NAME:

Lesson 2.3
HISTORY OF SCIENCE

Activity # 2-H. How did these developments change the course of the Western World? Send
your answer on my Gmail.

The developments change the course of the Western World by its inventions, weaponry, technology for
the convenient way of living and most of all their Invention of typography, Geographic discoveries, and
Printing inventions.

Activity # 2-I. The life and Works of Sis Isaac Newton. Send on my Gmail.

Isaac Newton (1642–1727) is best known for inventing the calculus in the mid to late 1660s (more than a
decade before Leibniz did so independently and more influentially) and for developing the principle of universal gravity
— the latter in his Principia, the single most critical work in the development of early modern natural philosophy into
modern physical science. But, starting in the mid-1660s and lasting four decades, he made significant discoveries in
optics; and during his 60 years of vigorous academic practice, he placed no less work into chemical and alchemical
science, as well as theology and theological studies, than he did into mathematics and physics.

Three considerations obstruct providing an account of Newton's function and impact. The first distinction is
between the public Newton, which consists of publications throughout his lifetime and in the decade or two after his
death, and the private Newton, which consists of his unpublished work in math and physics, his efforts in chemistry —
that is, the 17th century blend of alchemy and chemistry — and his writings in radical theology — material that has only
recently become public. The second element is the sometimes-startling comparison, between the actual content of
Newton's public writings and the positions attributed to him by others, including most importantly his popularizers.

The strong similarities in Newton's practice within each subject add to the richness of the topics to which he
dedicated time. Optics and orbital mechanics both fell under what we now call physics, and they were seen as
intertwined even back then, as shown by Descartes' first work on the topic, Le Monde, or Traité de la Lumiere.