Math 101S

Calculus1
Instructors:
Dr. Azza , arabie@zewailcity.edu.eg

Textbook: Thomas’ Calculus in SI Units , Global edition, 14th ed.

(Not Early Transcendental)

Other References:

▪ Calculus 8th edition by Stewart

▪ Calculus 10th edition by Larson and Edwards

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Grading Policy

• 2 Midterm Exams: 40%

• Assignments: (best 4 out of 5) 10%
• Quizzes: (best 3 out of 4) 10%
• Final Exam: 40%

Note: 75% attendance is mandatory to pass the course.

At least 35% of the final exam is mandatory to pass the course.

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Syllabus
• Ch. 5: Integrals
• Ch. 6: Applications of Definite Integrals
• Ch. 7: Transcendental Functions
• Ch. 8: Techniques of integrations
• Ch. 9: First-Order Differential Equations

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Revision Ch 1- Ch 4
Precalculus

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 Chapter 1
Real-Valued Functions
 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs

DEFINITION A Function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in

a set D, a unique element f(x) in a set R.
 f

D = Domain set R = Range set

DEFINITION
The Domain:D(f) or Df .
It is the set of all possible values of x.

The Range: R(f) or Rf .

It is the set of all resulting values f(x).
The function as a machine
Input the numbers
D going into the
function

the numbers
Output coming out the
R
function
Graphical y = f(x)
Representation
Examples
Linear Function

𝐷𝑓 = ℝ

𝑅𝑓 = ℝ
Quadratic Function:

𝐷𝑓 = ℝ = (−∞, ∞)
𝑅𝑓 = [0, ∞)
 The Domain of Algebraic Functions

Algebraic Functions
There are many different types of algebraic functions: linear, quadratic, cubic, polynomial,
rational, and radical equations.
Examples
2𝑥
𝑦= 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3, y = 2 + 𝑥, y= 2
𝑥 −1
To get the domain
Any number can go into a function as long as
−− −
≥0 , 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 ≠ 0
Example: Find the domain of the following functions

𝑦 = 𝑥+2, D = 𝑥 + 2 ≥ 0 → 𝑥 ≥ −2 → [−2, ∞)

𝑦 = 4−𝑥, D = 4−𝑥 ≥ 0 → 𝑥 ≤ 4 → (−∞, 4]

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𝑦= 2 , D = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 ≠ 0 → 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 ≠ 0 → ℝ − {0,1}
𝑥 −𝑥
→ (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)

1
𝑦= , D = 2𝑥 + 3 > 0 → 𝑥 > −
3
→
3
(− , ∞)
2𝑥 + 3 2 2
The vertical Line Test
A curve in the xy-plane is the graph of a function iff every vertical line
intersects the curve only once.

Function Not a
Function
Examples
 y=+ 𝒙

y2 = x y=- 𝒙
Trigonometric Functions
 𝐷= ℝ 𝑅 = [−1, 1] 𝐷= ℝ 𝑅 = [−1, 1]
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐: sin(𝑥 + 2nπ) = sin(𝑥) 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐: cos(𝑥 + 2nπ) = cos(𝑥)
𝜋
𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑓 sin(𝑥) = nπ, 𝑛∈𝑍 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑓 cos(𝑥) = (2n + 1)
2
Trigonometric Identities
Find the domain of the following functions:
Symmetry: Odd and Even Functions

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Examples
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
Even
Symmetry about
y-axis

𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)
Odd
Symmetry about
origin

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Examples

sin(−𝑥) = −sin(𝑥) cos(−𝑥) = cos(𝑥)

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The Other Trigonometric Functions

1 1
csc 𝑥 = → odd sec 𝑥 = → even
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

sin 𝑥 1
tan 𝑥 = → odd cot 𝑥 = → odd
cos 𝑥 tan 𝑥

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Ex. Check the symmetry of the following functions

a) f 𝑥 = 𝑥5 + 𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝑥) odd

b) 𝑔 𝑥 = 2 − sec 𝑥 – 3𝑥4 even

c) ℎ(𝑥) = sin(𝑥2) + 5𝑥 Neither … Nor

N.N.

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Some Elementary functions
1) Linear Functions
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 , 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

The slope of any straight line is

y y2 − y1
m= = x2 − x1
x

The equation of any straight line is

(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

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2) Quadratic Functions

𝑦 = 𝑥2 , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

Vertex

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3) Power Functions 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛
𝑎) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛 = 2, 4, 6, . . . 𝑏) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛 = 3, 5, 7, . . .
3
𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥5 𝑥
𝑥6

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 𝑛
4) Root Functions 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑎) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛 = 2, 4, 6, . . . 𝑏) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛 = 3, 5, 7, . . .

3
𝑥

𝐷 = 0, ∞ 𝐷=ℝ
𝑅 = 0, ∞ 𝑅=ℝ 31
 1
5) Reciprocal Function 𝑦 =
𝑥

𝐷 = ℝ − {0}
𝑅 = ℝ − {0}

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6) Piece-Wise Functions
The Absolute-Value Function: (The Modulus Function)

𝑥 𝑥≥0
f(x) = 𝑥 = ቐ
−𝑥 𝑥<0

D=ℝ

R=y≥0
= [ 0, ∞)

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Ex. write the equation of this piece-wise
function:
−𝑥 𝑥<0

f(x) = 𝑥 2 0≤𝑥≤1

1 𝑥>1

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Ex. Graph the following function

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Ex. Draw the following piece-wise function

1−𝑥 𝑥≤1
𝑓(x) =ቐ
𝑥2 𝑥>1

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1. Function Shifting
a) Vertical Shift 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒄 (Add a constant to the function)

𝑥2 + 2
𝑥2
𝑥2 − 2

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Ex. Plot the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2

𝐷 = 0, ∞
2
𝑅 = 2, ∞

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b) Horizontal Shift 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒄 (Add a constant to x)

Ex. Plot the function 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 3)2 , 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2

(𝑥 + 3)2 (𝑥 − 2)2
𝑥2

-3

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Ex. Plot the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2

𝑥−2
𝑥

𝐷 = 0, ∞ 𝐷 = 2, ∞
𝑅 = 0, ∞ 𝑅 = 0, ∞
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Ex. Plot the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1

𝑥+1
𝑥

𝐷 = 0, ∞ 𝐷 = −1, ∞
𝑅 = 0, ∞ 𝑅 = 0, ∞
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Ex. Sketch the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 10

Complete the square:

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 10
= (𝑥 + 3)2 −9 + 10
= (𝑥 + 3)2 +1

Start with 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
(-3, 1)

then 𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐

then 𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 + 1
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The horizontal Shift between sin x and cos x

𝜋 𝜋
sin 𝑥 + = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − = sin 𝑥
2 2
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2. Reflection

Upside down

right to left

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Ex. Plot the function 𝒚 = − 𝒙 , 𝒚 = −𝒙

Start with 𝒚 = 𝒙

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Ex. Plot the function 𝒚 = −𝒙

𝑦= 𝑥 𝑦 =−𝑥

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 3. The Absolute value of a function (Modulus)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = ቐ
−𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) < 0
Ex. Plot the function 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐

𝐷=ℝ
𝑅 = 0, ∞

− 2 2
𝐷=ℝ
𝑅 = −2, ∞ 47
𝑦 = sin 𝑥

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The Composite functions

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 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 )
Who comes first?

𝑓∘𝑔

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Examples:
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 3 is composed of sin(𝑥) and 𝑥 3 .

𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2 is composed of 𝑥 and (4 − 𝑥 2 ).

1 1
𝑦= 3 is composed of and (𝑥 3 + 9).
𝑥 +9 𝑥

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 Angles:
( Like distances are measured in meters or feet.)

One radian is the measure of the central angle whose arc length equals
the radius of the circle.

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Exercises:
Draw the graph of the following functions and find the domain and
the range

Draw the graph of the following functions: 2𝑥 2 , , ,

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Then simplify the equation.

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