a Gerundios e infinitivos Infinitivo Elinfinitivo se forma con to-+el verbo. detrés de los adietivos They were happy to hear the news. para explicar un propésito They came to give us solutions. ‘a detrés de algunos verbos afford, agree, appear, ask, beg, care, choose, ~ claim, dare, decide, demand, expect, fall, hope, earn, manage, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, wait, want, wish . Verbo + objeto + infinitivo con to ‘@Algunos verbos van seguidos de un complemento indirecto y un infinitivo con to. En la forma negativa, not va delante del infinitivo. advise, allow, ask, beg, convince, command, encourage, expect, forbid, force, help, invite, need, order, permit, persuade, request, teach, tell, want, wam ‘Abby's parents don’ allow her to stay out fate. Julia persuaded her boyfriend to buy a new car. The police wamed the teenagers not to write groffiti on the wall ; Verbo + objeto + infinitivo sin to fe £sta estructura suele usarse con los verbos de percepcién (see, hear, listen to, smell, watch) y con los vverbos make y let. 1 saw the thief steal the bag. Mysister always makes me tidy her room. | never let my brother use my MP3 player. owns @rerencod Gerundio Ei gerundio se forma con el verbo + -ing. Las normas ortogréficas para su formaci6n se encuentran en la pagina 78. pr eenn Usamos el gerundio... ‘© detrés de las preposiciones He's very good at speaking English. ‘# como sujeto de una oracion Volunteering is a valuable way to spend your free time. ‘© detris de algunas expresiones. * It’s no use investing in that project. ‘@ con algunos verbos que lo requieren ‘admit, avoid, can’t help, can't stand, consider, delay, deny, detest, dislike, don’t mind, enjoy, feel Tike, finish, give up, imagine, mention, mind, miss, practise, resent, resist, suggest, understand Verbos que cambian de significado con el infinitivo o el gerundio © Enos siguientes casos camnbia el significado de los verbos dependiendo de si usamos un gerundio 0 un Infinitivo con ellos. (olvidar un hecho o una accion pasada) Hilnever forget meeting Nelson Mandela. © forget + to + infinitivo (olvidarse de hacer algo) Don't forget to read the reports. Remember ‘© remember + gerundio (recordar una accién pasada) ‘She remembers visting Alrica forthe first time. © remember +'to-+infinitiva (acordarse de lo que hay que hacer) She never remembers to tum off her computer after work. Regret ‘© regret + gerundio (lamentar una accién pasada) We didn’t regret taking that decision. ‘8 regrets to + infinitive (lamentar lo que se va a decir en un lenguaje formal) We regret to inform passengers that the train wil be delayed. UN aGs CRY MOK “yt SSUSSSH SSE 000SSR0SRSSRS0t00SR0SRSSRS0R00nE0nr~-Mean mean + gerundio (describir las posibles ‘consecuencias de una decisién) Your decision will mean spending hours in meetings. © mean + to + infinitivo (expresar intenciones o planes) J mean to start a new business. Stop © stop + gerundio (dejar de hacer algo que se solfa hacer) She's stopped seeing him. ‘© stop + to-+ infinitivo (interrumpir una accién para hacer otra cosa) They stopped to have something to eat. Try © try + gerundio (hacer una sugerencia o dar una posible solucién a un problema) Ifyou are tired, try going to bed earlier. © try+t0+ infinitivo (intentar hacer algo) Stop that noise! I'm trying to concentrate. ‘© Podemos usar tanto el gerundio como el infinitivo, sin que varie el significado de la oracién, con fos siguientes verbos: begin, start, continue, ike, love, hate, prefer | will start learning French next term. He loves to visit new countries, precedidos por would, usamos el infinite Con TO. “Wold you like to sit down? He would prefer to stay at home tonight. El orden de los adjetivos ‘® Cuando usamos mas de un adjetivo delante de un nombre, deben colocarse siguiendo un orden. @ Una regia sencilla es que los adjetivos de opinién van delante de los adjetivos descriptivos. 1. opinién (practical, handy, simple ...) tamafto (big, tiny large ...) edad (old, middle-aged, modem, new ...) color (silver, dark, shiny ...) nacionalidad (Spanish, British, foreign ...) maierial/tipo (plastic, metallic, wooden, electrical ..) ‘Ava has bought a handy, modern, metallic mobile phone, ‘My grandma til stens to her large, old-fashioned, wooden radio. aaron Vocabulary reference Unit 2 Los phrasal verbs Los phrasal verbs son verbos seguidos de una o mas particulas adverbiales. Entre las mas comunes estén about, across, away, back, i, off, on, out, over, past y up. Al unir estas particulas al verbo, le dan un significado diferente y no literal Muchos verbos combinan con diferentes particulas para tomar nuevos significados. come across (encontrarse con alguien o encontrar algo por casualidad) 1 came across some old photos ina box. come back (volver a un hugar) They came back very ate that night. ‘come from (ser / provenir de) * My parents come from Ireland. Los phrasal verbs pueden ser transitivos (con objeto directo) 0 intransitivos (sin objeto directo). You'll never get that money back. (transitivo) They didn't get back until midnight, (intransitive) Phrasal verbs transitivos 1 © Los phrasal verbs transitivos que se pueden separar son aquellos en los que el objeto directo se puede colocar tanto entre el verbo y la partfcula como detrés de la particula, 1 took my gloves off | took off my gloves. '* Siel objeto directo es un pronombre, siempre va entre el verbo y a particula. Put them on. Take it off Sree tring up Dor’tbring that subject up aga cary out The company is carrying out a survey to assess public opinion, close down The authorities closed the restaurant down ‘when they discovered rats in the kitchen. fil in Shall fillin the application form? figure out You can figure the rest out later, giveaway Give your books away if you don't need them, giveout _The teacher gave the exam papers out. handin ~The students handed in their tests when they had finished, look up Look up the words in your dictionary. putdown Don't put yourself down. You are 2 good student, put off We asked the teacher to put the test off until the following week.Vocabulary reference puton Walt for mel | have to put my coat on putout Put out your cigarette - you cart smoke here, uyon Why don’t you try these jeans on? turn down Please turn the music dow - it's too loud. tum off Tum off the tap while brushing your teeth. tum on ‘Tum the TV on and we'll watch the match, Phrasal verbs transitivos 2 Los phrasal verbs transitivos que no se pueden separar son aquellos en los que no se puede insertar nada entre verbo y particula, El objeto directo siempre va detrés de la particula, aunque sea un He tried appealing to her better nature. askafter Louise asked after you today she was vary concerned about you. bbelievein Do you believe in ghosts? ‘all or Il call for you on my way to the cinema, come acrosé_ | came across some valuable antiques in my attic last weekend, deal with How do young people deal with bullying? getinto. They gotintoa fight on their way home, getover She can't get over the death of her cat goover We went over the questlons before the exam. join in ‘The new student joined in the activites even though he was very shy. lookafter —_'mooking after my neighbour's children tonight: ook around Let's look around the old town tonight. lookinto The police are looking into rabberies in the neighbourhood, pickon The older boys are always picking on me. run into He an into an old friend in the supermarket, take after Look at Elie; she realy takes after her mur. Phrasal verbs intransitivos ¢ Los phrasal verbs intransitivos no tienen objeto directo, por lo que no se separa el verbo de la particula. a break down The.car broke down on the motorway, break out The Second World War broke out in 1939. come back — What time did you come back lastnight? comein Can come in? come out The seventh Harry Potter book came out in, 2007. comeover Will you come over my place? fall out Will and | are always Falling out. pone fitin she tried tofitin the group, but they were much older than her. getup You don’t need ta getup early at the weekend. goback want to go back o the shop and buy that dress. eon ‘We stopped to see what was going on in the park grow up Children grow up so quiciy Keepon Let's keep on working, We haven't finished yet lookout Look out There's a car coming! splitup Daniel and Rachel are always sping up. wakeup [wake up at seven o'clock every morning, Phrasal verbs con tres partes Los phrasal verbs con tres partes constan de! verbo y dos particulas. El verbo y las particulas no pueden separarse Ce ‘catch up He missed school for@ month and hd to with catch up with the rest ofthe class. comeup ve come up againsta problem that can't against solve, comeup Have you come up with an answer to my with protiem yet? drop out of My'riend dropped out af schoo! ast year. face upto You really should face up to. your responsibilities. feelupto I don't feel up to. going to work today. getaway Don't expactto get away with cheating In with exams. get back My boyfriend and | got back together last together night. geton with She doesn't get on with the people in her class, look down Some people look dovin on immigrants. on ook ''m looking forward to going to Paris at the forward te weekend. Igok up to Andrew looks up to organizations that fight Ske fora better word make sure Make sure ofthe directions before starting of your journey. putup with We shouldnt put up with antisocial behaviour run outo! Goto the shop~we've nun out of milk. stand up for He must learn to stand up for himself.Aigunos phrasal verbs pueden ser transitivos 0 intransitivos y cambian de significado dependiendo del contexto. Estos son algunas ejemplos: ‘make up transitive - inventar Dial you make that story up? intransitivo ~ reconciliarse tras una discusrén They still haven't made up - it’s been a week since that argument, take off transitivo — quitarse una prenda He sat down on the sofa and took off his shoes. intransitive - despegar My plane takes off at seven o'clock turn up transitive - aumentar Can you turn the volume up on the TV please? Intransitivo ~ aparecer de manera imprevista Don’t book in advance, just turn up ond you'll get arable, Adverbios de grado @ Algunos adjetivos y adverbios se refieren a cualidades que pueden tenerse en mayor o menor grado, ‘© Para afiadir el matiz de grado a un adjetivo o a un adverbio utilizamos los adverbios de grado. not at all> not very-» quite-> rather-> very-» really-> extremely Itwasn’ta very clear message, The book club was rather successful. He always drives really fost. ts extremely cold in the Antarctic. Vocabulary reference Unit 3 Formaci n de palabras 1: adjetivos Adjetivos terminados en -ed e -ing Los adjetivos que terminan en -ed suelen describir c6mo se siente alguien (bored, worried, interested). Los adjetivos que terminan en -ing describen cémo es algo 0 alguien (interesting, surprising, disappointing). ‘My teacher Isso interesting; | could listen to him all day. {/m tired because | went to bed very late last night. The film was so boring that fell asleep. He was very disappointed with his exam results Esto mismo sucede con las siguientes parcjas de adjetivos: amazed / amazing, amused / amusing, annoyed / annoying, bored / boring, confused / confusing, ‘embarrassed / embarrassing, excited / exciting, frightened / frightening, interested / interesting, surprised / surprising, tired / tiring, worried / worrying Adjetivos compuestos Los adjetivos compuestos constan de dos palabras, @ menudo unidas por un quién. El acento sucle recaer en a segunda palabra. Se pueden formar de distintas maneras adjetivo + nombre + -ed bad-tempered, blue-eyed, broad-shouldered, even-handed, kind-hearted, level-headed, long-haired, open-minded, right / left-handed, self-employed, short-sighted, single- minded, strong-willed, two-faced highly / well / badly + past participle highty-educated, highly-qualified, well-connected, well-done, welldressed, well-known, badly-behaved, badly-paid, badly-wouncied adjetivo + verbo + -Ing best-selling, easy-going, fast-growing, good-looking, hard-working, long-lasting, never-ending Algunos de estos adjetivos, como well-known, se eseriben sin guién cuando no van delante del nombre, She is a well-known reporter. The author ofthe Harry Potter novels is very well known, Comparativos y superlativos @Usamos comparativo para comparar a una persona, cosa, acontecimiento, etc, con otra. Sergio is taller than his sister. Peter is more intelligent than his fiends. The Orphanage is less scary than The Others. ‘© Usamos superlativos para comparar a alguien o algo con el grupo al que pertenece. They are the richest people in town. She is the least famous of the three, ‘They are the most important people in the business.Vocabulary reference ¢ Los dobles comparativos sirven para enfatizar un proceso de cambio, She wasn't very good at the beginning but she is getting better and better. The story got more and more interesting towards the end. Usamos comparativos con the... the ... para decir ‘que dos cosas varian a la vez 0 cémo una afecta a la otra, The more f study the more | understand. The less attention we pay him the more upset he gets. Everse usa en oraclones afirmativas detrés de un superlative para darle més énfasis. ‘That's the most unbelievable story | have ever heard. That's the most unbelievable story ever. Unit 4 Formacién de palabras 2: prefijos y sufijos Prefijos Los prefijos se aftaden al principio de algunas palabras para formar otras nuevas, normaimente, cambiando su significado pero no su categoria gramatical. Prefijos negativos ees acu eets phe TEA gnats ase Puna of, the Patticiples, unbelievable absence of, verbs. fine: at once unreliable rime Pema paleo nica ecu incomplete noes Inevitable, ee Ena i tee nope somaure aie iperet trpole trposble oa wren enn eee diene Ge ey cecbeee ay oe The opposite of, not The opposite of, not Adjectives The opposite of, not Adjectives The opposite of, notVocabulary reference Otros prefijos Sufijos eT Los sufijos son terminaciones que afiadimos a unas palabras para formar otras de categoria gramatical terete por ejemplo: neton (orm), nao inter ‘Between, Adjectives, Interactive {adjetivo}, nationally (adverbio). 4 adverbs intercontinental 4. Sufijos nominales international ee Som los que se usan para formar nombres a partir de adjetivos, verbos y otros nambres. res Again, back Verbs, react, nouns reapply rebut COTES recycle ey ansious anxiety rouse poor poverty ; cyber Computer, Nouns. cyberspace safe safety internet cybercafé ty active activity «yberpunk creative creativity art: Against —Ajectives, antibody equal equality nouns" anticima generous generosity antinuclear real reality | anti-racist ness aware awareness antisocial i ness super. Morethan, Adjectives, superimpose kind kindness ; veryspecial nouns" supermarket lonely loneliness | supematural weak weakness supersonic sence confident confidence | superstar aitferent aference ‘over Toomuich Adjectives, overconfident inteligent inteligence verbs "overeat patient patience overestimate violent violence ‘overpopulated cvertenct a overwork unde Toolitle Verbs, undercharge ont |-ent assist assistant participles, undercook Immigrate immigrant sect Peat sy i underprivileged -ation examine examination understaternent imagine imagination | extra Exceptionally, Adjectives extracurricular organize ‘organization outside extraordinary -er/-or rive iver extraterrestrial (occupations) teach teacher ‘mi Wrong, bad Verbs, —_—misbehave conduct conductor nouns misconception ion act action misunderstand connect connection pre: Before Adjectives, pre-Chistmas exhioit exhibition nouns" pye-Raphaelte —-ment achieve achievement prewar amuse amusoment post: Aer Adjectives, postgraduate develop development nouns "postmodern govern government postwar improve improvernent -ism capttalize capitalism cticize caticism socialize socialismVocabulary reference Cem at accident accidental | environment environmental | bt att artist. logic logical biology biologist music musical ‘optimism optimist nation national pacifism pacifist origin original physics physicist polities political piano pianist profession professional race rocist loud coudy science scientist ‘ream creamy ship citizen citizenship dict dirty fiend friendship dust dusty ‘ member membership fun funny relation relationship hunger hungry luck lucky 2 Sufijos adjetivales sleep sleepy Los ahiadimos a nombres y verbos para formar sun ‘sunny adietivos. thicst thirsty Reeeut ee i a 7 a A a colour colourful a act active faith faithful aitract attractive leer fearful compete competitive | fae ieee create creative help. helpful decide decisive hope hopeful destroy destructive pain painful effect effective ie peaceful support supportive power powerful -able accept acceptable sill skiful advise advisable success successful afford atfordable thought thoughtful aval available I use useful botieve believable ieside: wonderful comfort comfortable youth ‘youthful depend dependable tia ae careless desire desirable colour colourless enjoy enjoyable faith faithless inttate iritable eae fearless question questionable inte harmless reason reasonable help helpless rely reliable home homeless suit sultable j hope hopeless value valuable pain painless sible access accessible power powerless convert convertible thought thoughtless digest digestible eat caible use useless