U.S.

-India Energy Monitor | Oct 2021

Latest Developments cover around half of the electricity demand

--- increases through 2022.

The U.N. Climate Change Conference in Glasgow
(COP26) will be held between October 31 and
November 12th. The conference is organized
around four key priorities, including securing
global net-zero emissions by 2050, mobilizing
climate finance to meet various commitments,
helping communities adapt to climate change, and
strengthening multilateral cooperation between
governments, businesses, and civil society.
At the U.N. General Assembly meeting in
September, Prime Minister Narendra Modi
reiterated India’s target of reaching 450GW of
renewable energy capacity by 2030. In August,
Prime Minister Modi announced India’s National
Hydrogen Mission. The objectives are to support the
country in meeting its climate targets and
increasing India's energy independence.
An oil spill was detected on the Southern coast of
California on October 2. 144,000 gallons of crude oil
leaked into the ocean. The ecological and health
impacts of the oil spill remain unclear but are
expected to be catastrophic.
Energy Snapshot
---
Fossil fuels accounted for 79 percent of U.S.
energy consumption in the first half of 2021.
In the first six months of 2021, petroleum and
natural gas accounted for a combined share of 68.6
percent of energy consumption in the U.S. Coal
accounted for 10.4 percent, nuclear power 8.3
percent, and renewables 12.6 percent.
Figure 1: U.S. Energy Consumption by Source,
2021 (Quadrillion Btu)

The ongoing global energy crisis is leading to

blackouts, rising prices, and threatening green
transitions. India and China are contending with
power outages due to low stocks of coal. This is due Coal
10.4%
to the rapidly rising demand for energy and heavy
rainfall in both India and China. In China, the Natural Gas
Nuclear electric power
8.3%

closure of several coal mines is also putting 33.4% Biomass

4.9%

pressure on capacity. Meanwhile, European

countries are experiencing supply shortfalls in Renewables
Wind
12.6
natural gas and rising prices. While, in the United 3.6%

States, gas prices have increased by 47 percent Hydro-electric

2.5%

since August, prompting the U.S. to press oil- Solar

1.5%
producing countries to increase production. Geothermal
0.2%

Petroleum
35.2%

The economic recovery from the pandemic is

increasing electricity demand. The International
Energy Agency estimates that demand will increase
by four percent in 2022, but investments in Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2021, 7.i
renewable energy are falling short of meeting this
Over the last three years, energy consumption from
rising demand. As a result, despite increasing
petroleum and coal in the U.S. has declined slightly
renewable energy capacity globally, it will only
as a share of the total, while natural gas,
renewables, and nuclear have increased.
2
 U.S.-India Energy Monitor | Oct 2021

Figure 2: Breakdown of U.S. Energy Figure 3: Total Installed Generation Capacity in

Consumption By Source (2018-2020) the U.S. by Source, 2021
40%

35%

30% Nuclear
Coal 9%
19% Oil
3%
Share of Total Consumption (%)

25%

Wind
10%
20%

Renewables
15% 24% Water
8%

10%
Solar
5%
Biomass
1%
5% Geothermal steam
0% Waste heat
Natural Gas 0%
45% Other
0%
0%
Petroleum Natural gas Renewable energy Coal Nuclear electric
power
Energy Source

2018 2019 2020

Source: U.S. Energy Information Agency, 2018 – 2020 Monthly Source: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 2021, 5.iii
Energy Review.ii
Note: The sum of components may not equal 100 percent due 84.3 percent of India’s energy consumption in
to rounding. 2019 was met by fossil fuels.

Renewable sources account for 24 percent of the Coal and petroleum dominate India’s energy
U.S.'s total energy generation capacity. consumption, accounting for a combined 76.7
percent. Renewables met 14 percent of
consumption in 2019.
The U.S. has a total installed generating capacity of
1,227.6 GW. Capacity is dominated by natural gas
and coal, which together account for 63.6 percent
of capacity.

Wind has the greatest installed capacity among

renewable energy sources in the U.S., with 124.1
GW, accounting for 10.1 percent of total capacity.
Renewable energy overall accounts for a quarter of
installed capacity in the U.S.

3
 U.S.-India Energy Monitor | Oct 2021

Figure 4: Breakdown of Energy Consumption by Figure 5: Per-Capita Energy Consumption (MJ) in

Source, India, 2019 India, 2011 – 2019
50 25000

45

24000
40

35
23000
Consumption in Petajoules (%)

30

consumption (MJ)
25 22000

20

21000
15

10
20000

0 19000
Coal Crude petroleum Renewable energy Natural gas Lignite 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19
Energy Source Year

Source: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Source: Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate
India, 2021, 56.iv Change, India, 2021. 109.vi

Per-capita energy consumption in India is India’s renewable energy capacity is the fourth
increasing rapidly. greatest globally.

Overall, energy demand in India is increasing India’s energy capacity is still dominated by coal,
dramatically, driven by population growth, which accounts for 55 percent of capacity.
industrialization, and urbanization.v Per-capita However, renewables now account for 25 percent of
energy consumption increased from around 19,000 installed capacity. India has the fourth greatest
(M.J.) in 2011-12 to more than 24,000 in 2018-19. installed renewable energy capacity globally,
behind China, Brazil, and the United States.vii

4
 U.S.-India Energy Monitor | Oct 2021

Figure 6: India's Installed Energy Capacity by Figure 7: Per-capita Oil Use, 1970-Latest
Source, 2020 Available (Kilograms of oil equivalent)

9,000

other
renewables
8,000
24%

Per-Capita Energy Use (Kg of Oil Equivelent)

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000
coal
55%

hydro (large facilities) 2,000

12%

1,000

nuclear 0

2000

2006
2008
2004
1962

1972

1982

1992

2002

2012
1960

1966
1968
1970

1976
1978
1980

1986
1988
1990

1996
1998

2010
1964

1974

1984

1994

2014
2%
diesel
0% Year
natural gas
7% China India USA

Source: World Bank, 2021.xixii

Source: Adapted from U.S. Energy Information
Administration 2020, 16.viii
Note: Includes utility-based power facilities, not captive power
plants. Small hydro facilities are included in the other
Energy Trade
renewables categories. ---

The United States is both an exporter and importer

India and the U.S. are two of the largest oil of energy. For instance, the U.S. is a net importer
consumers in the world. of crude oil, while it exports petroleum products
and biofuels.

The United States, China, and India are the three
largest consumers of oil in the world.ix The top ten
consumers of oil consume 60 percent of total
consumption. x
However, on a per-capita basis, the U.S. consumes
far more oil than both China and India.
The largest imports of petroleum products in the
U.S. come from Canada, Mexico, and Russia. The
largest markets for U.S. exports of petroleum
products include Mexico, Canada, China, Japan,
and India. U.S. exports to India account for around
6 percent of total petroleum exports.

5
 U.S.-India Energy Monitor | Oct 2021

Table 1: U.S. Energy Imports and Exports by India relies on crude oil imports.
Energy Source, Second Quarter 2021
Globally, India is the third-largest crude oil
Primary Energy
Source
Exports (USD) Imports in (USD) consumer, following the United States and China.
Petroleum
20,897,780,858 17,687,409,516
products
Crude oil 17,670,597,214 33,703,043,027 Figure 8: India's Consumption and Production of
Natural gas 2,055,146,456 1,733,674,195
Coal 2,001,303,944 72,120,199
Oil and Liquids (2000-2019)
Biofuels 283,586,493 228,375,346
7.0
Electrical energy 85,718,092 464,642,906
Source: United Nations Comtrade, 2021. xiiixiv

6.0

India is the fifth largest exporter of refined

5.0
petroleum. In 2019, India’s exports of petroleum
products reached 39.2 billion USD. During the

Million Barrels Per- day

second quarter of 2021, exports were worth around 4.0

9.5 billion USD. The most prominent destinations

for India's petroleum products are UAE, 3.0

Singapore, Netherlands, the United States, and

China. On the other hand, India's petroleum 2.0

imports primarily come from UAE, South Korea,

Singapore, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia. 1.0

-
Table 2: India Energy Imports and Exports by 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Year
Energy Source, Second Quarter 2021 Production Consumption

Source: Adapted from U.S. Energy Information, 2020, 4.xvi

Primary Energy Source Exports (USD) Imports (USD)
Petroleum products 9,529,332,392 2,051,973,915
Biofuels 1,298,744 826,028 The US and India are essential energy trade
Natural Gas 304 NA partners.
Crude oil NA 23,742,409,328
Coal NA 402,114,379 Energy exports from the US to India were worth 6
Electrical energy NA NA billion USD in 2020, while India’s energy exports
Source: United Nations Comtrade, 2021.xv to the US were 1.5 billion USD.

6
 U.S.-India Energy Monitor | Oct 2021

Figure 9: Value of US and India Energy Exports, Figure 10: Installed Renewable Energy Capacity
2016 – 2020 (USD) in India, and the U.S., 2016-2020
8,000,000,000

United States

2020
7,000,000,000
India

6,000,000,000
United States

2019
5,000,000,000 India
Export Value (USD)

United States
4,000,000,000

2018
India

3,000,000,000

United States

2017
2,000,000,000
India

1,000,000,000
United States

2016

0 India
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Year
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000
US exports to India (USD) Indian exports to US (USD) Installed Renewable Energy Capacity (MW)

Source: United Nations Comtrade, 2021.xvii Source: International Renewable Energy Agency, 2021.xviii

In the first part of 2021, wind power saw the

greatest increases in installed generation capacity
Renewable Energy in the U.S.
---
Additions to renewable energy capacity in the US
China has the greatest installed renewable energy are projected to be around 32,751 MW in 2021. Wind
capacity globally and has steadily increased its will have the largest increases in capacity,
capacity. China is followed by Brazil, the United accounting for 43 percent of additions, followed by
States, and India. solar, at 36.3 percent.

7
 U.S.-India Energy Monitor | Oct 2021

Table 3: Projected Renewable Energy Additions Figure 12: Solar Capacity, India, 2010-11 to
U.S., 2021 2018-19
30,000
Fuel Type Capacity (MW) Share
Wind 16,972.5 42.7%
Solar 14,413.0 36.3%
Nuclear 1,100.0 2.8% 25,000

Hydro 126.7 0.3%

Agriculture By 49.9 0.1%
Waste Heat 28.6 0.1% 20,000
Biomass Solids 21.5 0.1%
Other 14.8 0.0%

Capacity (MW)
Biomass Gases 13.6 0.0%
15,000
Dist. Fuel Oil 5.3 0.0%
Landfill Gas 3.6 0.0%
Waste 2.3 0.0%
Total 32,751.68 10,000

Source: American Public Power Association, 2021, 3. xix

Between April and August 2021, India has 5,000

significantly increased its renewable energy

capacity, specifically focusing on solar. 0
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19
Year

Figure 11: Renewable Energy Additional Capacity Capacity Added during FY (MW) Cumulative Capacity (MW)

in India (M.W.) Between April and August 2021 Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, India, 2021. xxi
3,500

The global energy crisis does not portend well for

3,000
the upcoming COP26 climate summit as major
powers are resorting to fossil fuels to meet
unexpected demands for energy. The combination
2,500
of a squeeze in energy markets, rising prices and
revival of coal threatens to impede green transitions
Capacity Additions (MW)

as the public faces the consequences of fuel

2,000

shortages and rising prices. To that end, the U.S.-

1,500 India Climate and Clean Energy Agenda 2030
Partnership will provide a conducive platform for
1,000 both countries to mobilize finances and accelerate
actions to achieve their climate ambitions and clean
500
energy targets.

0
Solar power Solar power Wind power SPV systems Biomass Small hydro Waste to
(ground (roof top) (bagasse) power energy (off-
mounted) grid)
Energy Source

Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, India, 2021.xx

India has been investing heavily in solar capacity
over the last decade.
India has also announced its ambitions to increase
solar capacity to 450 GW by 2030 to meet its climate
change commitments.

8

i
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“Monthly Energy Review: September 2021.”
Department of Energy/EIA, 0035 (Sept): 7.
ii
U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2018.
“Monthly Energy Review: December 2018.”
Department of Energy/EIA, 0035 (Dec): 7.
iii
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. 2021.
"Energy Infrastructure Update: February 2021."
Office of Energy Projects (Feb): 5.
iv
Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation, India, 2021. “Consumption of
Energy Resources.” MoSPI. 56.
v
International Energy Agency. 2021. “India Energy
Outlook: 2021.” World Energy Outlook Special
Report.
vi
Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate
Change, India. 2021. “Third Biennial Update
Report to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change." MoEFCC. 109.
vii
International Renewable Energy Agency.
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Topic/Capacity-and-Generation/Country-Rankings
viii
U.S. Energy Information Agency. 2020.
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USEIA (Sept): 16.
ix
https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country
/IND
x
https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-
rankings/oil-consumption-by-country
xi
World Bank Database, 2021. Accessed October 5,
2021.
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.PCA
P.KG.OE?end=2015&locations=IN-US-
CN&start=1970
U.S.-India Energy Monitor | Oct 2021
United Nations Comtrade Database. “Trade data.”
Trade Statistics. Accessed October 1, 2021.
https://comtrade.un.org/Data/
xiii
United Nations. 2021. “Comtrade." International
Trade Statistics. Accessed October 1, 2021.
https://comtrade.un.org/Data/
xv
United Nations Comtrade Database. “Trade
data.” Trade Statistics. Accessed October 1, 2021.
https://comtrade.un.org/Data/
xvi
U.S. Energy Information Agency. 2020.
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USEIA (Sept): 4.
xvii
United Nations Comtrade Database. “Trade
data.” Trade Statistics. October 2, 2021.
https://comtrade.un.org/Data/
xviii
"Country Rankings," International Renewable
Energy Agency. Accessed October 1, 2020.
https://www.irena.org/Statistics/View-Data-by-
Topic/Capacity-and-Generation/Country-Rankings
xix
American Public Power Association. 2021.
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Update.” P. 3.
xx
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, India.
2021. “Programme/Scheme Wise Physical Progress
in 2020-20201 and Cumulative up to September
2021.” Physical Progress, Updated September 30,
2021. Accessed October 1, 2021.
https://mnre.gov.in/the-ministry/physical-progress
xxi
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, India.
2021. “Overview,” Solar Energy. Updated March
31, 2021. Accessed October 1, 2021.
https://mnre.gov.in/solar/current-status/