Risk Factor Study of Typhoid Fever In Children In Jombang,

Indonesia
Pandango G, Putri A, Mahfur A, Sumantri D, Wulandari R, Retnowati S
RSUD Jombang, East Java, Indonesia

Introduction Table 1. Risk factors of typhoid in tubex positive children compared

with tubex negative
Typhoid fever is closely related to hygiene and sanitation
due to its fecal oral transmission 2. Jombang regency is Tubex positive Tubex negative
Variable (n= 6) (n=12) p
considered vulnerable towards this disease (7891 cases
per year) due to its uneven distribution of clean water and Personal hand hygiene
slump areas4,5. The aim of this study is to identify the risk Wash hand with soap Yes 5 11 1

factor of typhoid fever in Jombang, East Java, Indonesia. No 1 1

After defecation Yes 5 8 0.615

Materials and Method

No 1 4

Before serving food Yes 5 12 0.333

No 1 0

Design : Case-control study Food hygiene

Setting : Pediatric ward, Jombang Regional Hospital, Eating outside Yes 3 6 1
No 3 6
East Java, Indoneisa, from February-April 2017. Ice cube Yes 3 6 1
Inclusion criteria : Case : All patients with fever, No 3 6

Tubex®score ≥ 4. Control : Age and sex matched to case Drinking Water

samples, fever, Tubex®score < 4. Tap water 4 10 0.569
Mineral 2 2
Data collection : Risk factors interview (personal hand- water

hygiene, food hygiene, drinking water, social economic Social economic status
status and environmental condition. Above regional minimum wages 1 4 0.615

Statistical analysis : Pearson chi-square tests for Below regional minimum wages 5 8

independence (categorical variables) Environmental condition

Trash bin Open 6 9 0.515

Results and Discussion Close 0 3

Toilet Private 6 11 1
All predicted risk factors showed unsignificant result, Public 0 1
which was due to the decreased case of Typhoid infection.
This declining of cases was caused by seasonal reason,
similar clinical feaures of typhoid and paratyphoid fever,
and typhoid vaccination6,7,8,9.

Age, Sex,
Immunity, Host Environmental
Behavior
sanitation, safe
water, food
handling
Conclusion
Microorganism Internal factors such as immunity and pathogenicity of the
identification,
antibiotic
agents should be investigated further as the most likely risk
resistance
Agent Environment factors.

Figure 1. The epidemiologic triangle of typhoid fever

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