KET (Mis pactat dees not cover ho entire chapter! 5 The Nervous System The nervous system is the master coordinating system of the body. Every thought, action, and sensation reflects its activity. Because of its complexity, the structures of the nervous system are described in terms of two principal divisions—the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, interprets incoming sensory information and issues instructions based on past experience. The PNS, consisting of cranial afid spinal nerves and ganglia, provides the communica- tion lines between the CNS and the body's muscles, glands, and sensory recep- tors. The nervous system is also divided functionally in terms of motor activities into the somatic and autonomic divisions. It is important, however, to recognize that these classifications are made for the sake of convenience and that the nervous system acts in an integrated manner both structurally and functionally. Student activities provided in this chapter review neuron anatomy and physiol- ogy, identify the various structures of the central and peripheral nervous system, consider reflex and sensory physiology, and summarize autonomic nervous system anatomy and physiology. Because every body system is controlled, at least in part, by the nervous system, these understandings are extremely important to comprehending how the body functions as a whole, 1. List the three major functions of the nervous system. 1. Lt monitors all information absut changes occurring bth inside and outside +the body. 2 Tk precesses and interprets the information received and imteqentes it in order +o make decisions. 3, 1+ commands resparses bu activating musdes, glands, and otter parts of the nervaus Sustem .116 = Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 2. Choose the key responses that best correspond to the descriptions provided in the following statements. Insert the appropriate letter or term in the answer blanks. Key Choices A. Autonomic nervous system C. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) B. Central nervous system (CNS) D. Somatic nervous system B. CNS 1, Nervous system subdivjsion that is composed of the brain gpa spinal cord 5 yous systern D. Somatic ner”, Subdtdsion ofthe PN that control voluntary activities such as the activation of skeletal muscles C.?NS 3. Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia jc Nervous system A : Avtonomi 4. Cur ee of the PNS that regulates the activity of the heart and smooth muscle, and of glands; it is also called the involuntary nervous system B: CNS 5, A major subdivision of the nervous system that interprets incoming information and issues orders a PNS 6. A major subdivision of the nervous system that serves as communication lines, linking all parts of the body to the CNS NERVOUS TISSUE—STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 3. This exercise emphasizes the difference between neurons and neuroglia. Indicate which cell type is identified by the following descriptions. Insert the appropriate letter or term in the answer blanks. Key Choices ‘A._Neurons B. Neuroglia B. Newreglin 1, support insults and protect cel A Neurons 2. Demonstrate irritability and conductivity, and thus transmit electrical messages from one area of the body to another area A. rons 3. Release neurotransmitters A: Neurons 4, Are amitotic B. New alia. 5, Able to divide; therefore are responsible for most brain neoplasms122 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 12. Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings. 1. Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia 2.(K* enters the cell K* leaves the cell Repolarization Refractory period 3. Nodes of Ranvier Myelin sheath’ Saltatory conduction 4, Predictable response Involuntary act Reflex 5. Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells Myelin 6. Cutaneous receptors Free dendritic endings” Pain and touch 7. Cell interior Low Nat High K* CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain . 13. Complete the following statements by inserting your answers in the answer blanks. ssphereS cerebral hemisphe ‘The largest part of the human brain is the (paired) _()_, The other major subdivisions of the brain are the _(2)_ and the brain stem 2. _@)_. The cavities found in the brain are calied 4). They contain). cerebellum 3 ventricles ‘4 Cerebrospinal flui 14, Circle the terms indicating structures that are nor part of the brain stem. Cerebral hemispheres Midbrain Medulla Pons CGerebelluiiy Diencephalon 15. Complete the following statements by inserting your answers in the answer blanks. rus 1. A_G)_ is an elevated ridge of cerebral cortex tissue. The 1g convolutions seen in the cerebrum are important because Surface area White matter is composed of _()_, which provide for com- munication between different parts of the brain as well as with lower CNS centers. The lentiform nucleus, the caudate, bers. and other nuclei are collectively called the _(5) they increase the _@)_.. Gray matter is composed of _G) bodies 5 DChapter 7 The Nervous System 123, 16, Figure 7-3 is a diagram of the right lateral view of the human brain. First, match the letters on the diagram with the following list of terms and insert the appropriate letters in the answer blanks, Then, select different colors for each of the areas of the brain provided with a color-coding citcle and use them to color in the coding circles and corresponding structures in the diagram. If an identified area is part of a lobe, use the color you selected for the lobe but use stripes for that area 1. © Frontal lobe Lateral sulcus 2. © Parietal lobe Central sulcus Par | 3. © Temporal lobe Cerebellum ie 4, © Precentral gyrus Medulla Be, 5, Parieto-occipital fissure eos 1. CE Occipital lobe Bb. 6 ©) Postcentral gyrus 6. 12. ©) Pons x ce Figure 7-3124 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook . , + pase. 17. Figure 7-4 is a diagram of the sagittal view of the human braih. First’ match the letters on the diagram with the following list of terms and insert the appropriate letter in each answer blank. Then, color the brain-stem areas blue and the areas where cerebrospinal fluid is found yellow. J+. cerebettum G. 9. Hypothalamus Le 2. cerebral aqueduct ex 10, Medulla oblongata O- 5, cerebral hemisphere Be tt omic anna M. 4. Cerebral peduncle N. 12s Pineal body Sf. 5. Choroid plexus Fs Pituitary gland De 6. Corpora quadrigemina Hes Pons AL 7. Corpus callosum +15. Thalamus Ke 8. Fourth ventricle * 18. Referring to the brain areas listed in Exercise 17, match the appropriate brain structures with the following descriptions. Insert the correct terms in the answer blanks Hupothalamus 1. site of regulation of water balance and body temperature ons 2. Contains reflex centers involved in regulating respiratory rhythm in conjunction with lower brain-stem centers Geebellum 3. Responsible for the regulation of posture and coordination of skeletal muscle movements Thalamus 4, Important relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the sensory cortex for interpretation Medulla oblonga: Contains autonomic centers, which regulate blood pressure and respitatory rhythm, as well as coughing and sneezing centers ( arpus callosum, Large fiber tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres Cerebral agued . Connects the third and fourth ventricles Thalamus. 8, Encloses the third ventricle Cloroid plexuses, Forms the cerebrospinal fluid ie. Cerebro} ped 10. Midbrain area that is largely fiber tracts; bulges anteriorly HupothalamuS 11. par of the limbic system; contains centers for many drives (rage, pleasure, hunger, sex, etc.)Chapter 7 The Nervous System 125 Figure 7-4 19. For each of the following statements that is true, insert T'in the answer blank. If any of the statements are false, correct the underlined term by inserting the correct term in the answer blank postcentral 1. The primary sensory area of the cerebral hemisphere(s) is found in the precentral gyrus. temporal 2. Cortical areas involved in audition are found in the occipital lobe. contol 3. The primary motor area in the temporal lobe is involved in the initiation of voluntary movements t Broca's 4 lef —_|________ 6. The pyramidal tract is the major descending voluntary motor tract. cetiovlar system, Damage to the thalamus impairs consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles A specialized motor speech area located at the base of the pre- central gyrus is called Wernicke’s area The right cerebral hemisphere receives sensory input from the right side of the body.126 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook | 8. A flat EEG is evidence of clinical death. alert 9, Beta waves are recorded when an individual is awake Protection and Cerebrospinal Fl and relaxed. ‘ of the CNS—Meninges 20. Identify the meningeal (or associated) structures described here. UTA _MateC 41. outermost covering of the brain, composed of tough fibrous connective tissue ia mater 2. Innermost covering of the brain; delicate and vascular cachnold villi 3. Structures that return cerebrospinal fluid to the venous blood Arachnotd in the dural sinuses - Middle meningeal layer; like a cobweb in structure Dura mater 5.15 oer layer forms the periosteum of the slaill 21. Figure 7-5 shows a frontal view of the meninges of the brain at the level of the superior Then, select to color the sagittal (dural) sinus. First, label the arachnoid villi on the figure. different colors for each of the following structures and use them coding circles and corresponding structures in the diagram. CO Dura mater CO Pia mater © arachnoid membrane © Subarachnoid space & chil 3 we i ara wy co 53 Scalp Superior sagittal sinus Gray matter of cerebral cortexChapter 7 The Nervous System 127 22. Complete the following statements by inserting your answers in the answer blanks. ¢ horwid plexuse> Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by capillary knots called _@)_, Vewtricles which hang into the _(@)_ of the brain. Ordinarily, cerebro- spinal fluid flows from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle and then through the _(3)__ to the fourth ventricle. 2 Corebralaguedugt sends and thes continues down the (4) of the spinal | te | cord, but most of it circulates into the _G)_ by passing Grtral cana. 4, through three tiny openings in the walls of the _(@)_, Asa id Space Tle, cerebrospinal Nuid is formed and drained back into the Subarachnoid spac venous blood at the same rate, If its drainage is blocked, a condition called _G) occurs, which results in increased ourth ventricle 6 pressure on the brain. Hudrecephalus 7 Brain Dysfunctions 23, Match the brain disorders listed in Column B with the conditions described in Column A. Place the correct answers in the answer blanks. Column A Column B E.Gneussion 1. Slight and transient brain injury A, Alzheimers F. Contusiov\ 2. Traumatic injury that destroys brain tissue D.Gma disease Cerebral edema 3. Total nonresponsiveness to stimulation C. Cerebrovascular G.Tntracranial 4, May cause medulla oblongata to be accident (CVA) rrAage —— wedged into foramen magnum by pressure of blood B.Com 8.Cerebral edema, 5. Alter head injury, retention of water F- Concussion by brain FE. Contusion C. Cerebrovascular, accident CVAD Results when a brain region is deprived G, Intracranial of blood or exposed to prolonged hemorrhage Ld ischemia ¥ jisease H. Multiple sclerosis A. Alzheimers 7. Progressive degeneration of the brain with abnormal protein deposits 1. Transient ischemic cleosis attack (TIA) H “ Molt les 8. Autoimmune disorder with extensive demyelination XL. Transient chemi attack: fackCTLA) 9. A mini-stroke; fleeting symptoms of aCVA128 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook Spinal Cord 24, Complete the following statements by inserting your responses in the answer blanks. foremun meanunn 1 lumbeac 2; seinal tne 3 31 3 Ia 5 a 4. 5. 6. ?. 8. Covrde equiina. 9 ‘The spinal cord extends from the _@)_ of the skull to the (@_ region of the vertebral column. The meninges, which cover the spinal cord, extend more inferiorly to form a sac from which cerebrospinal fluid can be withdrawn without damage to the spinal cord. This procedure is called a_G)_. @_ pairs of spinal nerves arise from the cord. Of these, ()_ pairs are cervical nerves, _()_ pairs are thoracic nerves, (2) pairs are lumbar nerves, and _@) _ pairs are sacral nerves. The tail-like collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord is called the 25. Using key choices, select the appropriate terms to respond to the following descriptions referring to spinal cord anatomy. Place the correct term or letter in the answer blanks. Key Choices A. Afferent (sensory) B. Efferent (motor) (Dla |> oo C. Both afferent and efferent D. Association neurons (interneurons) . Neuron type found in the dorsal horn Neuron type found in the ventral horn . Neuron type in a dorsal root ganglion Fiber type in the ventral root Fiber type in the dorsal root Fiber type in a spinal nerveChapter 7 The Nervous System 129 26. Figure 7-6 is a cross-sectional view of the spinal cord. First, select different colors to identify the following structures and use them to color the coding circles and corresponding structures in the figure. © Pia mater © Dura mater © arachnoid Then, identify the areas listed in the key choices by inserting the correct choices/ letter next to the appropriate leader line on the figure. Color the butterfly-shaped gray matter of the cord gray and the spinal roots and nerves yellow. Key Choices A. Central canai D. Dorsal root G. Ventral horn B. Column of white matter _E. Dorsal root ganglion _H, Ventral root C. Dorsal horn F. Spinal nerve Figure 7-6 27. Using choices from Column B, indicate what would happen if the structures in Column A were damaged of transected. Place the correct letter in the answer blanks. Column A Column B Bs, pomsotara spinal nerve A. Loss of motor function A__ >. Ventral ro0t of a spinal nerve B. Loss of sensory function —©& 35. anterior ramus of a spinal neve C. Loss of both motor and sensory function