CHAPTER 18 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude 18.4 18.2 18.3 18.4 185 18.6 874 ‘The Brinkman number Ny often used in analysis of organic-liquid flows, is the ratio of viscous dissipation to heat conduction in a fluid. It is a dimensionless combination of viscosity 1, flow velocity V, thermal conductivity k, and fluid temperature 7. Derive the Brinkman number, using the fact that it is proportional to viscosity. I Ny =f(u, V, k, T) and is proportional to 1. Ng = {1} = m'V°K°TS = (M/LT}'{L/T}*{ML/T°0}°{0}° = M°L°T°@® L: -1ta+b=0 9 M: 14b=0 — T; ~1-a-36=0 6: ~b+e=0 Hence, a=2 and b =c=—1. Np="V7/kT. The velocity of sound c of a gas varies with pressure p and density p. Show by dimensional reasoning that the proper form must be c = (constant)(p/p)'?. ' c=f(p, p) = (constant)p*p® {LIT} = {M/LT*}*(M/L?° M: O=a+b L: -3b T: -1=~-2a = (constant)(p/p)'*. Hence, a=} and b = —}, The speed of propagation C of a capillary wave in deep water is known to be a function only of density p, wavelength 4, and surface tension a. Find the proper functional relationship, completing it with a dimensionless constant. For a given density and wavelength, how does the propagation speed change if surface tension is doubled? ! C=f(p, A, 0)=(constant)p"Ay® {LIT} = {M/L{LY (MIT? M: O=a+ce ko. 3a +b T; -1=-2 c= 4, C=(constant)(o/pA)"*. If o is doubled, C increases as V2, or 41 percent. ‘The excess pressure Ap inside a bubble is known to be a function of the surface tension and the radius. By dimensional reasoning determine how the excess pressure will vary if we double (a) the surface tension and (b) the radius, ' Ap =f(o,r)=(constant)o"r? ——{F/L?} = {F/L}*{L} F: Hence, a= 1 and 6 = ~1. Ap = (constant)(o/r). (a) If ois doubled, Ap is doubled. (6) If r is doubled, Ap is halved. a L: -2=-atb ‘The pressure drop in a Venturi meter varies only with fluid density, velocity of approach, and the diameter ratio of the meter. Venturi meter 1 in water at 20°C shows a 6-kPa drop when the approach velocity is 5 m/s. Meter 2, geometrically similar to 1, is used in a }-m’/s flow of benzene (p = 680 kg/m’). Find the upstream pipe diameter that will yield a 16-kPa drop in meter 2. ' Ap=f(p,V.d/D) — ApipV*=g(d/D) _—_—_(Ap/pV*) (Ap/p¥?), = (6)(1000)/{(998)(5)"] = 0.2405 (Ap/pV?), = (16)(1000)/(680V?) = 23.53/V? 0.2405 =23.53/V?:V = 9.891 m/s Q=AV 4 = (aD3/4)(9.891) D,=0.146m or 146mm (Ap/pV*). For two hydraulic machines to be homologous, they must (a) be geometrically similar, (b) have the same discharge coefficient when viewed as an orifice, Q,/(4,V2gH;) = Q2/(A:V2gFh), and (c) have the same ratio of peripheral speed to fluid velocity, @D /(Q/A). Show that the scaling ratios can be expressed as Q/ND? = constant and H/(ND)* = constant. N is the rotational speed.18.7 18.8 18.9 18.10 18.11 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE 0 575 I (1) From condition (), Q(A\VE) = Q2(ANTS) a Fr -onditi romeontion( @,D,As/Q, = @:D2Az/Q2 @ (Qi/c@,D,)(2D2/Q2) = Ail Az Geometrical similarity yields 4,/A, = Di/D3 = (Q,/@,D,)(w2Dz/Q,). Hence, Q,/@,D} = Q2/ aD} 1), Q1/Ay = Vii: Q2/Az. From Eq, (2), Q1/A1 = (Q2/A2)(@;D,/@2D.). Henee, H,|(w,D,)? = H,/(@2Dz). (N is rotational speed in revolutions per minute; @ is in radians per second. They are equivalent for modeling purposes.) Use the scaling ratios of Prob. 18.6 to determine the head and discharge of a 1:5 model of a centrifugal pump that discharges 42 m'/min at a 33 m head when turning at 200 rpm. The model operates at 1000 rpm. From Prob. 18.6, Hy/(01D,)’ = He/(@2Ds)’ oF Hy, = Hy[(Wm/ @,)(Dnel DV = B3CSS DT Q4/02,Dy = Q2] 2D2 OF Qn = Op Wm! @p)(Dmal Dp)’ = (42)(355 (5)? = 1.68 m"/min. For an ideal liquid, express the flow Q through an orifice in terms of the density of the liquid, the diameter of the orifice, and the pressure difference. 1 f(p, p, a) or Q = Kp’p*d*. Then, dimensionally, F°L’T~' = (F°T#L~*)(F*L™)(L*) and 3=—4a - 2b +0, -1=2a, from which a = —4, b = 4, c=2. Substituting, Q = Kp~"p'""d? or ideal Q Kd?Vp/p. Factor K must be obtained by physical analysis and/or experimentation. For an orifice in the side of a tank under head h, p = yh. To obtain the familiar orifice formula, let K = V2(x/4). Then ideal Q = V2(/4)d’Vyh/p. But g = y/p; hence ideal Q = jxd?V2gh. +b, Determine the dynamic pressure exerted by a flowing incompressible fluid on an immersed object, assuming the pressure is a function of the density and the velocity. T p=f(e, V) or p = Kp“V". Then, dimensionally, F'‘L~*T° = (F*T™L~™)(L°T~*) and 1 = 0=2a~ 6, from which a = 1, b = 2. Substituting, p = K,V”. =-4a+b, Develop the expression for lost head in a horizontal pipe for turbulent incompressible flow. I For any fluid, the lost head is represented by the drop in the pressure gradient and is a measure of the resistance to flow through the pipe. The resistance is a function of the diameter of the pipe, the viscosity and density of the fluid, the length of the pipe, the velocity of the fluid, and the roughness K of the pipe. We may write (pi — p2) =f (4, #, p, L, V, K) or (pi~p2) = Ca" p LV (e/a a) From experiment and observation, the exponent of the length L is unity. The value of K is usually expressed as a ratio of the size of the surface protuberances ¢ to the diameter d of the pipe, a dimensionless number. We may now write FIL@T= (LPL (FTL *\(LT\(L//L!) and 1=b +¢, ~2= 4-26 —4e + 1+ +f —f,0=b +2c~e from which the values of a, b, and c may be determined in terms of e, orc =¢ ~ 1, b=2-e, a=e—3, Substituting in (1), (p1 ~ p.) = Cd" *u?“p™'L'V"(€/dy. Dividing the left side of the equation by w and the right side by its equivalent pg, (p. —p:)/w = lost head = Cle/dYL(d"*V‘p"'p2-*)/(pg), which becomes (introducing 2 in numerator and in denominator): lost head = 2C(€/dY (L/d)(V?/2g)(d°°V"2 p/p") = K"(Re?(L/d)(V7/2g) = f(L/d)(V7/2g) (Darcy formula). To find the drag on a 1-mm-diameter sphere in slowly streaming water, a 100-mm sphere is tested in glycerin at V =300 mm/s. The measured drag on the model is 1.3 N. Under similar conditions, what are the water velocity and the drag on the 1-mm sphere? Water (prototype): Hp =0.001Pa-s p= 999 kg/m? Glycerin (model): Be =15PA*S Py = 1263 kg/m? (Ne )on = Peon Hos = (1263)(0.300)(0.100)/1.5 = 25.3 (Ce)m = Fal Pm V2uL2, = 1.3/{(1263)(0.300)°(0. 100)" (Ne)p = (Na)m = 25.3 = 999V,(0.001)/0.001 or —-V, = 0.0253 m/s (Crp = (Cem = 1-14 = F,/[999(0.0253)(0.001)"]_ or F, = 0.731 uN576 0 CHAPTER 18 18.12 18.13, 18.14 18.15 18.16 18.17 18.18 A 0.1-ft-diameter steel sphere (p, = 15.2 slugs/ft’) is dropped in water [p = 1.94 slugs/ft’, = 0. slug/(ft-s)] until it reaches terminal velocity or zero acceleration. From the sphere data in Fig. A-38 compute the terminal velocity of the falling sphere in feet per second. I Atterminal velocity, the net weight of the sphere equals the drag; hence the drag is known in this problem: = p)g(*/6)d° = (15.2 — 1.94)(32.2)(2r/6)(0.1)* = 0.224 Ib. We can compute that portion of Cp and Ny which excludes the unknown velocity: Cy = D/{lo(7x/4)d°V"] = 0.224/[1.94(2/8)(0.1°V?] = 29.4/¥", Ne = pVd/u = (1.94)(V)(0.1)/(2-1 x 10°) = 9240V. Now we will just have to guess an initial velocity V to get started on the iteration. Guess V = 1.0 ft/s; then Ny = 9240(1.0) = 9240. From Fig. A-38 read Cp ~ 0.38; then V ~(29.4/Cp)" 8.8 ft/s. Now try again with this new guess. Guess V = 8.81t/s, Ne = 9240(8.8) = 81 000. From Fig. A-38 read Cp ~ 0.52, V ~ (29.4/0.52)'*=7.5 ft/s. ‘One more try will give pretty good convergence. Guess V = 7.5 ft/s, Nq = 9240(7.5) = 69000. From Fig. A-38 read Cy ~0.51, V ~ (29.4/0.51)"?= the accuracy of the figure, Vier» ~7.6 ft/s. .6 ft/s. To Repeat Prob. 18.12, using the regrouped chart, Fig. A-39. I We must repeat the calculation of the net weight to establish that D = Wz, = 0.224 Ib. But now we can go directly to the new drag coefficient: Cz = Dp /u? = (0.224)(1.194)/(2.1 x 10"*)? = 9.85 x 10*. Now enter Fi ‘A-39 and read Nz = 70 000. Then the desired velocity is V = uNe/pd = (2.1 x 10°*)(70 000)/{(1-94)(0.1)] 7.58 ft/s. A 7-cm-diameter sphere is tested in water at 20°C and a velocity of 4m/s and has a measured drag of 8N. What will be the velocity and drag force of a 3-m-diameter weather balloon moving in air at 20°C and 1 atm under similar conditions? F(a) =(n)p Na = pDV/t ——_(998)(0.07)(4)/(1.02 x 10%) = (1.20)(3)(¥,)/(1.81 x 10°) V, = 1.38 m/s (Cm= (Crp Cr=Fip¥*D® —8/{(998)(4)°(0.07)"] = B/{(-20)(1.383"]— =2.10N To find the drag on an airplane whose velocity is 275 mph, could one test a 1:25 scale model in a subsonic wind tunnel at the same pressure and temperature? t (Nam = (Nap Ne=LV/v Lm = Ly /25 Since Pm = Pp ANd Ty = Tp, Vn = Yo Therefore, Vou = hypersonic, a subsonic test is impossible. /(Lip/ Lin) = (275)(25) = 6875 mph. As this velocity is A.1:25 scale model of a submarine is tested at 180 ft/s in a wind tunnel using sea-level standard air. What is the prototype speed in sea water at 20 °C for dynamic similarity? If the model drag is 1.6 Ib, what is the prototype drag? ' (Nem = (ep Ne = PLV [Lm = Ly /25 (0.00234)(L, /25)(180)/(3.78 x 10-7) = (2.00)(L,)(V,)/(2.23 x 10°*) V, = 0.497 ft/s (Cem = (Crp Cr = F/pV7L? 1.6/((0.00234)(180)°(L, /25)*] = F,/[(2-00)(0.497)*(L,)"] F,= 6.52 1b A blimp is designed to move in air at 20°C at 7 m/s. If a 1:20 scale model is tested in water at 20°C, what should the water velocity be? If the measured water drag on the model is 3.09 KN, calculate the drag on the prototype blimp and the power required to propel it. ! (Nedm = (Na) Ne=pLV/u Lm = L/20 (998)(Lp/20)(Vm)/(1-02 x 10-*) = (1.20)(Lp)(7)/(1-81 * 10°) Vg = 9.49 m/s (Cow =(Crp Ce F/pV*L? —_3,09/{(998)(9.49)*(L, /20)"] = F/[.20)0)*L,)"] = 0.809 KN P, = FV, = (0.809)(7) = 5.663 kW A 1:6 scale model automobile is tested in a wind tunnel in the same air properties as the prototype. The18.19 18.20 18.21 18.22 18.23 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE 1 577 prototype velocity is 48 km/h. For dynamically similar conditions, the model drag is 320 N. What are the drag of the prototype automobile and the power required to overcome this drag? i (Nader = (Node Ne=pLV/p Ln = Lpl6 (0)(Lp/6)(Vn)/# = (9)(Lp){(48)(1000)/3600]/ 4 Vn = 80.00 m/s Cro FipVv7L? 320/{(p)(80.00)*(L,/6)*] = F,/{(o)[(48)(1000)/3600(L,)"] F,=320N P, = F,V,, = (320)[(48)(1000)/3600] = 4267 W ‘A model airplane is built to the scale 1:20. If the prototype is to fly at 425 mph, what must be the air velocity in the wind tunnel to achieve the same Reynolds number at the same air temperature and pressure? L,/20 (p)(Lp/20)(Vn)/ # = (P)\Lp M425) Vp, = 8500 mph [impractically high] Bam =(Ne)p Ne =PLVIu LL, ‘A model airplane has dimensions that are 1/18 those of its prototype. It is desired to test it in a pressure wind tunnel at a speed the same as that of the prototype. If the air temperature is the same and the Reynolds number is the same, what must be the pressure in the wind tunnel relative to the atmospheric pressure? LL 18 (Lpl18)(V)%m = (Lp (V)%p (tn Pn) Hp! Pp) = (Hm! Hp)(Po! Pm) ' (Nem =(Nrp N= LV Iv Ew Val Vp = 8 For Try = Tys ASSUME fly, = Hy HENCE, Pp / Pn = Yo! Ym = tes Yo! Ym = (Pp! RT)(Pm/ RT) = ve- Therefore, What weight flow rate of air at 70°F (11 = 3.82 x 10 Ib-s/ft) at 58 psi in a 2-in-diameter pipe will give dynamic similarity to a 275-gpm flow of water at 60°F in a 6-in-diameter pipe? ' (Na)se= (Neo Ne=DV/v v= ule Dan = p/RT = (58)(144)/{(1716)(70 + 460)] = 0.009183 slug/ft* Vuig = (3.82 X 10°7)/0,009183 = 4.160 x 10°* ft°/s QI (a) AY 74] = 45.840 Vio = Q/A = (275)(0.002228)/{(2x)(:8)"/4] = 3.120 ft/s (A)(45.84Q)/(4. 160 x 107°) = ()(3.120)/(1.21 x10) Q =0.7020 ft/s Yoir = (0.009183)(32.2) = 0.2957 Ib/ft” G = yQ =(0.2957)(0.7020) = 0.208 Ib/s 'A.1:40 scale model of a submarine is tested in a wind tunnel. It is desired to know the drag on the submarine ‘when it is operating at 9 knots (15.2 fps) in ocean water at 40°F. At what velocity should the object be tested in wind tunnel containing air at 70°F at atmospheric pressure? i (Ne)aie = (Na)i30 Ne=LViv Las 10/40 (Lingo! 40)(Var)/(1-64 X 10-4) = (Ly,0)(15.2)/(1.66 x10) Vs Since this velocity exceeds sonic velocity, the model will not operate properly to indicate prototype behavior. 6007 ft/s ‘A ship 650 ft long is to operate at a speed of 22 mph in ocean water whose kinematic viscosity is 0.00001261 ft?/s, What should be the kinematic viscosity of a fluid used with an 11-ft model so that both the Reynolds number and the Froude number would be the same? i (Nam = (Nad. Ne=LViv Let subscript r denote ratio of prototype to model. LV,Jy,=1 (Nem = (Ne) Ne = VICGL)? VIG LJ = 1 LV,1¥, = VM Geb)? B= 1.0 L,= SP = 59.1 (59.1)(V,)/¥, = V./[(.0)(59.1)]'* v= 454.3 00001261 /454.3 = Hence, vn .0000000278 ft/s {impossibly small].678 J CHAPTER 18 18.24 18.25 18.26 18.27 18.28 18.29 ‘The valve coefficients K = Ap/(pV*/2) for a 600-mm-diameter valve are to be determined from tests on a geometrically similar 300-mm-diameter valve using atmospheric air at 80°F (v = 1.57 x 10° m?/s). What range Of air flows is required to model flows of water at 70°F (v= 9.96 x 10? m/s) between 1 m/s and 2.5 m/s? ' Na=DV/v —— (Na)min = (0-600)(1)/(9-96 x 10-7) = 6.02 x 10° (Na )max = (0.600)(2.5)/(9-6 10-7) = 1.51 % 10° For air: 6.02 x 10° = (0.300)(Vain)/(1.57 X 10°) Vein = 31.5 m/s 1.51 10° = (0.300)(Viux)/(1.57 X 109) Vinay = 79.0 m/s Quin = A Verin = [(20)(0.300)?/4](31.5) = 2.23 m'/s Qmnax = A Verax = [(2)(0.300)?/4](79.0) = 5.58 m*/s ‘A model of a Venturi meter has linear dimensions 1/6 those of the prototype. The prototype operates on water at 10°C, and the mode! on water at 100°C. For a throat diameter of 700 mm and a velocity at the throat of ‘7'm/s, what discharge is needed through the model for similitude? Tam =(Nadp Ne =LV/v (Lip /6)(Vin)/(2.94 X 10-7) = (Lp)(7)/(1.30 % 10%) Vy = 9.498 m/s Qn =AmVm Dy = Dp/6 = 72 = 117 mm Qn = [(#)(0.117)°/4](9.498) = 0.102 m*/s ‘The losses in a Y in a 1.3-m-diameter pipe system carrying gas (p = 40 kg/m’, «= 2x 10°*Pa-s, V =28m/s) are to be determined by testing a model with water at 40°C. The laboratory has a water capacity of 80 L/s. What should be the diameter of the model? ' (Nem = (Nip Np = pDV/H Von = Qm/Am = (80 X 10°*)/(D3,/4) = 0.1019/D3, (998)(D,,)(0.1019/D3,)/(6.51 x 10-4) = (40)(1.3)(28)/(2 x 10-4) D,=0.02146m or 21mm ‘A.1:4 scale model of a water pumping station pumping system is to be tested to determine overall head losses. Air at 30°C, 1 atm, is available. For a prototype velocity of 600 mm/s in a 3-m-diameter section with water at 20°C, determine the air velocity and quantity needed. How may losses determined from the model be converted into prototype losses? ' (Nad = (Nao Na=DV/v [2)G)IV,n)/(1.60 x 10*) = (3)(0.600)/ (1.02 x 10°) Vp = 37.65 m/s Qn = ArVen = {(2){(3)(4)F/4}(37.65) = 16.6 m/s Losses are the same when expressed in velocity heads. Water at 60°F flows at 12.0 fps in a 6-in pipe. At what velocity must medium fuel oil at 90°F (v=3.19 x 10° ft7/s) flow in a 3-in pipe for the two flows to be dynamically similar? HB Weo=(Nadoa —Ne=DV/¥ —(1%)(12.0)/(1.21 x 10) = G)(Voa)/B.19 * 10-*) Vou = 63.3 ft/s Air at 68 °F is to flow through a 24-in pipe at an average velocity of 6.00 fps. For dynamic similarity, what size pipe carrying water at 60°F at 3.65 fps should be used? FT Wade (Na)uo Ne=DV/v —(3)(6.00)/(1.63 x 10°) = (D/12)(3.65)/(1.21 x10) D = 2.93in (Would probably use a 3-in pipe.)18.390 18.31 18.32 18.33 18.34 18.35 18.36 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE 1 579 A.1:5 model of a submarine is to be tested in a towing tank containing salt water. If the submarine moves at 12.0 mph, at what velocity should the model be towed for dynamic similarity? ' (Nam = (Na) Ne=LV/v (L/15)(Vn)/¥ = (L)(12.0)/¥ ‘Vu = 180 mph ‘A model of a torpedo is tested in a towing tank at a velocity of 80.0 fps. The prototype is expected to attain a velocity of 20.0 fps in water at 60°F. (a) What model scale has been used? (6) What would be the model speed if tested in a wind tunnel under a pressure of 20 atm and at constant temperature 80°F? ' (Nan = (Nelo Na = DV/v (a) (L/x)(80.0)/v = (L)(20.0)/v, 1.00. Hence, the scale model is 1:4. ® Y= HIP Pax pIRT = (20(14.7)(144)/[(1716)(80 + 460)] = Yair = (3.85 X 1077)/0.04569 = 8.426 x 10-6 fC/s (L/4)(Vou)/(8.426 x 107%) = (L)(20.0)/(1.21 10°*) Vin = 55.7 ft/s ).04569 slug/ft? A centrifugal pump pumps medium lubricating oil at 60 °F (v = 188 x 10° f?/s) while rotating at 1200 rpm. A model pump, using air at 68°F, is to be tested. If the diameter of the model is 3 times the diameter of the prototype, at what speed should the model run’? I (Na)m = (Ne)p» Na = DV/v. Using the peripheral speeds (which equal radius times angular velocity in radians per second) as the velocities in Reynolds number, we obtain (3D)|(3D/2)(q)|/(1.63 x 10-*) = (D){(D/2)(w,)|/ (188 x 10-*), @, = 103.80,,. Hence, model speed = 1200/103.8 = 11.6 rpm. ‘An airplane wing of 3-ft chord is to move at 90 mph in air. A model of 3-in chord is to be tested in a wind tunnel with air velocity at 108 mph. For air temperature of 68 °F in each case, what should be the pressure in the wind tunnel? TE Wem =(e)p Na=LV/v (3)(108)/¥,, = (3)(90)/(1.63 x 10-4) ‘The pressure that produces this kinematic viscosity of air at 68°F can be found by remembering that the absolute viscosity is not affected by pressure changes. The kinematic viscosity equals absolute viscosity divided by density. But density increases with pressure (temperature constant). ¥ = 11/, Vp [Vm = (1.63 x 10*)/(1.63 x 10°‘) = 10. Thus the density of air in the tunnel must be ten times standard (68 °F) air and the resulting pressure in the tunnel must be 10 atm. -63 x 107° ft/s A dam spillway is to be tested using Froude scaling with a 1:20 model. The model flow has an average velocity of 0.7 m/s and a volume flow of 0.06 m'/s. What are the velocity and flow of the prototype? Hf For Froude scaling, Vi [Vn = AV @=Ly/Ly = V,/0.7= 1/VE V, =3.13 m/s Q,/ Qn = (Vo Vn KLp/ Lm) = A/Vea\ilay= (lay? —Q,/0.06=[1/(5)? OQ, = 107 m/s A prototype ship is 40 m long and designed to cruise at 10 m/s (about 19 knots). Its drag is to be simulated by a 0.8-m-long model pulled in a tow tank. For Froude scaling find (a) the tow speed, (6) the ratio of prototype to model drag, and (¢) the ratio of prototype to model power. I For Froude scaling, @ Vo/Vng = Vee = Ll Ly = 3 = 10/Vqy = V3 Vu = 14D m/s ) Fal Ey = (Onl Pp Veal Vp)" Lind Lp) = (1) Vaya) = 0° = (5)? = 1/125 000 © Pral By = (Ful Ez)(Vml Vp) = (ae)*(Va) = a * = (45) A ship 555 ft long is to operate at a speed of 22 mph. If a model is 8 ft long, what should be its speed to give the same Froude number? What is the value of the Froude number? ' (Nem = (Neo Np=VI(gl)'* Vou! [(g)(8)}"? = 22/{(g)(555)]"* §-87/[(32.2(8)]}"? = 0.241 V,=2.64¢mph or 3.87 ft/s Ne580 J CHAPTER 18 18.37 18.38 18.39 18.40 18.41 18.42 18.43 18.44 In a 1:30 model of the flow in a spillway, the velocity at point A is 0.4 m/s and the force exerted on a small area about A is 0.10. What would be the force on the corresponding area in the prototype? i (Np) = (Nee Ne = V(gL)'? 0.4/[(@)(L,/30)]" (Cm = (Crp Cr=F/pV7L? ——_0.10/{(0)(0.4(L,/30) =V,/GL,)" —-V,=2.19 m/s FM(p)(2.19)(Lp']} = 2698N ‘A 1:400 model is constructed to study tides. What length of time in the model corresponds to a day in the Prototype? Suppose the model could be transported to the moon and tested there. What then would be the time relationship between the model and prototype? g of earth equals six times g of moon. ' (Wem = (Ne) Nr=VI(gh)™ (V/GL)" In = [VIGLY Ip V, = Vp/Vn = (BL)? T,=L,1V,=L,(gh);* TylTm = (LIGLY Ip (LIBEL) In On earth: 1 Toy = (Lp /[B) Lp 17} (Lp /400)/[(g)(Lp/400)]"} TT, = 0.05000 day or 1.20h On the moon: UT, = (Lol {Gp (Lp)]'7}/ {Lp /400)/{(,/6)(Lp/400)]'7} Ty = 0.1225 day or 2.94h A sectional model of a spillway 2 ft high is placed in a laboratory flume of 9-in width. Under a head of 0.345 ft the flow is 0.62 cfs. What flow does this represent in the prototype if the scale model is 1:20 and the spillway is 700 ft tong? TF Wi)m= (Ney Ne = V/(gl)"* (Ne), = (Ne Dol (Nem = [V HBL)'bp/[V QL)! = Vel Le? = 1.00 V,/20"= 1.00 V,=4.47 = A,V, A, = Ay Am = (700)[(0.345)(20)]/{(1)(0.345)] = 18.667 0, = A,V, = (18 667)(4.47) =83.441 = (83-441)(0.62) = 51 733 ft/s The flow over a model spillway is 98 L/s per meter of width. What flow does this represent in the prototype spillway if the model scale is 1:20? ' q=Olb w a= yV, yah, V/LY =L'? (from Prob. 18.39) Qe = LL}? = L3? = 20" = 89.44 4» = (89.44)(98) = 8770 (L/s)/m = 8.77 (m'/s)/m The velocity at a point in a model of a spillway for a dam is 2m/s. For a geometric ratio of prototype to mode! of 12:1, what is the velocity at the corresponding point in the prototype under similar conditions? ' (Nr )m = (Ne de Np =VI(gl)'? 2N(B) Lop 12)N"" = Vo MBL yy? V, =6.93 m/s ‘The wave drag on a model of a ship is 25 N at a speed of 4 m/s. For a prototype 12 times as long, what will the corresponding speed and wave drag be if the liquid is the same in each case? ' (Ne\m = (Ne)p Nr=Vigh)* ANG) p/2)}"? = Ve lglp)'™ V, = 13.86 m/s Co = F/(ApV?/2) At the same Froude number, Cp is equal for model and prototype; hence, F/(A,V3/2) = F/(A,V3/2), Fy = (En)(Ap/Aw)(Vo! Vin)? = (En)(L pl Em)" = (25)(12)" = 43 200 N, oF 43.2 KN. Oil of kinematic viscosity 50 x 10°* ft/s is to be used in a prototype in which both viscous and gravity forces dominate. A model scale of 1:5 is also desired. What viscosity of model liquid is ncessary to make both Froude number and Reynolds number the same in model and prototype? HF Wedn= (rp N= VIGLY” — Vy @Le)= LI? (Ny) = (Manly N= LV IV VisvJ/L, Le =v IL, v= Li? = (3) = 0.08944 Ym = (0.08944)(50 x 1078) = 4.47 x 10° ft/s A ship whose hull length is 460 ft is to travel at 25.0 fps. (a) Compute the Froude number. (6) For dynamic similarity, at what velocity should a 1:30 model be towed through water?18.45 18.46 18.47 18.48 18.49 18.50 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE 0 581 l@ Np = V/(gL)'? = 25.0/{(32.2)(469)]"* = 0.205 () (Nem = (Nr)p VouI{(32.2)(S))" = 25.0/[(32.2)(460)]"7 Vm = 4.56 ft/s An airplane is designed to fly at 240 m/s at 8 km altitude. If a 1:12 model is tested in a wind tunnel at 25 find the tunnel pressure that will reproduce both the Reynolds number and the Mach number. 36.9°C, and yp = 1.53 x 10° Pas (from Table A-8), (Num = (Nardp Nw =Vie Venl€m = Volep c= (20m/s-K")7'* Gm = (20)(25 +273)" = 345.3 m/s c= (20)(—36.9 + 273)!" = 307.3 m/s Vou/345.3 = 240/307.3 Vm =269.7m/s (Nem =(Na)p Ne = pLV /t (Pm)(Lp112)(269.7)/ (1.84 % 10°*) = (0.526)(Lp)(240)/(1.53X 107°) Py, = 6.75 kg/m* Pm = Pn RT = (6.75)(287)(25 + 273) =577 300 Pa or S77 kPa IA 8000 meters, p, = 0.526 kg/m’, T, One wishes to mode! the flow about a missile that travels at 975 mph through the atmosphere at elevation 9000 ft. The model is to be tested in a wind tunnel at standard atmospheric conditions with air at 60°F. What air speed in the wind tunnel is required for dynamic similarity? i (Naam = (Noe) Nu =Vic=Vi(plp)'* Vj,/(14.7/0.00227)"? = 975/(10.54/0.001814)'? Vj, = 1029 mph or 1510 ft/s ‘A model of a supersonic aircraft is tested in a variable-density wind tunnel at 1290 fps. The air is at 90°F with a pressure of 20 psia. At what velocity should this model be tested to maintain dynamic similarity if the air temperature is raised to 130°F and the pressure increased to 27 psia? 1 Nw =Viplp)?, p= pIRT. At OF, p = (20)(144)/[(53.3)(90 + 460)] = 0.09824 slug/ft, Nay = 1290/{(20)(144)/0.09824)"* = 7.534. At 130°F, p = (27)(144)/[(53.3)(130 + 460)} = 0.1236 slug/ft", Nay V/{(27)(144)/0.1236]"* = 7.534, V = 1336 ft/s. ‘The flow about a ballistic missile which travels at 1400 fps through air at 80°F and 14.7 psia is to be modeled in a high-speed wind tunnel with a 1:10 model. If the air in the wind tunnel test section has a temperature of 10°F at a pressure of 12 psia, what velocity is required in the model test section? ' (Nude = (Np Nw = VI(p/py'* p=pIRT Pm = (12)(144)/{(53.3)(10 + 460)] = 0.06898 stug/ft* Pp = (14.7)(144)/[(53.3)(80 + 460)] = 0.07355 stug/ft* Vol {(12)(144)/0.06898}'* = 1400/[(14.7)(144)/0.07355]'? Vin = 1306 ft/s. A prototype spillway has a characteristic velocity of 2 m/s and a characteristic length of 9m. A small model is constructed using Froude scaling. What is the minimum scale ratio of the model that will ensure that its minimum Weber number is 100? Both flows use water at 30°C. ' Nw = pV7LIo (Nw) = (996)(2)°(9)/0.0712 = 503 596 Froude scaling: (Nw orl (Nw )p = (Pm! Pp (Vm! Vo)" (Lim! Ep)/ (Onl Op) = (AY V a)? (a)(1) = a? 100/503 596 a= 0.01409 Ly [Lm = M/S 1/0.01409 = 71:1 At low velocities (laminar flow), the volume flow Q through a small-bore tube is a function only of the tube radius R, the fluid viscosity u, and the pressure drop per unit tube length dp/dx. Using the Buckingham pi theorem, find an appropriate dimensionless relationship. I Write the given relation and count variables: Q = f(R, 1, dp/dx) four variables (n dimensions of these variables: ). Make a list of the Q R # dp|dx wry | ay | ary] er}582 0 CHAPTER 18 18.51 18.52 There are three primary dimensions (M, L, T), hence j <3. By trial and error we determine that R, 1, and dp/dx cannot be combined into a pi group. Then j =3, and n — j =4~3= 1. There is only one pi group, which we find by combining Q in a power product with the other three: IT, = R“u°(dp/dx)°Q' = (L)(MLITY(ML?T (ET) = MPL°T?. Equate exponents: Mass: bee =0 Length: a-b-2+3 Time: -b=2-1= Solving simultaneously, we obtain a = ~4, b= 1, c= ~1. Then I, = R™“u'(dp/dx)"'Q ot Tl, = Qu/[R*(dp /dx)] = const. Since there is only one pi group, it must equal a dimensionless constant. ‘The capillary rise h of a liquid in a tube varies with tube diameter d, gravity g, fluid density p, surface tension , and the contact angle 6. (a) Find a dimensionless statement of this relation. (6) If h = 3.em in a given experiment, what will h be in a similar case if diameter and surface tension are half as much, density is twice as much, and the contact angle is the same? 1 @) Step 1. Write down the function and count variables h = f(d, g, p, 0, 8), n= ‘Step 2. List the dimensions (FLT): variables. a [a4 g ° Y ® {L} [wo (LT (FPL (FL None Step 3 Find j. Several groups of three form no pi: 0, p, and g or p, g, and d. Therefore j = 3, and we expect 1 — j= 6 ~3=3 dimensionless groups. One of these is obviously 8, which is already dimensionless: TT, = 6. If we chose carelessly to search for it using steps 4 and 5, we would still find TI = Step 4 Select j variables which do not form a pi group: p, g, d. Step 5 Add one additional variable in sequence to form the pi’s: Add h: T= p'g'dth = (FPL “Y(LT™)(L)(L) = PLT? Solve for a= b =0, c= ~1, Therefore Il, = p°g°d~ exponent to be 1: Tls= p'g’d'o = 2. Therefore T, Step 6 ‘The complete dimensionless relation for this problem is thus hid = F(a/pgd°, 8) a This is as far as dimensional analysis goes. Theory, however, establishes that A is proportional ice ¥ occurs only in the second parameter, we can slip it outside (o/pgd")F(8) ot hpgd/o = F(8). (6) We are given h, for certain conditions d,, 01, p1, and 8,. If hy = 3.0m, what is A, for d,= 4d, 02 = P2=2py, and 6, = 6,7 We know the functional relation, Eq. (1), must still hold at condition 2: hz/d, = F(a,/ p.gd3, 9.2). But 0,/ p.gd3 = h0,/2p,g(34, = 0,/p.gd;. Therefore, functionally, hz/d,= F(a,/p.gdi, 6,) = hy/d;. We are given a condition 2 which is exactly similar to condition 1, and therefore a scaling law holds: hz = h,(d2/d,) = (3)(3d,/d,) = 1.5 em. If the pi groups had not been exactly the same for both conditions, we would have to know more about the functional relation F to calculate fy. h/d. Finally add Y, again selecting its FT?L*)"(LT?)'(L)"(FL™) = FLT”. Solve for ig'd-*0 = oped’. jo, ‘Under laminar conditions, the volume flow Q through a small triangular-section pore of side length 6 and length Lis a function of viscosity u, pressure drop per unit length Ap/L, and b. Using the pi theorem, rewrite this relation in dimensionless form. How does the volume flow change if the pore size b is tripled? ' Q=f(Ap/L, u,b) {L/T) = (M/L?T?}{M/LT}{L} n=4,j=3(Q, u,b do not make aT), n {LIT} {M/L?T?}*{M/LT}{L}° = M°L°T®, = 1 Texpected. 1, = Q'(Ap/L)"(u)*(b)' = | |18.54 18.57 18.58 18.59 18.60 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE 1 583 M: atb =0 L: 3-2a-b+e=0 7 -1-2a-b =0 a=~1,b=+1, c= —4; Tl, = Qu/(Ap/L)b* = constant. If b is tripled, Q increases 3*, or 81 times. The power input P to a centrifugal pump is assumed to be a function of volume flow Q, impeller diameter D, rotational rate @, and the density p and viscosity 4 of the fluid. Rewrite this as a dimensionless relationship. TF Prunp =f(Q, D, 2, p, uw). n =6,j=3, 0 —3= 31's expected. P/(pQ*D*) = f(Q/QD’, pQD*/y). The resistance force F of a surface ship is a function of its length L, velocity V, gravity g, and the density p and viscosity 1 of the water. Rewrite in dimensionless form. FF Fae =f (Ls V, 8, 2, ). m= 6, j=3, n—j=6-3=3ITs expected. F/(pV*L*) =f(V*/gL, pVL/u). ‘The torque M on an axial-flow turbine is a function of fluid density p, rotor diameter D, angular rotation rate , and volume flow Q. Rewrite in dimensionless form. If it is known that M is proportional to Q for a particular turbine, how would M vary with Q and D for that turbine? TF Mictine =f (0, D, 2, Q). n=5, j= TI's expected. M/(pQ*D*) = f(Q/QD"*)..1fM~Q, then M=@ and M~D*. aja 5-35 ‘A weir is an obstruction in a channel flow that can be calibrated to measure flow rate. The volume flow Q varies with gravity g, weir width b, and upstream water height H above the weir crest. If it is known that Q is proportional to b, use the pi theorem to find a unique functional relationship Q(g, b, H). FH Q/b=f(g, H). n=3, j=2L,T),n —2= 1 expected. (Q/b)/(g'*H*) = constant. The size of droplets produced by a liquid spray nozzle is thought to depend upon the nozzle diameter D, jet velocity U, and the properties of the liquid p, u, and g. Rewrite this relation in dimensionless form. Ho d=$(D,U, 9, u, 0). n=6, j=3, n—j=6~3=3 11's expected. d/D = f(pUD/u, o/U*D). Perfume (specific gravity 0.92) in a tube of 25mm diameter has a capillary rise of 3 mm. Determine its capillary rise in a 40-mm-diameter tube. FT h=f(pg, 0, D).n =4, j=3, n—j =4—3=1 Ml expected. pghD/o = constant. For a given fluid (i.e., given pg and a), kD = constant, oF hy, Dy. = h,D,. Thus, (3)(2.5) = (f,)(4) oF h, = 1.88 mm. ‘An estuary has a lunar tide of period 12.02h and a tidal current of approximately 2.7 km/h. In a 1:400 scale model, what should the period and current speed be? t TalT, = Vor @=L,/Ly T,,/12.02= Va T, =0.601h or 36.1 min VnlVp= Ver Vql2.7= Vado Vg = 0.135 km/h = 2.25 m/min Derive the expression for the drag on a submerged torpedo. The parameters are the size of the torpedo L, the velocity of the torpedo V, the viscosity of the water u, and the density of the water p. The size of a torpedo may be represented by its diameter or its length. ! Fo=f(L, V, p, w)=(constant)L"V'p'ut — (ML/T?} = {L}"{L/T}°(M/L?}"(M/LT}* M: i= etd L: lsatb-3e-d T: -2= -b -d -d c =2-d 9 a=2-d Fo = (constant) L?-4V*~“p'~4u* = (constant) CpL?V*(u/LVp)* = (constant)CpLV*(LVp/u)-* Since LVp/it = Np, Fo = (Na)pL?V?.584 0 CHAPTER 18 18.61, 18.62 18.63 18.64 Derive an expression for the drag on a surface vessel. Use the same parameters as in Prob. 18.60, and add the acceleration due to gravity g to account for the effect of wave action. UF =F(L, Vs ps 8)s f'(Fos Ls V, p, bs 8) =0, n= 6, j= 3,0 =3 IT's expected. T= p'L'VF, T= p*L’V'u* T= p*L'V'g* Fo/L?V? LVp/u=Nr = Lg/V?=1/Ne F= (Ne, Na)pL?V? ‘The discharge through a horizontal capillary tube is thought to depend upon the pressure drop per unit length, the diameter, and the viscosity. Find the form of the equation. FF The quantities are listed with their dimensions: quantity symbol | dimensions Discharge Q vr" Pressure drop per length | Ap/i | ML?T-* Diameter D L Viscosity # ML™T™ ‘Then F(Q, Ap/t, D, 4) =0. Three dimensions are used, and with four quantities there will be one II parameter: TI=Q"\(Ap/I)"D"u. Substituting in the dimensions gives T= (L°7~!)"\(ML77-2)"L"ML"'T"' = M°L°T*. The exponents of each dimension must be the same on both sides of the equation. With L first, 3x1 ~ 2y, + 2 — 1=0 and similarly for M and T: y,+1=0, ~x,~2y,~ 1=0; from which x, = 1, y= —1, 2,=~4, and IT = Qu/(D*Ap/l). After solving for Q, Q = C(Ap/I)(D*/u), from which dimensional analysis yields no information about the numerical value of the dimensionless constant C; experiment (or analysis) shows that it is 4/128. ‘The discharge Q of a V-notch weir is some function of the elevation H of upstream liquid surface above the bottom of the notch. In addition, the discharge depends upon gravity and upon the velocity of approach Vs to the weir. Determine the form of discharge equation. I A functional relation F(Q, H, g, Vo, ¢) = is to be grouped into dimensionless parameters. ¢ is dimensionless; hence, it is one II parameter. Only two dimensions are used, L and T. If g and H are the repeating variables, 11, = H"'g"Q = L'(LT?)"L'T™, 11, = H"g"Vo= L°(LT~?)2LT-!. Then Htyt320 ty t1=0 -2y,~ -2y,-1=0 from which x, =~, y= — 4, t= , and TT, = O/(VgH""), Th = Vol VeH, Tl, = $, or f(Q/VgH*), Vol VgH, ) =0. This can ri written O/(VgH*”) = f,(VolVeH, $) in which both f and f, are unknown functions. After solving for Q, Q = VgH*"f,(Vo/ VgH, @). Either experiment or analysis is required to yield additional information about the function f,. If H and Vo were selected as repeating variables in place of gand H, 11, =H"V3Q = L4(LT LPT, 1, =H Veg = L({LT LT. Then x+yt3=0 x ty+1=0 -y-1=0 -y-2=0 from which x, = -2, y,=—1, %)=1, ys=~2, and IT, = Q/HVe, T= gH/V3, T= @ or S(Q/H’Vo, gH/Vi, $) Since any of the IT parameters can be inverted or raised to any power without affecting their dimensionless status, Q = VoH"f,(Vs/ VgH, @). The unknown function f, has the same parameters as f,, but it could not be the same function. The last form is not very useful, in general, because frequently V, may be neglected with V-notch weirs. This shows that a term of minor importance should not be selected as & repeating variable. ‘The losses Ap/1 in turbulent flow through a smooth horizontal pipe depend upon velocity V, diameter D, dynamic viscosity 4, and density p. Use dimensional analysis to determine the general form of the equation F(Api/t, V, D, p, w) =0.DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE J 585 I If V, D, and p are repeating variables, [1, = V" Dp" =(LT'YL"(ML°)"ML"'T™* watyi~3z— = S at , a= 1, and Tl, = V"2D%p(Ap/l) = (LT) (MLM LIT wat y2—3m-2=0 0 ntl=0 From which x,= —2, y,=1, and z= —1. Then II, = 4/VDp, T= (Ap/1)/(eV7/D), F[VDp/u, (Ap/)/(p¥?/D)] = 0, since the TI quantities can be inverted if desired. The first parameter. VDp/u, is the Reynolds number Ng. After solving for Ap/I we have Ap/I = fi(Nr, pV?/D). The usual formula is Ap/l =f(Ng)(oV7/2D) or, in terms of head loss, Ah/I = f (Ne)(1/D)(V7/2g). from which x, fh A fluid-flow situation depends on the velocity V, the density p, several linear dimensions, J, 4, /2, pressure drop ‘Ap, gravity g, viscosity 4, surface tension a, and bulk modulus of elasticity X. Apply dimensional analysis to these variables to find a set of II parameters: F(V, p, l,l, AD, & Hs 0, K)=0. I As three dimensions are involved, three repeating variables are selected. For complete situations, V, p, and Tare generally helpful. There are seven II parameters: II, = Vp" Ap, Tl, = V3pl"g, T= V2p"I"} T= V%p"I, Ty = V"%p"I"K, Tl,=1/,, I=1/l,. By expanding the IT quantities into dimensions, x-3,+2-1=0 =x -2=0 yo +150 0. Thy = (LT (ML )"LLT y-3ntnt1=0 kh -2=0 va =0 , Y2 = 0, 2 = 1. Th, = (LT "(MLL ML =0 45 -1=0 Bt 3— yy +120 1. T= (ETY(ML YL"? Hn 3yty 20 mm, muoo+ 1, z= 1. y= (LT Y(ML“YsL8ML“'T Xs—3ystz5-1=0 _ wot 1, z5=0. Tl, = Ap/pV”, Ths = gl/V*, T= 4/Vip, Th, = o/V"pl, Ts = K/pV*, from which x5 = Th=I/h, Ty =I/l,, and f(Ap/pV’, gl/V?, u/Vip, o/V*pl, K/pV?, I/I,, 1/l:) = 0. It is convenient to invert some of the parameters and to take some square roots. fi(Ap/pV?, V/Vgl, Vip/u, VIp/o, V/VK/p, Ul, 2, ys= 1/2) = 0. The first parameter, usually written Ap/(oV7/2), is the pressure coefficient; the second parameter is the Froude number Np; the third is the Reynolds number Ng; the fourth is the Weber number Nw; and the fifth is the Mach number Ny. Hence, f(Ap/pV?, Ne, Ney Nor, Nu U/l, U/la) =0. After solving for pressure drop, Ap = pV7F(Nr, Nn» Nw» Nav I/fy, U/l) in which f, and f, must be determined from analysis or experiment. By selecting other repeating variables, a different set of IT parameters could be obtained686 2 CHAPTER 18 18.66 18.67 18.68 18.69 18.70 The thrust due to any one of a family of geometrically similar airplane propellers is to be determined experimentally from a wind-tunnel test on a model. Use dimensional analysis to find suitable parameters for plotting test results. I The thrust F; depends upon speed of rotation «, speed of advance Vo, diameter D, air viscosity 4, density p, and speed of sound c. The function F(F;, Vo, D, 0, 1, p, c)=0is to be arranged into four dimensionless parameters, since there are seven quantities and three dimensions. Starting first by selecting p, «, and D as repeating variables, [T, = p"'w”'D"F, =(ML“)'"\(T"'Y'L8MLT?, y= p?@"?D? Vp = (ML*YA(T"'YPL2LT™, TI, =p?” Dy = (ML“Y(T' YP L8MLT", T= pw" c= (ML~(T~"Y*L4LT~. Writing the simultaneous equations in x,, y,, 21, etc., as before and solving them Bives II, = F,/pw*D2, Tl. = Va/wD, 11, = 4/pwD?, 11, = c/«D. Solving for the thrust parameter leads to Fr/pw°D* = f(Vol@D, pwD*/, c/ wD). Since the parameters can be recombined to obtain other forms, the second term is replaced by the product of the first and second terms, VDp/u1, and the third term is replaced by the first term divided by the third term, Va/c; thus Fr/pa*D* = f,(Vo/ wD, VeDp/u, Volc). Of the dimensionless parameters, the first is probably of the most importance since it relates speed of advance to speed of rotation. ‘The second parameter is a Reynolds number and accounts for viscous effects. The last parameter, speed of advance divided by speed of sound, is a Mach number, which would be important for speeds near or higher than the speed of sound. Reynolds effects are usually small, so that a plot of Fr/pw* against Vo/wD should be most informative. ‘The variation Ap of pressure in static liquids is known to depend upon specific weight y and elevation difference ‘Az. By dimensional reasoning determine the form of the hydrostatic law of variation of pressure. P=H(7,A2)=(constant)y"(Az)P — {M/LT?} = (M/L2T?}*(L)* a 1 mee. a=1 b=1 —Ap=(constant)yAz ‘When viscous and surface-tension effects are neglected, the velocity V of efflux of liquid from a reservoir is thought to depend upon the pressure drop Ap of the liquid and its density p. Determine the form of expression for V. V=f(dp.e) — (Ap)*p” =(constant)V— (M/LT*)}*{M/L*)* = L/T 1 -1 | V = (constant) VAp/p aoss a=} b The buoyant force F, on a body is thought to depend upon its volume submerged V and the gravitational body force acting on the fluid. Determine the form of the buoyant-force equation. ' F=f(V, pg) V*(pg)° = (constant), {L?}*((M/L*Y(L/T®)}° = {ML/T*} be 1 L: 3a-2b= 1 T: =2b=-2 = (constant)Vpg In a fluid rotated as a solid about a vertical axis with angular velocity «, the pressure rise p in a radial direction depends upon speed w, radius r, and fluid density p. Obtain the form of equation for p. ' Ap=f(w,r,p) ——w'r*p*=(constant)Ap ——{1/T}*{L}"{M/L?}° = (M/LT?} M: eal L: b-3c=-1 rT: = =-2 2 b=2 c= 1 Ap =(constant)aw*r?p18.1 18.72 18.73 18.74 18.75 18.76 18.77 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE 0 587 ‘The Mach number Ny for flow of a perfect gas in a pipe depends upon the specific-heat ratio k (dimensionless), the pressure p, the density p, and the velocity V. Obtain by dimensional reasoning the form of the Mach number expression. TD ONu=F(K, 9.2, V)s "(Naas K, P,P VD = sn =5, j=3, n—j=5—3=2MT's expected. Th Th=k P’p’V =1 {M*/L*}{M?/T#L®}{L/T} =1 M: a+b =0 L: -a-3b+1=0 T: mM -1=0 b=} Nu =f(V/Vp/p, k) a=- ‘The moment exerted on a submarine by its rudder is to be studied with a 1:25 scale model in a water tunnel. If the torque measured on the water model is 7N - m for a tunnel velocity of 17 m/s, what are the corresponding torque and speed for the prototype? ' VelVn=Lmllp Vp/I7= —V,=0.68m/s T= (force)(arm) « (pVA)(L) T,=p,V2A,L, = (I)(A/L,)*L2L, = L, T.lTq=LylLm — Tp/T=% TT, =175N-m A rotary machine is to mix paint [p = 789 kg/m’, 4 = 1.20 x 10° Pas}. Tests with a 1:5 scale model in SAE30 oil [p = 917 kg/m?, u = 0.29 Pa - s} indicate best mixing at w = 1850 rpm. What should the rotation speed of the prototype be? I (Na)n = (Nap. Use a characteristic velocity wD, so that Nz = (p)(@D)(D)/u = pwD?/x. Then (917)(1850)(D,/5)*/0.29 = (789)(w,)(D,)*/(1.20 x 10°), w, = 0.356 rpm. A one-fourteenth-scale model of a parachute has a drag of 400 Ib when tested at 23 ft/s in a water tunnel. If Reynolds number effects are negligible, estimate the terminal fall velocity at 5000 ft standard altitude of a parachutist using the prototype if chute and chutist together weight 175 1b. Neglect the drag coefficient of the woman. FT (Cy)n=(Co)p (if Reynolds number effects are negligible), Cp = F/pV*D*. p, = 0.002048 slug/ft? (from Table A-7) Dy =D, /14 400/{(1-94)(23)°(D, /14)"} = 175/{(0.002048)(V,)°(D,)"]__V, = 33.4 ft/s ‘A one-tenth-scale model of a weir has a measured flow rate of 2.5 cfs when the upstream water height is H =6.9in. Use the results of Prob. 18.56 to predict the prototype flow rate when H = 3.1 ft. FH (Q/b)ig'7H%) = constant (from Prob. 18.56) [(Q/b)/(g'"*H")], = [(Q/b)/(g"H™) ly Bm = Bpf1O — [2.5/(bp/10)\/{(32.2)'7(6.9/12)**] = (Q,/b,)/[(32.2)'°3.1)""]_—Q, = 313 Fe /s For model and prototype, show that, when gravity and inertia are the only influences, the ratio of flows Q is equal to the ratio of the length dimension to the five-halves power. HF Q,/Q, = (Li! Tq)/(L3IT,) = L3/T,. The time ratio must be established for the conditions influencing the flow. Expressions can be written for the gravitation and inertia forces, as follows: Gravity: Foal Ey = Wil Wo = (You! Yp (Lin! Lp) = Yelee Inertia Foul Fy = Minn] My by = (Pool Pp)(Lin! Lp (LI T3) = PLL, IT) Equating the force ratios, y,L = p,L3(L,/T?), which, when solved for the time ratio, yields T= L(p-ly,) = Ll, @ Recognizing that the value of g, is unity, substitution in the flow ratio expression gives Q, = Qn Qy = L?/Li? = L3* @) A spillway model is to be built to a scale of 1:25 across a flume which is 2 ft wide. The prototype is 37.5 ft high and the maximum head expected is 5.0 ft. What height of model and what head on the model should be used? If688 J CHAPTER 18 18.78 18.79 18.80 18.81 the flow over the model at 0.20 ft head is 0.70 cfs, what flow per foot of prototype may be expected; i Lilly = Height of model = (37.5)(4) = 1.50 ft Head on model = (5.0)(4)=0.20ft Q,=Li* (rom Prob. 18.76) Qn! Qy =(LmiLp¥* — 0.070/2, = (8) Q, = 2188 ft/s bulbp = 2/by b,=50.0f gp = Op/b, = 2188/50.0= 43.8 ft/s For the model described in Prob. 18.77, if the model shows a measured hydraulic jump of 1.0 in, how high isthe | jump in the prototype? If the energy dissipated in the model at the hydraulic jump is 0.15 hp, what would be the | energy dissipation in the prototype? Hf Since L,,/L, = 4, height of jump = (1.0)(25) = 25.0in, or 2.08 ft, P, = EL,/T, = (y,L3(L,)/VL,/g,. Since = L7, 0.15/P, = (#)'?, P= 11720 hp. A model of a reservoir is drained in 4 min by opening the sluice gate. The model scale is 1: 225. How long should it take to empty the prototype? 1 Since gravity is the dominant force, Q, = L3*_ (from Prob. 18-76), Q, = Qm/Qp = (L3x/tm)/(L3/tp)s LI = (LM bpm bp = tn E27 = (A)MCG)"* = 60.0 min. A rectangular pier in a river is 4 ft wide by 12 ft long and the average depth of water is 9.0ft. A model is built to a scale of 1:16. The velocity of flow of 2.50 fps is maintained in the model and the force acting on the model is 0.90 Ib. What are the values of velocity in and force on the prototype? I Since the gravity forces predominate, Vi,/V, = VL, 2.50/V, = Vix, Vp = 10.0 ft/s. Fa/F, = y-L?, 0.90/F, (1.0)C4)", F = 3686 Ib. Ifa standing wave in the model of Prob. 18.80 is 0.16 ft high, what height of wave should be expected at the nose of the pier? What is the coefficient of drag resistance? i Vngf Ve, = VEml VE, = Vlim/ Whi, 2.50/10.0 = V0.16/Vh, hy = 2.56 ft Fy = CopAV?/2 3686 = (Cp)(1.94)[(4)(9)](10.0)?/2 Co = 1.06 ‘The measured resistance in fresh water of an 8-ft ship model moving at 6.50 fps was 9.60 Ib. (a) What would be the velocity of the 128-t prototype? (b) What force would be required to drive the prototype at this speed in salt water? VE,, 6.50/¥, = Vil, Vp =26.0 ft/s. (62.4/64.2)(i6) F, = 40.460 1b Ff (@) Since gravity forces predominate, V,,/V, @) E,/F,=yL; 9.60/F,