2018 Second International Conference on Advances in Computing, Control and Communication Technology (IAC3T)

A Distributed Credit Transfer Educational Framework

based on Blockchain
Abhishek Srivastava
Department of Computer Science
Naraina College of Engineering and
Technology
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
srivastavaabhishek104@gmail.com
Pronaya Bhattacharya Arunendra Singh
Department of Information Technology Department of Information Technology
Institute of Technology, Nirma Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
University Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India arun.sachan@gmail.com
pranayphdk@gmail.com

Atul Mathur Rajeshkumar Pradhan

Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Engineering
Om Prakash
Naraina College of Engineering and Institute of Technology, Nirma
Department of Computer Engineering
Technology University
Institute of Technology, Nirma
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
University
Indiahod_cs@narainagroup.net rajesh.pradhan@nirmauni.ac.in
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
au.omprakash@gmail.com

Abstract²Blockchain is an immutable and shared database of
time ±stamped transactions that supports decentralization and
strong consistency support over many authoritative domains
where trust is a major factor. The above advantage of
Blockchain makes it potentially suitable for a diverse set of
applications in many sectors like healthcare, education and
finance. In this paper, we propose a globally trusted blockchain
based educational framework among various stakeholders like
universities, companies and other higher educational institutions
that agree to collaborate as a part of the framework. This
framework aids to verify academic certificates and course credits
of a student registered in a university which can be digitally
transferred among the stakeholders. This ensures a global view of
a VWXGHQW¶VSerformance by achieving consistency among the local
copies of educational certificates and credits. The proposed
framework will assign tokens on successful completion of courses
as credits of registered students in various universities.The
transferred credits will act as transactions mined as blocks and
added to longest chain. It will work ina homogeneous
environment where all stakeholders collaborate irrespective of
the hurdles of legal and administrative policies.
Index Terms²Blockchain, University, Credit transfer,
Verification, Consensus
I. INTRODUCTION
Blockchain Technology has emerged as the most generic
technology in modern day applications. Currently, many
universities store their academic data in form of central
repositories [1-3] on enterprise servers. The centralized nature
of these servers is prone to issues of security, failure and higher
access times. The complexity further increases when
universities have to provide data to various outside
stakeholders like ministry of education or ranking frameworks.
When student wants to transfer credit of completed courses
from one university to other, he/she needs to provide manual
documents issued by university offices for the same. This
process takes a lot of time and often becomes a very
challenging issue at ground level. Moreover, the university
where the student is currently enrolled needs to maintain a
manual file and generate a new digital unique identifier for the
student. This may often lead to duplication of records in
different formats which may lead to preparation of fraudulent
documents by some malicious entity. In case a student has to
apply for higher studies, problem arises mainly due to the
autonomy of various universities, making it a time consuming
affair to get his/her educational certificates and other specific
credentials.Also many a times, when a student applies to a
foreign university, the records are stored in different standards
due to language and script barriers. This leads to inconsistency
and loss of critical information. Blockchain addresses the above
issues by providing verifiable digitally time stamped records
that cannot be altered. The proof of work and audit trail nature
of blockchain makes it a key player for storing records. Also, it
presents a global unified view and accessibility of records
among collaborating universities.
In this paper, we propose the framework for storing records
and transcripts of students and also the mechanism of electronic
credit transfer. This makes the system more scalable and robust
while providing accurate information in a timely manner on a
large scale [4]. Also, the decentralized environment provides
flexibility and security as data cannot be altered by third party
[5]. The whole blockchain based educational framework of
universities also provides transparency leading to ubiquitous
computing support and a distributed consensus among peer
nodes.
II. RELATED WORK
Most of the previous based solution and approaches to design
solutions for blockchain enabled educational framework
proposed the Bitcoin Blockchain [6-7]. The National
University of La Plata (UNLP) developed a blockchain
framework of verification of academic achievement [7-8] but
further deployment is under process. Argentina CESYT [9]
provided a solution but the focus was on only providing
degree certificates and not on providing the obtained credits
after successful completion of the all required courses. In
2015, the Holberton School developed a system that allows the

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potential employers to verify academic credentials but only at
the institute local deployed framework [10].Most blockchain
based implementations for above educational based projects
are in the beginner phase and have yet not matured enough to
address all key challenges. Many projects are operated on a
small level among closed user groups. In this paper, we
provide the concept of open source platform to resolve the
issue. Our proposed framework is based on open source
platform called Ark which will provide a global and
transparent solution for certificate generation of a student and
credit transfer of students among all collaborating universities
in the blockchain network barring different regions and
language issues.
III. KEY FEATURES OF THE PROPOSED FRAMEWORK
A. Providing a distributed consesnus in a open platoform
As the blockchain is a collection of distributed ledger in a
peer-to-peer network, the collaborating or in other words,
consenting universities acting as peers form an agreement at a
particular snapshot of the whole system so that ledger data can
be validated and chronology be maintained. This is done using
the distributed consensus protocol. The purpose of this
protocol is to validate the chronology of generated data [11].
We propose a consortium blockchain approach as some
academic data needs to be publicly verifiable, thus permission
less approach is needed and some data related to student
records needs to be encrypted so that it maintains anonymity,
so we would require a private and permissioned blockchain.
Thus, the distributed consensus protocol ensures the same by
allowing a subset of peer nodes that are selected to transact
through the platform.
Fig. 1. The distributed consensus protocol
The distributed consensus protocol presents a proof of work
(PoW) among peers in the network as shown in Fig. 1. The
peers need to agree on electing a peer amongst themselves to
prepare and stamp a newly a created block [12].The selection
choice may be random in nature, but this strategy becomes
ineffective in terms of security as the randomly selected peer
may hijack the network [13]. Also, the network up time is
limited by this approach. The elected peer has to be motivated
in terms of a reward based approach so that it does not attack
the network. To ensure this, we choose computing power as a
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possible selection criterion [14]. The elected peer is selected
on basis of a hashing not confirmed transactions data, i.e. a
SHHU¶V FKDQFH RI VHOHFWLRQ LV SURSRUWLRQDO WR WKH FRPSXWLQJ
power.
Any node in the frameworktakes an input x which include all
recorded transactions that has been committed and newer data
that is being added to the node. The length of input can be of
arbitrary size and this input is converted into an output y
which is of a fixed and constant size using a mathematical
function called hash function. Thus a hash function takes a
form y = H(x) where x is arbitrary and y is fixed. Hashes in a
blockchain represent the state of the chain at any instant of
time. Output of the hash is hence governed by all previous
transactions. Hash function are collision-resistant , one-way
and support avalanche effect i.e. a small change in input
produces a considerable change in hash, thus it becomes very
difficult to trace similarity in input looking at the hash of a
block. The hash of first block is designated as H0 and this
block is called the genesis block. This hash is used to compute
newer hash for next block in the chain. Thus at any ith block
the hash Hi = f(inputi, IDi, Timestampi, Hi-1). Thus all blocks
link to form a chain tracing back to genesis block and allowing
consensus. Any transaction in the chain can be validated and
checked using merkle tree which starts from leaf as individual
nodes with hashes Hleafand links and combines all hashes to
form a single hash of all blocks all the way to the root. The
entire state of the chain is not needed as any transaction can be
traced as a path in the tree [15]. The merkle root ensures the
PoW, as it records all transactions and hence changing any
particular transaction will invalidate all transactions in that
path of the tree.
The transactions whose states are uncommitted or
unconfirmed are put into a block with a random generator
nonce. They are hashed by elected nodes, also called miners
and its outcome is equal to some value which is kept as stored
value. All peers need to compute hash of their own blocks and
the block having the closest hash match to the stored value,
that block called as the miner node broadcasts as timestamped
replicas to be attached as blocks to other nodes already created
blocks. The only concern is the procedure should ensure
fairness.
The miners of PoW are subset of peer nodes, which involve
active users at that instant in the Blockchain [16]. Any other
node is not encouraged and rewarded as a miner node is
rewarded [17] as credit tokens. The set of tasks a blockchain
node must address are: (1) All universities need to install a
blockchain client application and connect to the network to
transact data. (2) Synchronize the client application to have the
most recent state of the ledger. (3) Listening for newly created
blocks and validating transactions (4) Create and distribute
new blocks in the network.
Algorithm 1: The distributed consensus protocol.
The first algorithm i.e. (A) presents the miner election
protocol. The protocol assumes n nodes in the network.
Input: A set of N nodes {N1 1 1« 1n} forming a
distributed blockchain network and a pre-computed random
seed value.
55
Output: A mutual consensus among all blockchain nodes on B. Forming a M to N Blockchain Wallet based on
electing a peer node as minor. The minor distributes the block Multisignature Protocol
as replicas ad perform validation. A multisignature protocol is a public key cryptographic
protocol [18] that timestamps and validates shared messages
(A)Distributed Blockchain Election Protocol or digital documents as an agreed consensus among multiple
1. for every nodek in range 1 to n peer nodes, where each node jointly signs the document as
e[k]= compute_power(h[k], t[k], random_seed) shown in Fig. 2.
whereh[k] denotes the hash of the kth node and t[k]
denotes the number of uncommitted transactions of the kth
node. The compute_power function computes a numerical
value to be assigned as energy of the kth node, denoted by
e[k].
2. Sort e[k] using any stable sorting algorithm.
3. The node for which we have the minimum e[k], denoted
by emin, we compute the hash H(emin) of the node as call it
as Smin.
4. for every nodek in range 1 to n
b[k] = create_block(d[k], hprev[k]) where b[k] denotes the
designated kth block, d[k] stands for data in a particular kth
block and hprev[k] is the previous computed hash value of
the kth block
if (h[k]==Smin+‫ )؂‬where ‫ ؂‬denotes the error tolerance bias
value
SELECT that node k as the elected miner node among all
peer nodes.
VALIDATEkat timestamp T and add (n-1) replicas of k
into the blockchain network.

The second algorithm i.e. (B) returns a Boolean value, either
TRUE or FALSE depending upon whether the added block as
replica to all nodes still preserves the validity of the chain. If
the chain is still valid after adding the block, it returns TRUE,
otherwiseFALSE. The function assumes two parameters- B, the
complete blockchain network address or identifier, normally a
hashed numeric value, and difficulty is the number of epochs
the network undergoes before it verifies the validity.
(B)Validate a blockchain
functionboolisChainValid(B,difficulty)
1. for iÅ1 to difficulty
a[i]Å 0
2. hashTargetÅa
3. for iÅ2 to n
CbÅB[i]
PbÅB[i-1]
whereCbdenotes the current block and Pbdenotes
the previous block in the blockchain B[i] for 2 ”i ”n
if(H[Cb]!=current_block[calculate_hash())
returnFALSE
if(H[Pb]!=current_block[previous_hash())
returnFALSE
ifH[Cb] GRHVQ¶WFRQWDLQVWULQJRIGLIILFXOW\OHYHO
returnFALSE
where H[x] denotes the hash function computed on
the blocks.
4. returnTRUE.
Fig. 2. M-to-b Blockchain Wallet.
Algorithm 2: The multisignature protocol
Input: A blockchain network consisting b nodes {N1, N2, N3«
Nb} out of which any M nodes form a common consensus for
jointly sign a document.
Output: The document D jointly signed by all M collaborators.
Thus in our educational based blockchain framework,
Mdenotes the set of possible officials verifying and signing an
educational certificate jointly, like in case of a degree
certificate of a student, it has to be jointly signed by a Head of
department(HoD),Head of Institution affiliated to a
University(HoI) and the university registrar. The certificate
jointly signed is validated among all nodes using consensus
protocol and b denotes those who wish to access the certificate
like student or an industry official.
1. ifM<b
for each node i in range 1 to b
selectm nodes those agree to jointly sign a
documentD.
HOVHUHSRUW³LQYDOLGFKDLQBVWDWH´DQGH[LW
2. for each node i in range 1 to m
do for each node j in range 1 to b
form a matrix of size mX b where each entry as
1 denotes a signature edge from m to b
collaborators and 0 otherwise.
3. Form a chain of all joint peer nodes agree to sign a
digital document.
4. Validate the chain using the distributed consensus
protocol.

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IV. THE PROPOSED PLATFORM FOR EDUCATIONAL BLOCKCHAIN
In 2018, Muhamed Turkanovic et.al [19] proposed a
blockchain based credit platform called EduCTX to create a
ubiquitous environment for credit transfer in Higher
Educational Institutions but it failed to address the problem of
a student registering in different courses under same instructor.
The student is assigned different blockchain address that are
one-to-one mapped with set of courses, rather than a
multisignature address between the student and the professor.
Our proposed solution provides a single multisignature address
for various courses between a student and an instructor.
We now present our proposed platform for educational
institutions based on a token based credit system over
blockchain. The tokens are credit values where each student
will have a dedicated credit wallet and tokens accumulated by a
student represents credits for completed courses. Whenever a
student completes a course, the concerned faculty will transfer
the credits to the student account based on a student identifier,
normally a multisignature blockchain address,consisting of a
public key Pu and a private key Pd. The credits assigned to the
student will be non-transferrable due to multisignature
protocol.
A. REGISTERING UNIVERSITIES TO THE BLOCKCHAIN
A new university joins the blockchain network using a link
shared by a university node agreed by consensus to act as a
communicator node. The selection of node is random in
nature. The new university node generates a blockchain wallet
and a blockchain address containing public key Pu and a
private key Pd.After the address generation, the new node
connects to an existing university node that is not be same as
the node that provided the link. Now a transaction is
performed between the existing node and a new node where a
token is generated and sent to new node blockchain address.
The transaction generates a hash value and adds this hash to a
newly created block as a block address. This block address is
replicated to all nodes in the network informing them the
addition of the new node globally in the network. The
proposed algorithm for the same is as follows:
Algorithm 3: Registering a university node in a blockchain
Input: A set of T nodes {T1, T2, T3, T4... Tt} already present in
the blockchain network. A new node N wishes to register to
the network.
Output: The new node N added to the network and validated in
the blockchain.
1. Select a random communicator node C, denoted by Tc
from the set of T nodes agreed by consensus protocol.
CÅelect_communicator (T1, T2, T3, T4... Tt)
2. The node C records a timestamp value, denoted by Qc
and creates a link to be shared with N.
QcÅtimestamp_current_time ()
CÅ share_link (new node N)
3. if (current_time () >timestamp_current_time ())
K Åconnect_communicator (T1, T2, T3, T4...Tt)
where K is not the same as C but in the set T.
NÅcreate_wallet (Pu,Pd)
«FRQWG
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«FRQWG
perform_transaction (K,N)
a token R is generated and sent to N. The transaction
generates a hash H added to a new block.
replicate block address as a BROADCAST to all the
nodes in set T
else
invalidateN and send a BROADCAST to all T
nodes.
4. Update the set T having now t+1 nodes containing the
node N renamed as Tn.
It should be noted here that the process of registering an
institute to a particular university and registering departments
under the institute follow in a straightforward manner of adding
a node in the hierarchy of the university node and institute node
respectively. However, a student registration is common in all
the processes. Hence, separate procedure is not required in
blockchain network if we register a student directly to a
university, as replicas at inherited levels will also be
maintained, thus hierarchical relationships will be
automatically validated.
B. REGISTERING A STUDENT TO A UNIVERSITY IN A
BLOCKCHAIN
The university verifies all original documents of the student
and issues the student a student identifier ID, normally an
enrollment number in the university records. This issuing of
identifier is done by generating a student data block and
adding the block to the chain as per the distributed consensus
protocol. To verify the credentials of the student, a pair of
public and private key is issued. The university generates a
blockchain wallet address for student using multisignature
protocol. A pair of university public key and student public
key is used for the purpose of generating wallet. The ID issued
to the student and blockchain wallet is rehashed to form a node
in the network. This node is now replicated as copies to all
nodes in the blockchain network. Now, transactions can be
performed between the university and the student using a
blockchain network using tokens. The proposed algorithm for
the same is as follows:
Algorithm 4: Registering a student to an university
Input: A student S and a university U.
Output: Student S is registered to U and a node Ns containing
student ID and data is added to the network and validated in
the blockchain.
1. Create a new student block Bs containing digital
verified academic certificates of student.
2. Add Bsto the chain as distributed consensus protocol
and issue S public key Sp and private key Sr .
3. W generates its own public key Up and private key
Urfor the purpose of generating wallet of student, denoted
by W.
WÅgenerate_wallet(ID,Up, Sp)
HÅcompute_rehash(ID,W)
4. Update the node Ns as containing the hash H value and
BROADCAST replica of Ns to all nodes T in the network.
57
C. Assigning credit for completed courses by student and The created chain is now broadcasted in the network and all
adding credits peers update their local copy of the block. This is show in Fig.
An instructor I and a student S is registered in a department D 4.
in an institute E under the university Win a similar fashion as
mentioned in the procedure of registering a student to a
university. Now, student is assigned a set of credit courses for
a particular semester. As soon as exams are over, the professor
verifies the results and certifies completion of course by Fig. 4. Broadcasting and updation of local copies in the chain
assigning credits for each course J7KHVXPWRWDORIDOO-¶VDVD
final credit is added to the student node Ns. This node is
The concerned university official appends the digital signature
validated and added to all nodes in the network.
in the document and passes it on to the next level. This is
D. Any other organization verifies credit by transfer using shown where the signed certificate is forwarded between
blockchain various wallets, normally different authorities which perform
When any organization like an industry employer or another multisignature address on the block. This is illustrated in Fig.
university who wishes to verify student credit, first register 5.
itself to the blockchain network and then the student sends
his/her blockchain address to the university. The university
then forms a multisignature address and makes a new block by
student public key ad university own private key.
The verifying organization asks the student through a
secure channel to sign a message using private key so that
identity of the student can be validated. Now, the organization
trusts the student and checks the student node by using Fig. 5. Signing of digital certificates using blockchain
university public key and verifies the accumulated credits of
the student. Finally, in the similar way the certificates are signed and
issued to students. After that student can download it and send
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
it to other university and that university will validate the
As outlined in the proposed framework, the university first certificate (Fig.6).
creates a student block consisting of student ID and academic
records. As shown in Fig. 3. , we have created three records
and a unique hash is generated for each of the block. The
blocks are linked together to form a chain of nodes which is
validated in the output. The created blocks have a digital
identifier of the student and a unique timestamp value for each Fig. 6. Proposed Token based credit transfer scheme.
block with a 32 bit random generated nonce. This nonce value
is important in terms of election of miner node. If the output We propose the credit transfer scheme on an open source
results in hash which is smaller than the stored hash you win platform called Ark Blockchain Client. Ark implements
theblock and the consensus is reached. An adversary needs to Distributed Consensus (DPoS) [20] as mentioned before.
brute force all possible nonce values between 0 to 2 31-1in Ark is permission less blockchain which can be modified to
orders to get a hash smaller than the stored hash. consortium blockchain by changing the consensus parameters.
The professor transmits the credits of a student to the student
block address as depicted in Fig. 7. The same concept can be
used when credits need to be transmitted from university to
another university where the other university validates the
credits. This is depicted in Fig. 7.

Fig. 3. Student block is added to blockchain and then chain is

validated.

Fig. 7. Uploading credits of completed course by Professor

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