ARETE EET SG ROAR Tee Rc f The Respiratory System Key Body cells require an abundant and continuous supply of oxygen to carry out their activities. As cells use oxygen, they release carbon dioxide, a waste product that must be eliminated from the body. The circulatory and respiratory systems are intimately involved in obtaining and delivering oxygen to body cells and in eliminating carbon dioxide from the body. The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and the external environment (that is, external respiration). The respiratory system also plays an important role in maintaining the acid-base balance of the blood. Questions and activities in this chapter consider both the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system structures. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY 4. The following questions refer to the primary bronchi. In the spaces provided, insert the letter 2 to indicate the right primary bronchus and the lewer Z to indicate the left primary bronchus. 1, Which of the primary bronchi is larger in diameter? i de brondus 2), Which oF the primary teronchy wa mois hoazonudh, _ Bight bronchus | 3. Which of the primary bronchi is the most common site for lodging of a foreign object shares erered theroniainey-paampemae at bronchus(ryalte cartilaginous 1 zi ‘vel bones somouang be nal vies. They ee moisten 4. TROT Ney and pte acta somes babes or leon | (Gh The pamagenty cao tego ad te clean [File 5. iy tena the” wen ord ashe te {Sic th mal vith he 9 bone Chae ok use Symp ase,-C a at ofthe dfn sytem of erephaciynx— i £ : 5 F | i g : tonsils wu. Staal ao 1) not & sins rasinre a aie a) act a conducting steuchre F ~ net part of any anctomrg toyota fe an lafechino of ee Morel cons 5 Bigshive sqsten $) bees not transgort Fool speak G1 this is 0 conkuding strucre 3: Ge hee ot os gn ach te ala enn semen — acy — Ca da 2dr Then opt en Stem nue the Chama) Ham 4, Sinai Seni) Pleurisy ‘Tonilitis Laryngitis 5 tanagoniags vps Tampon alr and ood Temp 6 si mAs CayChapter 13 The Respiratory System 225. 4, Figure 13~1 is a sagittal view of the upper respiratory structures. First, / correctly identify all structures provided with leader lines on the figure / Then select different colors for the structures listed below and use them to color in the coding circles and the corresponding structures on the figure. @ Nasal cavity @ taynx @ Pharynx @ Paranasal sinuses © Trachea ening of aed tube sinus nasel 2 cowie aphgealt coe entl sinus . Pheryage hack polete a" 4g Pp ore! cavi'} naso, xe soft pelate palechine Fonsi | Haguel tonsil epiglottis amit | Ire eam arn sophargnx Vocal Fold esoph agus traces26 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 5. Using the key choices, select the terms identified in the following descriptions by inserting the appropriate term or letter in the answer blanks. Key Choices A. Alveoli D. Epiglottis G. Palate J. Primary bronchi B. Bronchioles E, Esophagus H. Parietal pleura K. Trachea ©. Conchae BE, Glottis I. Phrenic nerve L. Visceral pleura Smallest conducting respiratory passageways Separates the oral and nasal cavities » Major nerve, stimulating the diaphragm s Food passageway posterior to the trachea yw Closes off the larynx during swallowing x ‘Windpipe ~ ‘Actual site of gas exchanges . Pleural layer covering the thorax walls = Pleural layer covering the lungs S |. Lumen of larynx |. Fleshy lobes in the nasal cavity which increase its surface area 6. Complete the following paragraph concerning the alveolar cells and their roles by writing the missing terms in the answer blanks. elastic connective tissue; with the exception of the stroma of the lungs, which is _() ci ang tissue, the lungs are mostly air spaces, of which the alveoli en an 2. comprise the greatest part. The bulk of the alveolar walls are é 4 made up of squamous epithelial cells, which are well suited Suckactan 3. for their_@)_ function, Much less numerous cuboidal cells produce a fluid that coats the air-exposed surface of the alve- REC LOSS the 4, olus and contains a lipid-based molecule called _G)_ that x functions to _@_ of the alveolar fluid. $ ack ace TensionChapter 13 The Respiratory System 227 ‘7. Figure 13-2 is a diagram of the larynx and associated structures. On the figure, identify each of the structures listed below. Select a different color for each and use it to color in the coding circles and the corresponding structures on the figure. Then answer the questions following the diagram. © Byoid bone ©@ Tracheal cartilages @ . airin respiratory passages that does not contribute to gas exchange VE ___ 3, Total amount of exchangeable air RV * ERV . Gas volume that allows gas exchange to go on continuously y Amount of air that can still be exhaled (forcibly) after a normal exhalation 16. Figure 13-5 is a diagram showing respiratory volumes. Complete the figure by making the following additions. 1. Bracket the volume representing the vital capacity and color the area yellow; label it VC. 2, Add green stripes to the area representing the inspiratory reserve vohume and label it IRV. 3. Add red stripes to the area representing the expiratory reserve volume and label it ERV. Cad Identify and label the respiratory volume, which is now just yellow. Color the residual volume (RV) blue and label it appropriately on the figure. v Bracket and label the inspiratory capacity (IC). TV IRV RV Figure 13-5Chapter 13 The Respiratory System 233 7. Use the key choices to correctly complete the following statements, which refer to gas exchanges in the body. Insert the correct letter response in the answer blanks. Key Chotces A. Active transport F Diffusion B. Air of alveoli to capillary blood G. Higher concentration ©. Carbon dioxide-poor and oxygen-rich H. Lower concentration D. Capillary blood to alveolar air I. Oxygen-poor and carbon dioxide-rich E, Capillary blood to tissue cells J. Tissue cells to capillary blood 1. All gas exchanges are made by _()_, When substances pass in this manner, they move from areas of their_@) to areas of their _G)_. Thus oxygen con- 2. tinually passes from the _()_and then from the _G)_. Conversely, carbon dioxide moves from the (and from _@)_. From there it passes out of the body during expiration. As a result of such exchanges, arterial blood tends to be (8) while venous blood is_@) [em fo = | [n 18. Complete the following statements by inserting your answers in the answer blanks hemoglobin 1. Most oxygen is transported bound to _()_ inside the red eines taco blood cells. Conversely, most carbon dioxide is carried in the (Heog \bicorbonedte ton 2. form of _@)_ in the _@)_. Carbon monoxide poisoning is blood ol lethal because carbon monoxide competes with 4) for aided plasro® 3, binding sites. oxygen (Oa) 4 19. Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings. 1. f Respiratory rate J In blood co, Alkalosis 2. Acidosis 1 Carbonic acid | pH Ga) 3. Acidosis Hypoventilation CO, buildup 4. Apnea Cyanosis Ci oxen) | Oxygen 5. Respiratory rate } Exercise anger 6. High altitude J PO; Gey | Atmospheric pressure(S04 Anmamy & Pinpacingy Cotedag Workbook 2, Thee ae sve ees feet cone Mach stu en in he sppropese despre poded Coun Pee comet ‘Gm or ete spon he newer Mak pen ote 3 conn 8 é Sotho ba en A. chores ingustby Oe meas, Scene c 2 epitome St = 3 © owertnlaion of the I ae f eon feehegt ge 4 tepond io eo cee le inthe blood = D, Phrenic ee ——— ‘Sie mec ope Pataca RESPIRATORY DISORDERS. 2 Mah he een Can 9 th patos edn ded sche cotunn & cote 8 A 1: tack omtin f tehn ones E 2 Noma redngin es tears 3. Aina om oe 2 a 3S bborttetig canine G 4. Chenicemygen deficiency 2 Rephyrers & 5: Gonion dance yf Expo tet ©. meu ee tc pookcon ws gp ‘Symmes cughiag 1 TMs s > apa psecvers aoe tried C.E.D 8, Together called COPD A 9 Incidence sucngly associated with cigarette smoking: outlook i poor r 1 tfacon spread by ane but sect alin rasChapter 13. The Respiratory Sysiem 235. DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS 1F THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 22, Mrs. Jones gave birth prematurely to her first child. At birth, the baby weighed 2 lb 8 oz. Within a few hours, the baby had developed severe dyspnea and was becoming cyanotic. Therapy with a positive pressure ventilator was prescribed. Answer the following questions related to the situation just described. Place your responses in the answer blanks. 1. “The infane’s condition is referred vo av Infact Respirectocg Distress _ Sundron Gps) 2, Teocouts because of a relative lack of _ SUC factant 3. The function of the deficient substance is to _Jower$ surface tension of lumenal alveolec weter oreventing alveoler- collapse. 4, Explain what the positive pressure apparatus accomplishes. The © pcesswe keeps the elveol’ From collapsing ducing expiretion 23. Complete the following statements by inserting your answers in the answer blanks. 40-%b 1. The respiratory rate of a newborn baby is approximately re G@)_ respirations per minute. In a healthy adult, the respira- A-18 2. tory range is_@) _ respirations per minute, Most problems that interfere with the operation of the respiratory system choking 3. fall into one of the following categories: infections such as pneumonia, obstructive conditions such as _G@)_ and _@ BSH 4, and/or conditions that destroy lung tissue, such as _)_. F With age, the lungs lose their_(6)_, and the (7) of the tuberaslosis 5, lungs decreases. Protective mechanisms also become less efficient, causing elderly individuals to be more susceptible _ elasticity — 6 0 ®@ Capacity 7. sl apnen ¢.236 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook INCREDIBLE JOURNEY A Visualization Exercise for the Respiratory System You carefully begin to pick your way dow#, using cartilages as steps. 24. Where necessary, complete statements by inserting the missing word(s) in the answer blanks. conchae L pheryngecl tonsif 2 ‘Your journey through the respiratory system is to be on foot. ‘To begin, you simply will walk into your host's external nares, You are miniaturized, and your host is sedated lightly to prevent sneezing during your initial observations in the nosophary nk 3. Mucus 4. yocel Fold 5, le nx 6. nasal cavity and subsequent descent. You begin your exploration of the nasal cavity in the right nostril. One of the first things you notice is that the chamber is very warm and humid. High above, you see three large, round lobes, the _@)_, which provide a large mucosal surface area for warming and moistening the entering air. As you walk toward the rear of this chamber, you see a large lumpy mass of lymphatic tissue, the _@)_ in the _@)_, or first portion of the pharynx. As you peer down the pharynx, you realize that it will be next to impossible to maintain your footing during the next part of your journey. It is nearly straight down, and the _(4) _ secretions are like grease. You digestive " zl 4 lot's 8. trachea 9. lit sit down and dig your heels in to get started, After a quick SNA 10. slide, you land abruptly on one of a pair of flat, sheetlike ‘atesennale structures that begin to vibrate rapidly, bouncing you up and largngopharqax 1 Sown helplessly. You are also conscious of a rhythmic hum during this jostling, and you realize that you have landed on a _(5)_. You pick yourself up and look over the superior edge of the ©_, down into the seemingly endless esopha- gus behind. You chastize yourself for not remembering that the _(@)_ and respiratory pathways separate at this point. Hanging directly over your head is the leaflike _()_ cartilage. Normally, you would not have been able to get this far because it would have closed off this por- tion of the respiratory tract. With your host sedated, however, that protective reflex does not work. bronchi 2. cight B. ‘You carefully begin to pick your way down, using the cartilages as steps. When you reach the next respiratory organ, the _(9)_, your descent becomes much easier, because the structure's C-shaped cartilages form a ladderlike supporting structure. As you climb down the cartilages, your face is stroked rhythmically by soft cellular extensions, or (10)_. You remember that their function is to move mucus laden with bacteria or dust and other debris toward the GD. You finally reach a point where the descending passageway splits into two @2)_, and since you want to control your progress (rather than slide downward), you choose the more horizontal (3)Gaper 8 The Respir Syme 237 bronchiole ss ech yeu ea he spy tn he alveolus, 'elnmtacmcne Saee™ 2 Teper ad se, Seng your pees Nos Reece 16, sre queczing i one ofthe smallest of te epitey p- red Sens jose tig ee be 19, Yo sows Foun and ‘ney the we, Sstered her nde ean = oxygen 1m SG inks pea omni a ecko Misp(da ig, zm nono camber You pr youre ‘Sete he eugene camber wal nd se ae Sneeze an, “ES pening yin cp onthe ter A you ‘ate they change ms rent sh clr «Sigh “GD cakes ey ck ap and kad ‘ou second your breraton nd thn cote headquarter KW Joe rey 0 tia your ace Yoo beg your oun wee png nd ing You ery the tne You ee he, eraser he a 3 bein nes ta thea ecomang cls pd ery hey. ea pc oul Up ah dei acer pth ache. Sud ad wha You ae y= Bape wad ‘lect ad expe oped sd cn eur hots yd accel Your st fase yor ext wis RT Fae cue 25 Aer ong too tench Ms Dupe comp fa bing pin a Tere wh ech ea Wha eer pee ont? Pleurisy (inflammation of the pleure) 26, The Kosa faye taking 2 oog ap. Mel who as bn ng lbs tuck ofthe tation wagon complains Os atin beach ae ier be seems eofne ada ace sft Wt sour dngnet of Mica pets Theres an exhoust leak Into the beck of the weyon. Micheal bas carbon monexise Polsoalng 27 Aw me checks on er sepog Bd tt sop ine (ios) This utes likely sudden tafact Reath syrbcome2BS Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook \ 28. 29. BL. 32. Joanne Willis, a long-time smoker, is complaining that she has developed 2 persistent cough. What is your first guess as to her condition? What has happened to her bronchial cilia? Ficst guess is broach ths, but as a Smoker, hec bronchial alta heave been destroyed, ank po longer beash mucus into the orgs Barbara is rushed to the emergency room after an auto accident. The 8th through 10th ribs on her left side have been fractured and have punctured the lung. What term is used to indicate lung collapse? Will both hungs collapse? Why or why not? Could be celled otelactisis or pneumothorax (sgecifiellq) Both lungs will not collacse as gleure are nel connected between the left ond right hangs. . A young boy is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, What effect will this have on his respiratory system? Thick , excessive mucus Oro ton will lee +o Sys onan P lacreesel Inethenee of reseicats 7 tafechions is likely, Mr. and Ms. Rao took their sick stearold daughter to the doctor. The girl was breathing entirely through her mouth, her voice sounded odd and whiny, and a puslike fluid was dripping from her nose. Which one of the sets of tonsils was most likely infected in this child? Somds like the haravices! tonsils D iia aa 7 ARA abencidl tonsils Assume that you are a second-year nursing student. As your assignment you are asked to explain how each of the following might interfere with a patient's gas exchange. 1, Iron deficiency that causes a decrease in the number of red blood cells, Low RBC count wold led to hypoxic, ethers, cyanosis. 2. Cystic fibrosis in which the surfaces of the alveoli become coated with thick, sticky mucus. Thick mucus hinders O, anf OO, di ffasion, Prrlent Suffers Ayspnta. 3. The patient is a heavy smoker. tec fa the troche, are destrozel), So petient has chronic cough. Likelthes2 of deve lopios bronchitls, emphy Sears, aalllae Jung concer Is increased.