phones. “These tools go way beyond checking
your child’s location,” she says.
Employers, parents and snooping partners have emerged as the three main targets for spy apps. An
analysis by cybersecurity company Kaspersky found that, in the first eight months of 2019, more than
37,500 of its customers encountered spyware or stalkerware at least once – a 35 per cent rise on the
same period in 2018. “We’re seeing a marked increase,” says David Emm, a researcher at the firm.
Another security firm, Avast, detected eight stalkerware apps on the Google Play app store in July. All
have since been removed as Google prohibits such apps.
Many notorious stalkerware apps are built for Android, but there are variants that can be installed on
iPhones running iOS as well. In a July blog post, Google software engineer Ivan Rodriguez described
how stalkers can get around some of the security protections built into iOS and spy on the phone’s
owner anyway. But a crackdown is afoot. The US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has just taken legal
action against a Florida-based firm called Retina-X, which developed spyware apps called MobileSpy,
PhoneSheriff and TeenShield. Among other things, the FTC said the company was failing to ensure that
users of the software were installing it for “legitimate” purposes, a practice it said was “unfair” since it
put people at risk of being monitored illegally. Despite this, stalkerware can still slip through legal
loopholes. Neither the UK nor the US explicitly outlaw this software. Rather it is how it is used – for
example to harass people or access their data without consent – that may fall foul of legislation. There
is a lack of international coordination over how to deal with the misuse of spy apps, says Christopher
Parsons at the University of Toronto. He and his colleagues published an in-depth report on the rise of
stalkerware earlier this year. Parsons says law enforcement agencies in different countries could
collaborate to shut down firms that market their products for purposes that are abusive.
One issue is that this marketing can be covert. Parsons and his colleagues found that one Londonbased
firm, mSpy, didn’t explicitly refer to spousal snooping on its website. Instead, web code concealed
references to such spying as a means of attracting search traffic on the subject. mSpy didn’t respond to a
request for comment. Tactics like this can mean that some stalkerware apps only come to the attention
of law enforcement when their targets report them – something Parsons says shouldn’t be necessary.
“Women are suffering incredibly serious harms because of this and they don’t have to,” he says.
“Governments could solve this if they chose to.”
People who install stalkerware on their partners’ devices aren’t just invading their privacy. Emm says
that because such apps often ask the installer to deactivate security protections, the target is left open to
other cyberthreats such as malware. “Some victims fear that their partners will use the information to
blackmail or shame them”. Stalkerware providers themselves can also be targeted. In 2017, Retina-X
was hit by a hacker who was allegedly able to retrieve photos and data from the company’s servers of
people being stalked. That such data was left vulnerable in this way was another reason the FTC decided
to take action against the firm. But it is perhaps the psychological impact of having your phone
completely compromised by a romantic partner that is most insidious. Christina Dardis at Towson
University in Maryland has studied the mental health effects of stalking, including cases where stalkers
turn to technology to spy on or harass their target, broadly known as cyberstalking.
Such behaviour can cause post-traumatic stress disorder or depression, she says, as well as
prompting worries of further abuses. “Some victims fear that their partners will use the information they
obtain from their surveillance to blackmail or shame them,” says Dardis. Cyberstalking is also correlated
with other forms of harassment, including physical stalking and sexual violence, she says. Stalkerware is
really a symptom of a deeper problem. “There’s kind of an assumption with technology misuse that if
you remove the technology you stop the abuse,” says Erica Olsen at the US National Network to End
Domestic Violence. In reality, these apps clearly fulfil a disturbing demand. One review on FlexiSpy’s
website, apparently left by a customer, says they purchased the software to keep tabs on their wife.
Seeing her calls, photos and locations was “very helpful” the reviewer says, before adding: “I’ll be
recommending this to anyone that needs to know.”
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet, write:
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
14. According to HelloSpy, the prevalence of social media and cell phones makes it easier for spouses
to cheat on their partners.
15. Selling spy apps is legitimate in the USA.
16. It is easy for people to notice the existence of spyware in their phones.
17. The increasing popularity of stalkerware is attributed to Avast.
18. Spyware can be installed in all kinds of cell phones.
19. Spy apps are noticehd and controlled by laws only when being reported