‘Truéng DH Su pham K3 thudt TP.HCM ___Antoan dién CHUONG 2 PHAN TICH DONG DIEN QUA NGUOL 2.1. MANG BIEN CACH BIEN VOI DAT 1, Mang dign mot pha a. Ngu@i cham vao hai eye eda mang dién Tai nan xay ra cho ngudi lao déng khi mét tay lam viéc cham vo eve thif nhdt, tay kia hay vai cham vao cy thif hai. Khi d6, cho di. ngudi d6 ding trén ghé cach dién, thm cach dién van khong c6 t4c dung gidm dong dién qua ngudi va truéng hop nay dong dién qua ngudi van cé tri s6 én nha 1 -_v | ORR, G day: Ing la dong dign qua ngudi; Rog 18 dign trd cha ngudi; Ryla dién ted ca day dan, c6 thé bé qua; Ry [a dign trd nén nha; U la dién 4p gilfa hai cy cla mang dién, (2.1) inh 21, Nauti chom vio 2 ee eba mang md pha Day [a trudng hop nguy hiém nhdt, wy nhién lai it xay ra trong thuc 16, Vi dy 2.1, Tinh dong dién qua ngudi, khi ngudi cham vao hai cye cla mang dién mot pha dién 4p 240V? Néu bign phap gidim nguy hiém cho ngutsi? Gidi: ign trd tinh toan cia ngutsiz Ryg=10000 Dong dign qua ngudi khi ngudi cham vao hai cute cba mang dién: Uy _ 240 ot = a 0,244 = 240mA ee Ty ggg 724A = 240m, Gid tri dong dién qua ngudi rat 16n, diém hoat déng 3 ving AC-3 (Hinh 1.2). Yéu cdu phai ct nhanh v6i thd gian t<10ms. Yéu cdu nay kh6ng thé dp ting vdi cdc thiét bi bdo vé nhu may cft ha 4p hay cdu chi mifc ngvGng dong 240mA. Bién phdp duy nhat nhim gidm nguy hiém (euaieanaL THEIR | * 23193 séTraimg DH Sut pham KS thudt TP.HCM _ Antoun dién ccho ngufii [a phai tuan thi céc qui dinh vé an toan khi sifa chita thiét bi dign (cdt dign), sit dung gang tay céch dign, cong cu sita chita c6 boc cdch dién,.. b. Ngudi cham vao mot eye cia mang di¢n ‘Trudng hgp nay xdy ra khi ngudi ditng dui dat va tay cham vao phdn din dign do céch din ciia day din bij héng (Hinh 2.2), dong dién qua nguvi thy thude vao dién tr3 nguBi, dign ud céch dign cia day dan va dién 4p mang dign: Ly a. Sdd8 mang dién b. S348 thay thé Hinh 2.2. Ngudi cham vao mét cifc ciia mang mt pha R, 1a dign trd céch dign cla day G day: Ula dign dp gitta hai cc cla mang dién; Ri=I din V6i G41, Roy 1A dign ud ngudi, Ry la dién tré nén, Tit so d8 thay thé, néu gid thiét Ry 06 gid tri nhd so voi gid tri khong dang ké thi: cia Rog va dign dung C c6 gid u U RRR, RAR ip R,+R, ee UR, RgtR, RyR+RIIR, +R, , eee eee 22) R,(R, +R )+RRy ” u lg=55-—- 2.3) OR, +R, °° Tit biéu thitc (2.3), nbn thay ring gid tri dién trd cach dién R. cdng Idn thi tri sO Ing cng tién (Gi mife an toan. Vi dy 2.2. Xéc dinh ti s6 can thiét cla dign trd céch dién dé dim bio yéu cu an toan cho gui khi cham vao mét cyte cla mang dién mét pha dién dp 240V, cdch dign so véi dat. Cho biét gid tri dong dién an toan cho phép di qua co thé ngui 1a Ingp=10mA va gid ti dign wd tinh todn cila ngutii Rag=10002. Gidi: Dé dim bao an toan cho nguvi th) dién ud céch dién cia day din phai thod diéu kign: Re > Remin 22 Quyén Huy AnhTrude DH Sue pham KS thugt TP.HCM Antwan dign R, Soni Nhu vay, d6i vdi mang dién mot pha dign 4p 240V, dign trd céch dign cila day din voi dat phai c6 gid tri Ign hon 22MQ. Khi ké dén dién tré nén R, dvéi chan ngudi thi ddng dién qua nguei duge xdc dinh theo biéu thie: Le u 2K, +R) FR, khi ngudi duge ngan cach voi dat bing cdc phuong tin bao ho nhu: ting céch dign, thdm céch dién,... thi gid tri dOng dién qua ngudi Ing 8é gidm. Tring hop khi ngudi di ting cham phdi mot day cia mang dign va lic nay day cdn Iai bj cham dat (R\=0) thi coi nhu ngu®si cham cd hai eye ca mang din. Khi d6, dong dign qua ngudi tinh theo biéu thife: (2.4) ee RA ER, Tring hop nay, néu dién tO ech dign eda Ung ech dign di 16a thi gid tri dong dign qua im dén mifc an toan cho ngudi. Luu : Béi vai mang dién xoay chiéu mOt pha c6 gid tri i dinh dong dign qua ngu®i do thanh phén dién dung theo biéu thite: Uo nec fi+4R2o?C? G day: @ 18 tan sO g6c, Cla dign dung cia day din so voi dat. Dong dién téng qua ngudi I. bao gém thanh phan dong dién do dién td cdch din Inge (Aude xée dinh theo biéu thifc 2.4) va thanh phén dong dign do dign dung cia day din Inge (xée dinh theo biéu thite 2.5): dung vi dt ding ké, cdn kde (2.5) 2 (2.6) 2. Mang dién ba pha Xét trydng hop ngudi cham vao mot ce cia mang ba pha (Hinh 2.3): Goi U [a dign ap day; Ri=Re=Rs=Re 1a dign wd cach dign cla cde pha so véi dat; Ci=Cr=C3=C Ia dign dung ciba céc pha d6i vi dat, Néu bd qua dién dung C va dién tr3 nén Ry thi dong dign qua ngudi duge x4c dinh bing biéu thc: 1 eres 7 VBR, + sR ‘Trung hop RyzRzeRs thi (2.7) ted thanh: R,¥R3+R2R; +R; L Rane nine inh RERERe (2.8) R,(R,R, +R,R, +RjR,)+R,RR, ‘Trung hgp ké dén dign dung C thi (2.7) trd thanh: u ! ) RL RoR (29) Bite ; 91+ R2@'C*)R2, Quyén Huy Anh 23Truémmg DH Sut pham Kj thudt TP.HCM _ ____Antoan dign hs Ly Li R, ie rl }Ted R. 3 \ ‘jee a. Sod8 mang dign b. $048 thay the Hinh 2.3. Nguti cham vio mOt eye trong mang ba pha Vi dy 2.3. Xdc dinh tri sO cdn cia dign trd céch dign dé dim bao yéu cdu an toan cho ngu®ti khi cham vao mot cuc cba mang dién ba pha dién 4p day 400V, céch dién so véi dat. Cho biét gid tri dong dién an toan cho phép di qua co thé ngudfi 1a Ipgp=10mA va gid tri dién rd tinh ton cla ngudi Ryg=10002. Gidi: Dé dam bao an toan cho ngudi thi dign trd céch dién cia day din phai thoa diéu kién: Re > Remia Rete ce -3R, oa 3.1000 = 662809 = 66,3M2 Nhu vay, d0i voi mang dién ba pha dién 4p day 400V néu dign wd céch dién cia day din v6i 41 6 gid tri 1dn hon 66,3MQ thi ddng dign qua ngudi sé dugc gidi han & mite dO an toan, Bay a uu diém cia mang dign céch dign vi dét so voi mang dign c6 trung tinh n6i dat vi néu uudng hgp nay xdy ra vdi mang dién 6 trung tinh néi d4t thi ngudi chiu dién 4p pha bat chp gid tri dign trd céch dign so voi dat cia céc pha cdn lai. Tuy nbién, cn Iuu ¥ ring trong thyc t d6i voi mang dign trung tinh cach dién vdi dat thi nguy hiém cho ngudi do dién gidt vin tn tai vi: = Khi mot nhom thiét bi két ni vao mang dign thi dign td céch dign twang ducing cba chuing d6i vi dai sé gidm gid tri cho da c4ch dign cia day dan vin dim bao. + Ddi mang dign c6 gid tri dién dung C 16n (dutting day cp c6 chiéu dai dn) thi dong, dign qua ngudi sé c6 gid tri In hon nhiéu so v6i trung hgp chi quan tam d&n gid uj dign trd céch dién. + Khong thé dim bdo ring khong 6 hu hdng céch dign trong mt doan li cla mang, cung cap dién. Vidy 2.4, Xée dinh dong dign qua ngudi, khi ngudi cham vio mét cue cla mang dign ba pha dign 4p day 400V, cach dién so vai dat, tin s6 SOHz. Cho biét gid tri dién trd cach dién cia day din so véi dit R,=66,3MQ, gid tri dién dung C=10uF va gid tri dién trd tinh todn ca ngudi 2 uyén Huy AnhTring DH Su pham K3 thudt TP.HCM. An toan dién _ 400 "1000" +6.1000) 10°)" 110007 V3 I, = 0.0437 =43,7mA, “Olt + (663.10°)'314°C Nhu vay, khi xét dén dign dung C thi dong dién qua ngudi cé gid ti tang cao gifp 4,37 lan so vi gid tri dong dién qua ngudi d vi du 2.3 va da dat dén mite c6 thé gay nguy hiém cho ngudi. Gi vai mang dién mOt chidu, dién dung C duc bd qua khi xéc dinh gid tri dong dién qua ngudsi. 2.2. MANG BIEN NOI DAT 1, Mang dign m@t pha Mang dign n6i dat c6 hai day dan thudng & cdc mang cung cp dign cho cde may han, mang cdc den di d6ng, cdc may bién dp do luting mot pha. a. Ngudi cham vao day trung tinh cia mang a, Trutng hgp lam viéc binh thudng, b. Trung hgp xuat hign suc Minh 24, Ngudi cham vio mgt diém cia day n6i dt Goi 11a dong dign lam viéc lic binh thuding, phdn b6 dign 4p trén day din o6 n6i dat N (day trung hoa) 6 dang tuyén tinh theo chiéu dai. Dién 4p so v6i dit c6 gid tri cc ti€u tai diém 1 (Unin=U1=0) va 66 gid tri eye dai tai diém 3 (Uyy=Us=Ris.2). Khi ngutti cham vao diém 2 wén day dan c6 n6i dat (Hinh 2.4.a), ngudi sé chju dién 4p Ung va gid tj nay duge xdc dinh theo biéu thife sau: ve = B2u,, EDU Ru Lia Dién 4p Up dat gid tri eve dai khi ngudi cham vao diém 3. Tuy nhién, gid tri dién 4p eye dai nay chi vao khoding 2,5%U va khong o6 khé nang gay nguy hiém cho nguti. Khi xay ra ng&n mach tai diém 3 (Hinh 2.4.b), dong dign ng&n mach Isc 6 gid tri rt Ion, Diéu nay din dén Ung c6 gid tri Idn nhdt va c6 thé gay nguy hiém cho nguvi: Quyén Huy Anh 25Triting DH Su pham K3 thudt TPHCM Antoan dién Ug = Us = IecRis * " 2 (2.10) Trung hgp nay, thiét bi bdo vé cén nhanh ch6ng ct nhanh dé bdo vé an todn cho nguvi. Vi du 2.5. Mang dign mt pha 220V, cung cp cho Ot tdi bling cép don I6i dai L=100m, boc cach dién bing PVC cé dign td trén mot don vj chiéu dai r,=0,1mO/m, dién khang tren mot don vi chiu dai x,=0,08m0/m. Dong ti hic binh thudng L=40A. Budng day duge bio vé bing may c&t ha dp 06 dong téc dong cia rd le tit Iy=400A, thd gian tac dng ng&t .=30ms. Danh gid nguy hiém cho ngu®i khi ngui cham vao day trung hoa 8 dau cye tdi lic Lam viéc binh thudng va lic suf c6 ngén mach cudi duding day, biét ring gid tri tinh todn ciia dign trd ngudi Rng=1,1kO va gid tri cho phép cia dign dp tigp xiic Urep=50V? Giai 1. Lic lm vige binh thuding. Téng td cia day trung tinh: Z= Veg + x3.L = V0.1? + 0,087 100 = 12,8mO = 0,01282 Dign 4p ngudi khi ngudi cham vao day trung hoa d du eye té Uy, =U, = 100.0,0128 = 1,28V Vi Ung =1,28V1000V + Déi véi ludi dign c6 dign 4p U > 110 kV, vé mt an ton, trung tinh duge tryc tiép ndi Gat c6 Idi 1a khi cham dat m6t pha, mach bdo vé sé cdt ngay su cd nén gidm thi gian tdn tai ca dién dp gidng ngay chd cham dat, Do 46, gidm dug xéc suat nguy hiém di vdi ngudi lam viéc gan 46, Nhuge diém cla mang dién trung tinh tryc tiép ndi dat 1a dong ngdn mach cham dat 1dn, 28 Quyén Huy AnhTruimg BH Sut pham Kj thugt TP.HCM An toan dign * Oi voi mang dign c6 dién 4p Us 35 kV, diém trung tinh it khi ndi dat uye tigp, thuing c&ch dign va n6i dat qua cudn dap hd quang. Khi néi dat qua cugn dap hd quang, vé mat an toan n6 C6 téc dung gidm dong dién qua chd cham dat nén gidm dugc dign 4p quanh chd cham dat. 2.3. CAC BIEN PHAP BAO VE. Qua cde phén tich néu tén, nhan thay khi tip xtic vdi mang di€n, gid tri dong dién qua ngu®i phu thudc phan Idn vao cdch ti€p xiic va dic tinh lwéi dién. Dac tinh lui dign thé hién : loai mang digén (AC hay DC), tinh trang trung tinh mang (ndi davcdch dién), dign dp mang (cao dp/ha 4p), tri s6 dién rd cach dién ca cdc pha, dién dung cla pha. Cach tiép xdc thé hign 3: tiép xtic voi mot cute hay hai cue cla mang dién, ip xtic trong trang thai c6 hay khOng c6 trang bi dung cu bdo hé an toan (ging tay cdch dién, ding cach dién, thim céch dién,..). Nhim loai trv dong dién qua ngu®i cdn tién hanh cfc gidi ph4p nhim chéng cham dién trtc tip nhu: * Céch dién céc phdn mang dién bang cac vi «Che chin hay bao boc cdc phn mang dién. © Rao chan cdc phn mang dién. © Dat ra khdi tm véi cdc phan mang dién. ligu céch dién. Nhim gidm thép gid tr ddng dign qua ngudi hay eft nhanh dong dign qua ngui cn én hanh céc gidi phap chdng cham dién gidn tiép nhut "Sir dung phwng phép n6i dat vd thigt bi nhm gidm thdp dign 4p tigp xtic. = Sirdung phuong phap ty dong ng&t ngudn, = Sitdung céch dién bd sung hay cach dign cudng bit. = Céch ly: sit dung cdc bién dp céch ly dé gich ly ngudn voi tai. Trong mét s6 truting hgp cu thé, c6 thé sit dung hé thong dién 4p eye thi’p 4é chdng cham dign tryc tiép va cham dién gidn tip. Quyén Huy Ank 29