Is 875 Part 3

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IS 875-3 (1987): Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other

than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Part 3: Wind
Loads [CED 37: Structural Safety]
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Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
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8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
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8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
IS:875 (Part 3) - 1987

( Reaffirmed
( Renfficd 2003
1997 ))
I ndi an St andard
CODEOFPRACTICEFORDESIGNLOADS
(OTHERTHANEARTHQUAKE)
FORBUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURES
PART 3 WIND COADS
( Second Rev i si on
Sixth Reprint NOVEMBER 1998
UDC 624-042-41
@J Copyr i ght 1989
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
Gr I 4 Febfuafy 1989
8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
CONTENTS
Page
0. FOREWORD ... . . ... 3
1. SCOPE ... ... ... 5
2. NOTATIONS . . ... .. 5
3. TERMINOLOGY ... ... 6
4. GENERAL ... ... 7
5. WIND SPEEDAND PRESSURE . . . . 7
5.1 Nature of Wind in Atmosphere . . ... 7
5.2 Basic Wind Speed ... ... 8
5.3 Design Wind Speed ( V, ) ... . . ... 8
5.3.1 Risk Coefficient ( kr Factor ) ... . . ... 8
53.2 Terrain, Height and Structure Size Factor ( kt Factor ) ... 8

5.3.3 Topography ( kS Factor ) ... .. .m. 12
5.4 Design Wind Pressure . . . . . 12
5.5 Off-Shore Wind Velocity . . .-. . . . 13
6. WIND PRESSURESND FORCESON BUI LDXNCSISTRUCTURES 1.. 13
6.1 General ... ... . . .
13
6.2 Pressure Coefficients .. ... . . .
13
6.2.1 Wind L oad on I ndividual Members ,.. . .. . . .
13
6.2.2 External Pressure Coefficients . .. .. . . .
13
6.2.3 I nternal P ressure Coefficients . . . . . .
27
6.3 Force Coefficients .. . . . .
36
6.3.1 Frictional Drag .. ... . . . 37
6.3.2 Force Coefficients for Clad Buildings ._. .. ,.. 37
6.3.3 Force Coefficients for Unclad Buildings __. . . . . 38
7. DYNAMICE P~ECTS ... ... . . .
47
7.1 General 1.. . . . . .
47
7.2 Motion Due to Vortex Shedding ... .. . . . .
48
7.2.1 Slender Structures ... . . . . . 48
4. Gust Factor ( GF ) or Gust Effectiveness Factor ( GEF] Method . . . 49
8.1 Application ... .. . ... 49

8.2 Hourly Mean Wind ... ... ... 49
8.2.1 Variation of Hourly Me‘an Wind Speed with Height ... 49
8.3 Along Wind Load ... ... .. 49
APPENDIK A BASICWIND SPEEDAT 10 m HE I GHTFOR SOME IM PORTANT
Crrrxs/TowNs .. . ... . .. . .. .. 53
APPENDI X B CHANGES N TERRAIN CATEGORIE S i.. .. .. 54
APPENDI X C E FF ECT OF A CLI FF OR ESCARPMENTON EQUIVALENT
HEI GHT ABOVE GROUND( k3 FACTOR ... ... 55
APPENDI X D WIND FORCEON CIRCULARSECTI ONS . . .. .. 57
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As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
IS t 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
I ndi an St andard
CODEOFPRACTICEFORDESIGNLOADS
(OTHERTHANEARTHQUAKE)
FORBUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURES
PART 3 WIND LOADS
Second Rev i si on)
6). FOREWORD
0.1
This )Indian
Revision Standard
was adopted by the( Part 3 ) of
Bureau ( Second
Indian sheeted
modified; seismic both
roofs, loadcurved and
provisions slopingdeleted
were were
Standards on 13 November 1987, after the draft ( separate code having been prepared ) and metric
finalized by the Structural Safety Sectional Com- system of weights and measurements was adopted.
mittee had been approved by the Civil Engineer-
ing Division Council. 0.3.1 With the increased adoption of this Code,
a number of comments were received on provi-
0.2 A building has to perform many functions sions on live load values adopted for. different
satisfactorily. Amongst these functions are the occupancies. Simultaneously, live load surveys
utility of the building for the intended use and have been carried out in America and Canada to
occupancy, structural safety, fire safety and com- arrive at realistic live loads based on actual deter-
pliance with hygienic, sanitation, ventilation and mination of loading ( movable and immovable )
daylight standards. The design of the building is in different occupancies. Keeping this in view and
dependent upon the minimum requirements other the
ing, developments
Structural inSafety
the field of windCommittee
Sectional engineer-
prescribed for each of the above functions. The
minimum requirements pertaining to the structural decided to prepare the second revision of IS : 875
safety of buildings are being covered in loading in the following five parts:
codes by way of laying down minimum design
loads which have to be assumed for dead loads, Part 1 Dead loads
imposed loads, wind loads and other external
loads, the structure would be required to bear. Part 2 Imposed loads
Strict conformity to loading standards, it is. hoped,
will not only ensure the structural safety of the Part 3 Wind loads
buildings and structures which are being designed
and constructed in the country and thereby Part 4 Snow loads
reduce the hazards to life and property caused by
Part 5 Special loads and load combinations
unsafe structures,
caused by assumingbutunnecessarily
also eliminateheavy
the loadings
wastage
without proper assessment. Earthquake load is covered in a separate
standard, namely, IS : 1893-1984* which should
be considered along with the above loads.
0.3 This standard was first published in 1957 for
the guidance of civil engineers, designers and
architects associated with the planning and design 0.3.2 This Part ( Part 3 ) deals with wind
of buildings. It included the provisions for the loads to be considered when designing buildings,
basic design loads ( dead loads, live loads, wind structures and components thereof. In this
loads and seismic loads ) to be assumed in the revision, the following important modifications
design of the buildings. In its first revision in have been made from those covered in the 1964
1964, the wind pressure provisions were modified version of IS : 875:
on the basis of studies of wind phenomenon and
its effect on structures, undertaken by the special a) The
givingearlier
winds wind pressure
of shorter mapsand( one
duration an-
committee in consultation with the Indian Mete-
orological Department. In addition to this, new other excluding winds of shorter duration )
clauses on wind loads for butterfly type structures *Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures
were included; wind pressure coefficients for (fourlh recision ).
8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
have been replaced by a single wind map meteorological wind data and response of struc-
giving basic maximum wind speed in m/s tures to wind, felt the paucity of data on which to
( peak gust velocity averaged over a short base wind maps for Indian conditions on statisti-
time interval of about 3 seconds duration ). cal analysis. The Committee, therefore, recomm-
The wind speeds have been worked out ends to all individuals and organizations
for 50 years return period based on the up- responsible for putting-up of tall structures to
to-date wind data of 43 dines pressure ,provide instrumentation in. their existing and
tube ( DPT ) anemograph stations and new structures ( transmission towers, chimneys,
study of other related works available on cooling towers,
tions ( at least buildings, etc ) at
at two levels different
) to eleva-
continuously
the subject since 1964. The map and
related recommendations have been provi- measure and monitor wind data. The instruments
ded in the code with the active coopera- are required to collect data on wind direction,
tion of Indian Meteorological Department wind speed and structural response of the struc-
( IMD ). Isotachs ( lines of equal velocity ) ture due to wind ( with the help of accelerometer,
have not been given as in the opinion of strain gauges, etc ). It is also the opinion of the
the committee, there is still not enough committee that such instrumentation in tall struc-
extensive meteorological data at close tures will not in any way affect or alter the
enough stations in the country to justify functional behaviour of such structures. The data
drawing of isotachs. so collected will be very valuable in evolving more
accurate wind loading of structures.
b) Modification factors to modify the basic
wind velocity to take into account the
effects of terrain, local topography, size of 0.4 The Sectional Committee responsible for the
structure, etc, are included. preparation of this standard has taken into
account the prevailing practice in regard to load-
4 Terrain is now classified into four catego- ing standards followed in this country by the
ries based on characteristics of the ground various authorities and has also taken note of the
surface irregularities. developments in a number of other countries.
d) Force and pressure coefficients have been In the preparation of this code, the following
included for a large range of clad and overseas standards have also been examined:
unclad buildings and for individual struc-
tural elements. a) BSCP 3 : 1973 Code of basic data for
design of buildings: Chapter V Loading,
4 Force coefficients ( drag coefficients ) are Part 2 Wind loads.
given for frames, lattice towers, walls and
hoardings.
b) ASPart
1170,2 - Part 2-1983
Wind SAA Loading
forces. code
f 1 The calculation of force on circular sections
is included incorporating the effects of
Reynolds number and surface roughness. c) NZS 4203-1976 Code of practice for
general structural design loading for
g) The external and internal pressure coeffi- buildings.
cients for gable roofs, lean-to roofs, curved
roofs, canopy roofs ( butterfly type struc- d) ANSI A58.1-1972 American Standard
tures ) and multi-span roofs have been Building code requirements for minimum
rationalised. design loads in buildings and other
structures.
h) Pressure coefficients are given for combined
roofs, roofs with sky light, circular siIos, e) Wind resistant design regulations, A World
cylindrical elevated structures, grandstands, List. Association for Science Documents
etc. Information, Tokyo.
3 Some requirements regarding study of
dynamic effects in flexible slender structures 0.5 For the purpose of deciding whether a parti-
are included. cular requirement of this standard is complied
with, the final value, observed or calculated,
W Use of gust energy method to arrive at the
expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be
design wind load on the whole structure is
now permitted. rounded off in accordance with IS : 2-1960*. The
number of significant places retained in the
0.3.3 The Committee responsible for the rounded off value should be the same as that of
revision of wind maps while reviewing available the specified value in this standard.
*Rules for roundingoff numerical values ( rcoiscd.
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IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
1. SCOPE IS : 802 ( Part 1 )-I977 Code of practice for

use of structural steel in overhead transmi-
1.1 This standard gives wind forces and their ssion line towers: Part 1 Loads and permissi-
effects ( static and dynamic ) that should he ble stresses ( smmd revi sion )
taken into account when designing buildings,
structures and components thereof. IS : 11504-1985 Criteria for structural design
1.1.1 It is believed that ultimately wind load of reinforced concrete natural draught cool-
ing towers
estimation will be made by taking into account
the random variation of wind speed with time
NOTE 1 - This standard does not apply to build-
but available theoretical methods have not ings or structures with unconventional shapes, unusual
matured sufficiently at present for use in the code. locations, and abnormal environmental conditions that
For this season, static wind method of load have not been covered in this code. Special investiga-
tions are necessary in such cases to establish wind loads
estimation which implies a steady wind speed,
and their effects. Wind tunnel studies may aiso be
which has proved to be satisfactory for normal, required in such situations.
short and heavy structures, is given in 5 and 6.
However, a beginning has been made to take NOTE - In the case of tall structures with
unsymmetrical geometry, the designs may have to be
account of the random nature of the wind speed
checked for torsional effects due to wind pressure.
by requiring that the along-wind or drag load on
structures which are prone to wind induced osci-
llations, be also determined by the gust factor 2. NOTATIONS
method
estimates ( be
see taken
8 ) andforthe more
design. severe of the two 2.1 The following notations shall be followed
unless otherwise specified in relevant clauses:
A large majority of structures met with in
practice do not however, suffer wind induced A= surface area of a structure or part of
oscillations and generally do not require to be a Structure;
examined for the dynamic effects of wind, includ- Ae - effective frontal area;
ing use of gust factor method, Nevertheless, there
Ar, = an area at height z;
are various types of structures or their components
b = breadth of a structure or structural
such as some tall buildings, chimneys, latticed
towers, cooling towers, transmission towers, guyed member normal to the wind stream
masts, communication towers, long span bridges, in the horizontal plane;
partially or completely solid faced antenna dish, Cl = force coefficient/drag coefficient;
etc, which require investigation of wind induced normal force coefficient;
oscillations. The use of 7 shall be made for i.denti- Cl =
fying and analysing such structures. tit - transverse force coefficient;
c’f - frictional drag coefficient;
1.1.2 This code also applies to buildings or
other structures during erection/construction and c, = pressure coefficient;
the same shall be considered carefully during C PB = external pressure coefficient;
various stages of erection/construction. In loca- CPl = internal pressure coefficient;
tions where the strongest winds and icing may d- depth of a structure or structural
occur simultaneously, loads on structural members,
member parallel to wind stream;
cables and ropes shall be calculated by assuming
an ice covering based on climatic and local D = diameter of cylinder;
experience. F force normal to the surface;
1.1.3 In the design of special structures, such Fa 1 normal force;
as chimneys, overhead transmission line towers, Ft - transverse force;
etc, specific requirements as specified in the
respective codes shall be adopted in conjunction F' = frictional force;
with the provisions of this code as far as they are h X height of structure above mean
applicable. Some of the Indian Standards avail- ground level;
able for the design of special structurers are: h, = height of development of a velocity
IS : 4998 ( Part 1 )-1975 Criteria for design profile at a distance x down wind ’
of reinforced concrete chimneys: Part 1 from a change in terrain category;
Design criteria ( jirst revi sion )
multiplication factors;
IS : 6533-1971 Code of practice for design and
construction of steel chimneys
multiplication factor;
IS : 5613 ( Part l/Set 1 )-I970 Code of prac- length of the member or greater hori-
tice for design, installation and maintenance
zontal dimension of a building;
of overhead power lines: Part 1 Lines up to
and including 11 kV, Section 1 Design Pd - design wind pressure;
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IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
pz = design wind pressure at height <; 3.1.5 l$+ffective Frontal Area - The projected
external pressure; area of the structure normal to the direction of
Pe - the wind.
Pi - internal pressure;
R, = reynolds number; 3.1.6 Element of Surface Area - The area of
surface over which the pressure coefficient is taken
s w strouhal number; to be constant.
regional basic wind speed;
vb
v, =
-
design wind velocity at height 2; 3.1.7 Force Coeficient - A non-dimensional
coefficient such that the total wind force on a
rz = hourly mean wind speed at height c; bbdy is the product of the force coefficient, the
W 3 lesser horizontal dimension of a dynamic pressure of the incident design wind
building, or a structural member; speed and the reference area over which the force
is required.
w’ - bay width in multi-bay buildings;
X= distance down wind from a change NOTE - When the force is in the direction of the
incident wind, the non-dimensional coefficient will be
in terrain category; called as ‘drag coefficient’. When the force is perpendi-
e s wind angle from a given axis; cular to the d&ection of incident wind, the ndn-dimen-
sional coefficient will be called as ‘lift coeficient’.
a - inclination of the roof to the hori-
zontal; 3.1.8 Ground Roughness - The nature of the
B = effective solidity ratio; earth’s surface as influenced by small scale obstruc-
9” shielding factor or shedding frequency; tions such as trees

from topography and buildings
) is called ( as distinct
ground roughness.
+- solidity ratio;
3.1.9 Gust - A positive or negative departure
t= a height or distance above the of wind speed from its mean value, lasting for not
ground; and more than, say, 2 minutes over a specified inter-
c- average height of the surface rough- val of time.
ness.
Peak Gust - Peak gust or peak gust speed is
the wind speed associated with the maximum
3. TERMINOLOGY amplitude.
3.1 For the purpose of this code, the following Fetch Length - Fetch length is the distance
definitions shall apply. measured along the wind from a boundary at
which a change in the type of terrain occurs.
3.1.1 Angle of Attack -Angle between the direc- When the changes
red ( such as, the inboundary
terrain types
of a are
townencounte-
or city,
tion of wind and a reference axis of the struc-
forest, etc ), the wind profile changes in charac-
ture,
ter but such changes are gradual and start at
3.1.2 Breudth - Breadth means horizontal ground level, spreading or penetrating upwards
dimension of the building measured normal to the with increasing fetch length.
direction of wind. Gradient Height- Gradient height is the height
above the mean ground level at which the gradi-
NOTE - Breadth and depth are dimensions measu- ent wind blows as a result of balance among
red in relation to the direction of the wind, whereas
length a nd width are dimensions related to the
pressure gradient force, coriolis force and centri-
plan. fugal force. For the purpose of this code, the
gradient height is taken as the height above the
3.1.3 Depth - Depth means the horizontal mean ground level, above which the variation of
wind speed with height need not be considered.
dimension
tion of the of the building measured
wind. in the direc-
Mean Ground Level - The mean ground level
is the average horizontal plane of the area enclos-
3.1.4 Developed Height - Developed height is
ed by the boundaries of the structure.
the height of upward penetration of the velocity
profile in a new terrain. At large fetch lengths, Pressure Coeficient - Pressure coefficient is the
such penetration reaches the gradient height, ratio of the difference between the pressure acting
above which the wind speed may be taken to be at a point on a surface and the static pressure of
constant. At lesser fetch lengths, a velocitv profile the incident wind to the design wind pressure,
of a smaller height but similar to that of the fully where the static and design wind pressures are
developed profile of that terrain category has to determined at the height of the point considered
be taken, with the additional provision that the after taking into account the geographical loca-
velocity at the top of this shorter profile equals tion, terrain conditions and shielding effect. The
that of the unpenetrated earlier velocity profile at pressure coeSicient is also equal to [ 1 - ( VD/Pz)2],
that height. where Vv is the actual wind speed at any point

6
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IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
on the structure at a height corresponding to that thunderstorms, dust storms or vigorous monsoons.
of vz. A feature of the. cyclonic storms over the Indian
area is that they rapidly weaken after crossing
NOTE - Positive sign of the pressure coefficient the coasts and move as depressions/lows inland.
indicates pressure acting towards the surface and nega-
tive sign indicates pressure acting away from the The influence of a severe storm after striking the
surface. coast does not, in general exceed about 60 kilo-
Retur n Peri od - Return period is the number metres, though sometimes, it may extend even up
to 120 kilometres. Very short duration hurricanes
of years, ‘the reciprocal of which gives the proba- of very high wind speeds called Kal Baisaki or
bility of e.xtreme wind exceeding a given wind Norwesters occur fairly frequently during summer
speed in any one year. months over North East India.
Shiel di ng E ect - Shielding effect or shielding
4.3 The wind speeds recorded at any locality are
refers to the condition where wind has to pass extremely variable and in addition to steady wind
along some structure(s) or structural element(s) at any time, there are effects of gusts which may
located on the upstream wind side, before meet- last for a few seconds. These gusts cause increase
ing the structure or structural element under in air pressure but their effect on stability ofthe
consideration. A factor called ‘shielding factor’ building may not be so important; often, gusts
is used to account for such effects in estimating the affect only part of the building and the increased
force on the’ shielded structures. local pressures may be more than balanced by a
Suction - Suction means pressure less than the momentary reduction in the pressure elsewhere.
atmospheric ( static ) pressure and is taken to act Because of the inertia of the building, short period
away from the surface. gusts may not cause any appreciable increase in
stress in main components of the building
So lid it y R a t io - Solidity ratio is equal to the although the walls, roof sheeting and individual
effective area ( projected area of all the individual cladding units ( glass panels ) and their support-
elements ) of a frame normal to the wind direc- ing members such as purlins, sheeting rails and
tion divided by the area enclosed by the boundary glazing bars may be mqre seriously affected.
of the frame normal to the wind direction. Gusts can also be extremely important for design
NOTE - Solidity ratio is to be calculated for indi- of structures with high slenderness ratios.
vidual frames.
4.4 The liability of a building to high wind press-
Y?-eerrainategory - Terrain category means the ures depends not only upon the geographical
characteristics
area which ariseof the
fromsurface
naturalirregularities of an
or constructed location andalso
air flow but proximity of other
upon the obstructions
characteristics to
of the
features. The categories are numbered in increas- structure itself.
ing order of roughness.
4.5 The effect of wind on the structure as a whole
The variation of the horizon-
Velocit y Profil e - is determined by the combined action of external
tal component of the atmospheric wind speed at and internal pressures acting upon it. In all cases,
different heights above the mean ground level is the calculated wind loads act normal to the
termed as velocity profile. surface to which they apply.
Tokography - The nature of the earth’s 4.6 The stability calculations as a whole shall be
surface as influenced the hill and valley confi- done considering the combined effect, as well as
gurations. separate effects of imposed loads and wind loads
on vertical surfaces, roofs and other part of the
4. GENERAL
building above general roof level.
4.1 Wind is air in motion relative to the surface 4.7 Buildings shall also be designed with due
of the earth. The primary cause of wind is traced attention to the effects of wind on the comfort of
to earth’s rotation and differences in terrestrial people inside and outside the buildings.
radiation. The radiation effects are primarily
responsible for convection either upwards or 5. WIND SPEED AND PRESSURE
downwards. The wind generally blows horizontal
5.1 Nature of Wind in Atmosphere - In
to the ground at high wind speeds. Since vertical
components of atmospheric motion are relatively general, wind speed in the atmospheric boundary
layer increases with height from zero at ground
small, the term ‘wind’ denotes almost exclusively
the horizontal wind, vertical winds are always level to a maximum at a height called the gradi-
ent height. There is usually a slight change in
identified as such. The wind speeds are assessed
direction ( Ekman effect ) but this is ignored in
with the aid of anemometers or anemographs
the code. The variation with height depends
which are heights
tories at installedgenerally
at meteorological observa-
varying from 10 to primarily on the terrain conditions. However, the
30 metres above ground. wind speed at any height never remains constant
and it has been found convenient to resolve its
4.2 Very strong winds ( greater than 80 km/h ) instantaneous magnitude into an average or mean
are generally associated with cyclonic storms, value and a fluctuating component around this
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IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
average vaiue. The average value depends on of obstructions which constitute the ground sur-
the averaging time employed in analysing the face roughness. The terrain category used in the
meteorological data and this averaging time design of a structure may vary depending on the
varies from a few seconds to several minutes. The direction of wind under consideration. Wherever
magnitude of fluctuating component of the wind sufficient meteorological information is available
speed which is called gust, depends on the aver- about the nature of wind direction, the orientation
aging time. In general, smaller the averaging of any building or structure may be suitably
interval, greater is the magnitude of the gust planned.
speed.
Terrain in which a specific structure stands
5.2 Basic Wind Speed - Figure 1 gives basic shall be assessed as being one of the following
wind speed map of India, as applicable to 10 m terrain categories:
height above mean ground level for different zones
of the country. Basic wind speed is based on peak 4 Category 1 - Exposed open terrain with
gust velocity averaged over a short time interval few or no obstructions and in which the
of about 3 seconds and corresponds to mean average height of any object surrounding
heights above ground level in an open terrain the structure is less than 1.5 m.
( Category 2 ). Basic wind speeds presented in
Fig. 1 have been worked out for a 50 year return NOTE - This category includes open sea-coasts
and flat treeless plains.
period. Basic wind speed for some important
cities/towns is also given in Appendix A., b) Category 2 - Open terrain with well scatt-
5.3 Design Wind Speed ( V, ) - The basic ered obstructions having heights generally
wind speed ( V, ) for any site shall be obtained between I.5 to 10 m.
from Fig. 1 and shall be modified to include the NOTE - This is the criterion for measure-
following effects to get design wind velocity at ment of regional basic wind speeds and includes
any height ( V, j for the chosen structure: airfields, open parklands and undeveloped spar-
sely built-up outskirts of towns and suburbs. Open
a) Risk level; land adjacent to sea coast may also be classified as
Category 2 due to roughness of large sea waves at
b) Terrain roughness, height and size of struc- high winds.
ture; and
c) Local topography. Cl CategoTy 3 - Terrain with numerous closely
spaced obstructions having the size of
It can be mathematically expressed as follows: building-structures up to 10 m in height
v, = with or without a few isolated tall struc-
vb kl k~ ks
where tures.
NOTE 1 - This category includes well wooded
areas, and shrubs, towns and industrial areas full
V, = design wind speed at any height or partially developed.
z in m/s;
NOTE 2 - It is likely that the next higher
kl = probability factor ( risk coeffi.
category than this will not exist in most design
cient ) ( see 5.3.1 ); situations and that selection of a more severe
ks = terrain, height and structure size category will be deliberate.
factor ( see 5.3.2 ); and
NOTE 3 - Particular attention must be given
ks = topography factor ( see 5.3.3 ). to performance of obstructions in areas affected by
fully developed tropical cyclones.Vegetation which
NOTE - Design wind speep up to IO m height from is likely to be blown down or defoliated cannot be
mean ground level shall be considered constant. relied upon to maintain Category 3 conditions.
Where such situation may exist, either an inter-
5.3.1 Risk Coej’icient ( kI Factor ) - Figure 1 mediate the
between category
valueswith
for velocity
Category multipliers midway
2 and 3 given in
gives basic wind speeds for terrain Category 2 as
Table 2, or Category 2 should be selected having
applicable at 10 m above ground level based on 50 due regard to local conditions.
years mean return period. The suggested life
period to be assumed in design and the corres- d) Category 4 - Terrain with numerous large
ponding kl factors for different class of structures high closely spaced obstructions.
for the purpose of design is given in Table 1. In
the design of all buildings and structures, a NOTE - This category includes large city cen-
regional basic wind speed having a mean return tres, generally with obstructions above 25 m and
well developed industrial complexes.
period of 50 years shall be used except as specifi-
ed in the note of Table 1. 5.3.2.2 Variation of wind speed with height for
di@erent sizes of structures in different terrains ( k,
5.3.2 Terrain, Height and Structure Size Factor factor ) - Table 2 gives multiplying factors ( lir )
( k, Factor ) by which the basic wind speed given in Fig. 1
shall be multiplied to obtain the wind speed at
5.3.2.1 Terrain - Selection of terrain cate- different heights, in each terrain category for
gories shall be made with due regard to the effect different sizes of buildings/structures.
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The buildings/structures are classified into the ponents such as claddinp, glazing, roofing,
following three different classes depending upon etc, having maximum dimension’ ( greatest
their size: horizontal or vertical dimension ) between 20
Class A - Structures and/or their components and 50 m.
such as cladding, glaxing, roofing, etc, having c1a.U C - Structures and/or their components
maximum dimension ( greatest horizontal or such as cladding, glazing, roofing, etc, having
vertical dimension ) less than 20 m. maximum dimension ( greatest horizontal or
Class B - Structures and/or their com- vertical dimension ) greater than 50 m.
TABLE 1 RISK COEF’FICIENTS.FOR DIFFERENT CLASSES OF STRUCTURES IN

DIFFERENT WIND SPEED ZONES
( Clause 5.3.1 )
CLASS OF STRUCTWZE MEAN PROBABLE k, FACTOR BOB BASIC WIND SPEED

DESIGN LIFE OF (m/s ) 0~
STRUCTURE IN r-------- ---_--__7
YEARS 33 39 44 47 50 55
All general buildings and structures 50 -1.0 1’0 1.0 1’0 1.0 1’0
Temporary sheds, structures such as 5 0.82 0.76 0.73 0’71 0.70 0’67
those used duri ng construction
operations ( for example, form-
work and falsework ), structures
during construction stages and
boundary walls
Bui ldings and structures presenting 25 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.90 0’90 0’89
a low degree of hazard to life and
property in the event of fail ure,
such as isolated towers in wooded
areas, farm buildings other than
residential buildings
I mportant buildings and structures 100 1’05 I ‘06 1’0’: 1’07 I ‘08 1.08
such as hospitals communication
buil dings / towers, power plant
structures
NOTE - The factor kt is based on statistical concepts which take account of the degree of reliability required
and period of time in years during whi ch these wil l be exposure to wind, that is, life of the structure. Whatever
wind speed i s adopted for design pur poses, there is always a probability ( however small ) that it may be exceeded
in a storm of exceptional violence; the greater the period of years over which these will be exposure to the wind,
the greater is the probability. Higher return periods ranging from 1 00 to 1 000 years ( implying lower risk level ) in
association with greater periods of exposure may have to be selected for exceptionally important structures, such
as, nuclear power reactors and satellite communication towers. Equation given below may be used in such cases
to estimate k, factors for different periods of exposure and chosen probability of exceedance ( risk level ). The
probabil ity level of 0’63 is normall y considered sufficient for design of buil dings and structures against wind effects
and the values of k, corr esponding to this ri sk level are given above.
XN, P
*-L+*{-+ql-P$J
kl = z----
x5O, 0.63 A + 4B
where
N = mean probable design li fe of structure i n years;
PN - ri sk level in N consecuti ve years ( probabil ity that the design wind speed is exceeded at least once in
N successive years ), nominal value = 0’63;
X N,P = extreme wind speed for given values of Nand PN; and
= extreme wind speed for N = 50 years and PN = 0’63.
x5O, 0’63
A and B are coefficients having the foll owing values for different basic wind speed zones:
Zone A B
33 m/s 83’2 9’2
39 m/s 84’0 14’0
44 m/s 88,O 18’0
47 m/s 88.0 20’5
50 m/s 88’8 22’8
55 m/s 90.8 27.3
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TABLE 2 k, FACTORS TO OBTAIN DE SIGN WIND SPEE D VARIATION WITH HE IGHT IN

DIFF ERE NT TE RRAINS FOR DIFF ERE NT CLASSES OF BUIL DINGS/STRUCTURE S
( ClaUJ C.3.2.2 )
HEIGHT TEBR AIN C ATEQORY 1 TER RAIN CATE C+ORY TE ER AIN CATE QO~Y3 TEP.BAIN CATECJ ORP
CLASS CLbSS CLASS CLASS
I---_*--1 r---_h-_--~ c--_-~--_-~ t-_-*---~
m A B c A B c A B c A B c
(1) (2) (5) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (131
IO 1’05 1’03 0.99 1’00 0.98 0.93 0’91 0’88 0’82 0.80 0.76 0’67
1.09 1’07 1’03 1’05 1’02 0.97 0’97 0% 0’87 0.80 0’76 0.67
:o” 1’12 1.10 1’06 1.07 1’05 1’01 0’91 0.80 0’76 0’67
30 1’15 1’13 1’09 1’12 1’10 ::z 1’06 :%* 0’96 O’Y7 0’93 0’83
50 1-20 1’18 1’14 1’17 1’15 1’10 1’12 1’09 1.02 1’10 1’05 0’95
100 1’26 1’24 1’20 1’24 1’22 1.17 1’20 1’17 1’10 1’20 1’15 1’05
150 1’30 1.28 1’24 1’28 1.25 1.21 1’24 1’21 1’15 1’24 1’20 1.10
200 1’32 1’30 1’26 1’30 1’28 1’24 1’27 1.24 1’18 1’27 1’22 1’13
250 1’34 1’32 1’28 1’32 1’31 1’26 1’26 1’20 1’28 1.24 1’16
300 1’35 1’34 1’30 1.34 1 32 1.28 x 1.28 1’22 1’30 1’26 I.17
350 1’37 1’35 1’31 1’36 1’34 1’29 1’32 1’30 1’24 1.31 1.27 1’19
400 1’38 1’36 1.32 1’37 1’35 1’30 1’34 1’31 1.25 1.32 1.28 1’20
459 1’39 1’37 1’33 1’38 1’36 1’31 1’35 1’32 1’26 1.33 1’29 1’21
500 1’40 1.38 1’34 1’39 1’37 1’32 1~36 1’33 1.28 1’34 1.30 1’22
NOTE 1 - Se65.3.2.2 for definitions of Class A, Class B and Class C structur es.
NOTE 2 - Intermediate values may be obtained by linear interpolation, if desired, It is permissible to assume
constant wind speed between 2 heights for simplicity.
5.3.2.3 Terrai n categori es in r elat ion to th e dir ec-

ti o n The terrain
of w ind - category used in the TABLE 3 FETCH AND DEVELOPED HEIGHT
RELATIONSHIP
design of a structure may vary depending on the
( C1UUS6.3.2.4 )
direction of wind under consideration. Where
sufficient meteorological information is available, DEVELOPEDHEIGHT, hx IN METRES
the basic wind speed may be varied for specific FE?: (x) ,--__--h_ ----y
Terrain Terrain Terrain Terrain
wind direcion.
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
5.3.2.4 Changes in t errai n categori es - The (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
velocity profile for a given terrain category does 0’2 12 20 35 60
not develop to full height immediately with the 0’5 20 30 35 9.5
commencement of that terrain category but
1 25 45 80 130
develop gradually to height ( h, ) which increa-
2 35 65 110 190
ses with the fetch or upwind distance (x).
5 60 100 170 300
a) Fetch and develobed height relationship - The
10 80 140 25C 450
relation between the developed height (h,)
20 120 200 350 500
and the fetch (x) for wind-flow over each
50 180 300 400 500
of the four terrain categories may be taken
as given in Table 3.
b) For structures of heights greater than the 5.3.3.1 The effect of topography will be
developed height (h,) in Table 3, the significzt at a site when the upwind slope (6) is
velocity profile may be determined in greater than about 3”, and below that, the value
accordance with the following: of k s may be taken to be equal to 1-O. The value
i) The les3 or least rough terrain, or of ks is confined in the range of 1-O to 1.36 for
slopes greater than 3”. A method of evaluating the
ii) The method described in Appendix B.
value of ks for values greater than 1.0 is given in
5.3.3 Tojography ( ks Factor ) - The basic Appendix C. It may be noted that the value of
wind speed Vb given in Fig. 1 takes account of k s varies with height above ground level, at a
the general level of site above sea level. This does maximum near the ground, and reducing to 1.0
not allow for local topographic features such as at higher levels.
hills, valleys, cliffs, escarpments, or ridges which
5.4 Design Wind Pressure - The design wind
can significantly affect wind speed in their vici-
pressure at any height above mean ground level
nity. The effect of topography is to accelerate wind
shall be obtained by the following relationship
near the summits of hills or crests‘of cliffs, escarp-
between wind pressure and wind velocity:
ments or ridges and decelerate the wind in valleys
or near the foot of cli%, steep escarpments, or pz = 0.6 r-i
ridges.
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where NOTE 1 - The coefficients given ’

different tables have k ey?%tained mainly from me;
pz = design wind pressure in N/ms at gurements on models in wind- tunnels, ahd the great
height z, and majority C.of data available has been obtained in con-
ditions of ielatively smooth flow. Where sufficient field
v, - design wind velocity in m/s at data exists as in the case of rectangular buildings,
height 2. values have been obtained to allow for turbulent flow.
NOTE - The coefficient 0’6 (i n SI units ) in the NOTE 2 - In recent years, wall glazing and clad-
above formula depends on a number of factors aod ding design has been a source of major concern. Although
mainly on the atmospheric pressure and air tempera- of less consequence than the collapse of main struc-
ture. The value chosen corresponds to the average tures. damage to glass can be hazardous and cause
appropriate Indian atmospheric conditions. considerable financial losses.
NOTE 3 - For pressure coefficients for structures
5.5 Off Shore Wind Velocity - Cyclonic not covered here, reference may be made to specialist
storms form far away from the sea coast and literature on the subject or advise may be sought from
gradually reduce in speed as they approach the specialists in the subject.
sea coast. Cyclonic storms generally extend up to 6.2.1 Wi nd Load on Indi vi dual M embers - When
about 60 kilometres inland after striking the coast. calculating the wind load on individual strcutural
Their effect on land is already reflected in basic elements such as roofs and walls, and individual
wind speeds specified in Fig. 1. The influence of cladding units and their fittings, it is essential to
wind speed off the coast up to a distance of about take account of the pressure difference between
200 kilometres may be taken as 1.15 times the opposite faces of such elements or units. For clad
value
definiteonwind
the data.
nearest coast in the absence of any structures, it is, therefore, necessary to know the
internal pressure as well as the external pressure.
Then the wind load, F, acting in a direction
6. WIND PRESSURES AND FORCES ON
normal to the individual structural element or
BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES
cladding unit is:
6.1 General - The wind load on a building
F=(G~---C~~)AP~
shall be calculated for:
where
a) The building as a whole,
c De = external pressure coefficient,
b) Individual structural elements as roofs and
c Di = internal pressure- coefficient,
walls, and
A = surface area of structural element
c) Individual cladding units including glazing
or cladding unit, and
and their fixings.
6.2 Pressure Coefficients - The pressure Pd = design wind pressure.
coefficients are always given for a particular sur- NOTE 1 - If the surface design pressure varies with
height, the surface areas of the structural element may
face or part of the surface of a building. The wind be sub-divided so that the specified pressures are taken
load acting normal to a surface is obtained by over appropriate areas.
multiplying the area of that surface or its appro- NOTE 2 - Positive wind load indicates the force
priate portion by the pressure coefficient (C,) and acting towards the structural element and negative
the design wind pressure at the height of the sur- away from it.
face from the ground. The average values of these
6.2.2 Ext ern al Pr essure Coefi cient s
pressure coefficients for some building shapes are
given in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3. 6.2.2.1 W al l s - The average external
pressure coefficient for the walls of clad buildings
Average values of pressure coefficients are of rectangular plan shall be as given in Table 4.
given for critical wind directions in one or more In addition, local pressure concentration coeffi-
quadrants. In order to determine the maximum cients are also given.
wind load on the building, the total load should
be calculated for each of the critical directions 6.2.2.2 Pi tched rbofs of rectangular clad buil d-
shown from all quadrants. Where considerable ings - The average external pressure coefficients
variation of pressure occurs over a surface, it has and pressure concentration coeecients for pitched
been subdivided atid mean pressure coefficients roofs of rectangular clad building shall be as
given for each of its several parts. given in Table 5. Where no pressure concentration
coefficients are given, the average coefficients
In addition, areas of high local suction shall apply. The pressure coefficients on the under -
( negative pressure concentration ) frequently side of any overhanging roof shall be taken in
occurring near the edges of walls and roofs are accordance with 6.2.2.7.
separately shown. Coefficients for the local effects
should only be used for calculation of forces on NOTE 1 - The pressure concentration shall be
assumed to act outward ( suction pressure ) at the
these local areas affecting roof sheeting, glass
panels, individual cladding units including their ridges, eaves, cornices and 90 degree corners of roofs
( see 6.2.2.7 ).
fixtures. They should not be used for calculating NOTE 2 - The pressure concentration shall not be
force on entire structural elements such as roof, included with the net external pressure when comput-
walls or structure as a whole. ing overall loads.
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IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
TABLE 4 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( Cpe ) FOR WALLS OF RECTANGULAR

CLAD BUILDINGS
( clause 6.2.2.1 )
- -
BUILDINU
HEIGHT
BUILDING
PLAN
ELEVATION PLAN WIND
ANGLE
I Cpe FOR SURFACE
- --
/ LOCAL
.-
Cpe
RATIO RATIO 0 A B D
I
_- - -- --
degrees
a
c
7 0 +0.7 -0.2 -0’5 -0’5 I
I3
A
81 c -0’8
,’
30 -0.5 -0’5 i-0.7 -0’2 I
-i
D
+<+ - .-
C
-I- -
I 0 +0.7 -0.6
3 e&5 -0.25 -06 1
g<;<4
-.El A
30 -0’5 -0.5 +0.7 -0’1 :
-1.0
--
I<‘<;
w /
I
1
-iI_Cl cl?-*
0
I
0
90
-
+0.7
-0’6
-i_
-0’2
-0’6
--
-0’6
+0*7
--
-0.6
.-
-0’2 5j J
-l
> -1'1
’
I
<hd
w2
_j. --
C
0 +0*7 - 0.3 -0’7 -0.7 -I} -1’1

ec?&
u
.<. <4 90 -0’5 -0.5 +0.7 -0.1 J
D -- __- -_
b
Cl
0 + 0.8 --02 -0.8 -0 7
l<;C+ - A
> - 1’2
90 -0’8 -0.8 +0’8 -02 15 J
D
3 --
z_< h<6
w C
.-
,+
ti*
1 0
0
90
l-o.7
-0’5
-0’4
-0’5
-0’7
+0’8
-0’7
-0’1
-I
J
} - 1.2
( Continued)
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l 3:875(Part3)-1987
TABLE 4 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( Cpe ) FOR WALLS OF RECTANGULAR

CLAD BUILDINGS - ontd
Cpe FOR SUX~FAC E LOCAL cpe

BUILDING BUILDING ELEVATION PLAN WIND
HEIGHT PLAN ANGLE I
RATIO RATIO 8 A B C D
pggg?z
I 3 0 +0’951 -1’85 -0’9 -0’9 -I

-a- ) -1’25
w 2
90 -0’8 -0’8 +0’9 -0’85 J
0 +0’95 -1.25. -0.7
A I3 90
NOTE - h is the height to caves or parapet, 1 is the greater hori zontal dimension of a building and w IS the lesser
horizontal dimension of a building.
6.2.2.3 Monoslope roofs of rectangular clad build- to the wind direction. 4 = 0 represents a canopy
ings - The average pressure coefficient and with no obstructions underneath. - 1 repre-
pressure concentration coefficient for monoslope sents the canopy fully blocked with contents to
( lean-to ) roofs of rectangular clad buildings the downwind eaves. Values of C, for intermedi-
shall be as given in Table 6. ate solidities may be linearly interpolated between
these two extremes, and apply upwind of the
6.2.2.4 Canoby roofs with $4: Q 1 and position of maximum blockage only. Downwind
( of the position of maximum blockage the coeffi-
- The pressure coefficients are cients for 4 = 0 may be used.
I< &<3
>
given in Tables 7 and 8 separately for mono- the In addition
canopy, to will
there the pressure forcesloads
be horizontal normal to
on the
pitch and double pitch canopy roofs such as
open-air parking garages, shelter areas, outdoor canopy due to the wind pressure on any fascia
areas, railway platforms, stadiums and theatres. and to friction over the surface of the canopy.
The coefficients take account of the combined For any wind direction, only the greater of these
effect of the wind exerted on and under the roof two forces need be taken into account. Fascia
for all wind directions; the resultant is to be taken loads should be calculated on the area of the
normal to the canopy. Where the local coefficients surface facing the wind, using a force coefficient
overlap, the greater of the two given values should of l-3. Frictional drag should be calculated using
be taken. However, the effect of partial closures the coefficients given in 6.3.1.
of one side and or both sides, such as those due to
trains, buses and stored materials shall be foreseen NOYE - Tables 9 to 14 may be used to get internal
and external pressure coefficients for pitches and troug-
and taken into account. hed free roofs for some specific cases for which aspect
The solidity ratio 4 is equal to the area of ratios and roof slopes have been specified. departure
while using Tables 9 to 14 any significant
However,
obstructions under the canopy divided by the
from it should be investigated carefully. No increase
gross area under the canopy, both areas normal shall be made for local effects except as indicated.
15
8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
TABLE 5 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIE NTS ( cp, ) FOR PITCHED ROOFS OF RECTANGULAR CLAD BUIL DINGS
( Clause 6.2.2.2 )
ik;Il>lD1N0 RlX F WIND ANGLE 8 WIND ANQLE O LOCAL COEFFICIENTS

HEIGHT AKaLE 0” 900
RATIO CL
EF GH EG FH
- 0’8 -0’4 -0’8 -0.4 -2’0 -

-0’9 -0’4 - 0’8 -0’4 - 1’4 -1’0
-1’2 -0.4 -0’8 -0’6 -1’4 -1’2
-0‘4 -0’4 -0’7 -0’6 - 1’0 - 1’2
0 -0.4 -0.7 -0.6 -0’8 - 1’1
+0*3 -0.5 -0’7 -0’6 -1’1
+0*7 -0.6 -0’7 -0.6 - 1’1
I
n-
k---W -_1
0 -0‘8 -0’6 -1’0 -0’6 -2’0
-1’1 -0.6 -0’8 -0’6 -2’0 -2.0 -1’5 -1’2

-09
0’7 -0’5
0.6 -0.9
0’8 -0’6
06 -2’0’5 -2’0
1’5 -1’5 -I.01’0
I 30
_ I -0’2 -0.5 I -0’8 -0.a I -I’0 l_pp___m / -_ / -1’0
+o 2 -0’5 -0.8 -0’8 -
+0’6 -0’5 -0’8 -0’8
-- - .-
0 I -.0.7 -0’6 -0.9 -0.7 -9.n -3.n -9.n

0
5 -0.7 -0%
-0’6 -0’8 -0’8 Ii. 1 l$;; / -;.; _:vJ
-7’fl -1.5 -1’2
_. , h ,. -0’8 -0.6 -0’8 -0’8 - 1’5 -1.5 __i. 5 -1’2
r‘5;;<0 I I IL - 1’0 -0.5 -0’8 -0.7 -1.5 I _~ __ I_.
--oi -0.7 -;.;
-0’8 -0’7
-0’8 -0.7
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18:875(Part3)-1987
TABLE 6 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICI ENTS ( C,, ) FOR MONOSLOPE ROOFS FOR
RECTANGULAR CLAD BUIILDINGS WITH $ < 2
( Clause 6.2.2.3 )
y = h or 0’15 W, whi chever

is the l esser.
NOTE - Area Hand area L refer to the whole quadrant.
WIND ANQL E 13 LOCAL Cpe

ROOF
AIGQLE
OL
0” 45O 90” 135O 180”
Degree H L H L H&LH&L H L H L Hi Hs Lz Ls He Le
em*
3%
%g %$
.I& o, .L .5
a -z E;
a%*
<:93 4:
5 -1’0 -0.5 -1.0 -0.9 -1’0 -0’5 -0.9 -1.0 -0’5 -1’0 -2.0 __1’5 -2’0 -1’5 -2’0 -2’0
10 -1’0 -0.5 -1.0 -0.8 - 1.0 -0 5 -0.6 -1.0 -0.4 -1.0 -2’0 v-1.5 -2.0 -1.5 -2’0 -2.0
15 -o-,9 -0.5 -1’0 -0’7 - 1.0 1-0’5 -0.6 -1.0 -0’3 - 1’0 - 1’8 -0’9 -1’8 - 1.4 -2’0 -2’0
20 -0.8 -0.5 -1.0 -0.6 -0.9 ‘-0.5 -0.5 -1.0 -0’2 -1.0 -1.8 -0’8 -1’8 -1.4 -2.0 -2’0
25 -0’7 -0.5 -1’0 -0.6 -0 8. -0.5 -0.3 -0.9 -0.1 -0.9 -1’8 -0.7 -0.9 -0.9 -2.0 -2’0
30 -0’5 -0’5 -1’0 -0.6 -0 8 -0’5 -0.1 -0’6 0 -0’6 -1’8 -0-j -0.5 -0.5 -2.0 -2.0
J
NOTE 2 h is the height to eaves at lower side, I is the greater hori zontal dimension of a building and UJ s the
lesser horizontal dimension of a building.
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IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
TABLE 7 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR MDNOSLOPE FREE RQOFS

( Clause 6.2.2.4 )
1
SOLIDITY RATIO
MAXINUY LA RQEST + V E ) AKD MINI MTJ IU LARGEST - VE ) PRESSURE
Rooy ANGLE
COEFFICIENTS
( DECUUUES
Overall L ocal Coefficients

Coefficients
1 BzzzB N -
0 +0-z +0*5 +1*8 +1-l

5 +0*4 +0’8 +2-l + ’3
10 +0*5 +1*2 +2’4 + ’6
All values of
15 +0*7 + 1’4 +2’7 +1’8
20 d -l-O’8 +1*7 +2*9 +2*1
25 +1-o +2-o +3*1 +2’3
30 +1-z f2’2 +3’2 +2’4
- -.
0 d=O -0’5 -0’6 -1’3 - 1’4
4- l -1’0 -1’2 - 1’8 -1’9
5 4- O -0.7 - 1.1 1’7 - 1.8

4- l -1’1 -1.6 -2.2 -2’3
4=0 -0.9 -1’5 -2.0 -2.1

10
4=1 -1’3 -21 -2.6 -2.7
4- o -1.1 -1’8 -2’4 -2’5

15
4- I -1’4 -2’3 -2.9 -3’0
b-0 -1.3 -2’2 -2’8 -2’9

20
4- l -1.5 -2’6 -3’1 -3’2
25 4- o -1.6 -2’6 -62 -3’2

4- l -1’7 -2’8 -3.5 -3’5
30 4- o -1’8 -3.0 -3.8 -3’6

4=1 - 1’8 -3’0 -3’8 -3.6
NOTE - For monopitch canopies the centr e of pressure should be taken to act at 0’3 UJ from the windward
edge.
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TABLE 8 PRESSURE COEFFI CIEN TS FOR FBEE STANDING DOUBLE SLOPED ROOFS
( Clause6.2.2.4 )
-c,
10
-CP .-Cn I F
-‘I
-ve ROCF ANGLE +ve ROOF ANGLE
I
-
Roos Xsa~n 1 SOLIDITY MAXIMOX ( L AB~EST +VE ) AYDMI NI ~X ( LARGE ST - VE ) Pn~aacnn
: DEc;lIE Z% ) 1 RATI O CO~FFI ~~~NTS
1 Overall Local Coefficients

Coefficients
I / liz%@zl
--“Cl +0*7 -i-O% + ’6 / +0’6 +1*7
-15 +0.5 +06 +1.5 + 0’7 + ’4
- 10 $-O-4 +0’6 + ’4 +0’8 + ’1
-5 +0’3 +1*5 i-0.8 +0’8
7-5 +0.3 :x’,’. + 1’8 +1*3 +0’4
f 10
j Ail values of +0.4 +0*7 + ’8 +1*4 +0*4
+15 +0*4 +0.9 +1.9 +1’4 +0*4
I 9 +0’6
i20 +1*1 +1*9 +1*5 +0.4
3’ + ’2 +1*9 f1’6 - -0’5
:3; :x:; + ’3 +1*9 +1’6 +0*7
/
I I$=0 -0.7 - -0.9 -1’3 -1’6 -0’6
-20 +=1 -0’9 - 1’2 -1’7 -1’9 -_1’2
--:5 / o-0
4-l -06
-0.8 I -0’8
-1.1 -1’3
-1’7 -1’6
-1’9 -0’6
- 1’2
,y_ * -0’6 1 -08 j_ -1.3 -1.5 -0.6

-10 I -0.8 -1’1 -1’7 ’ -1’9 -1:3
$10 -0.5 -0’7 -1’3 -1.6 -0.6

-5 : -0’8 ; -1’5 -1’7 -1’9 -1’4
/ -
I -0’6 / -0.6 -1.4 1 -1’4 -1’1
+5 K :, -0’9 -1’3 -1’8 -1.8 -2’1
-0.7 -0’7 -1’5 Al.4 -1.4

+ 10 -1.4 -2’0 -1.8 -2’4
/ f== _ -l’l 1 1
/ -0’8 -0.9 -1’4
- 1’7 -1’8
+ 15 / =
f=Y ; -1’2 j - 1’5 -2’2 -1.9 -2%
$I:, -0’9 -1’ -1’8 - 1.4 -2’0

i20 -1’3 / -1.7 -2’3 -1.9 -3’0
I
1 $w& 1 -1.0 1 -1.4 i -1’9 - 1’4 -2’0
i-25 I -1’4 I_L___- ‘9 -_ ;
-2’4 -2’1 -3’0
---.-_
-1’0 -1-4 -1’4 -2’0
i30 $1; -2’1
1 I::? -2’2
- 1’4 _b -3.0
Each slope of a duopitch canopy should he able to withstand forces using both the maximum and t he mmimurn
oeffi cients, and the whole canopy should be able to support forces using one slope at the maximum coefficient with the
I ther slope at the minimum coeffictent. For duopitch canopies the cenrre of pressure should be taken to act at the centre
‘Peach slope.
20
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YS : 875 ( Pars 3 ) - Y987
TABLE 9 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( TOP AND BOTTOM ) FOR PXTCHED ROOFS, a +e 3tP
( &uw 6.2.2.4 )
-T 1 T
i 1 E 1 Roof sIope a 0 30’
e - 0’ - 450, D, D’, E, E’ :x1:
length
9 = 90”, D, D’, E, E’ pr r
I i engzh
z
b’, thereafter Cp = 0
G _____:
I__ L;---- J
I c
-- 7
9 , ----I
1 1 End Surfaces
D 1 D E -7
I ) E’ j c j c’ / c; I
G’
-I I
I -05
I
-0.3
/
j
I
1
- .j_
0 0’6 -1’0 /
-0’6 / -0.3 i / I
45O 0.1 ; -0.3
0.3 1 -0.4 1
I -0*3 / 0.8 /
9o” -0’3 j -C’4 : I 0’3
_-A- j_ I
45” I Forj : Cp top = -i’O; Cp bottom = -0.2
90”
- I Tangentially acting friction: ROOo ip 0’05 pdbd
21
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IS I 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1387
TABLE 10 PRESSURE COEFFI CIEN TS ( TOP AND BOTTOM ) FOR PIT CHED FREE ROOFS,
a = 300 WITH EF FECT S OF TRAI N OR STORED MA’I’BRIAL S
( Cl ause 6.2.2.4 )
Roof slope LY= 300

-
, Efftctz of trains or stored
b:5C materials:
0 a 0” -45”, or 135” -180”,
I D, D’. E, F’ full lqngth
I E 6 - ;;,.$, D , E, E part
I
b’, thereafter
& = 0
.I-. _G__
- --_
c
&d --I
PRESSURE COEFFI CIEN TS,cp

cl
“/
End Surfaces
D D’ E E’
c c G G’
0” 0’1 0’8 -0’7 0’9
45O -0’1 0’5 -0’8 0’5
90” -0’4 -0’5 -0’4 -0’5 -0’3 0’8 0’3 -0’4
180” -0’3 -0’6 0’4 -0’6

i -
45” Forj : Cp top = - 1’5; C, bottom Q 0’5
go0 Tangentially acting fri ction: &a” = 0’05 p d b d

.-
22
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IS I 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
TABLE 11 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (TOPANDBOTTOM)FORPlTCHEDF~~ BOOFS,am 10

( lause.2.2.4)
f
b’=d
b=Sd
Roof slope (L = IO”

8 = 0” - 45”, D, D’, E, E’ full length
0 = 90°, D, D’, E, E’ par1 length b’,
thereafter Cp = 0
PRESSURECOEFFICIENTS, CD
e End Surfaces
D D’ E E’
c C G 1 G
-~. I
--
00 -1.0 03 -0.5 0.2 ,

45 -0'3 0.1 -0'3 0’1
90” -0.3 0 -0.3 0 -0'4 0.8 09 -0.6
-
0 Forf: Cp top = -11’0; Cp bottom = 0’4
0” - 90° Tangentially acting friction, RIO’ = O”1 p d b d
23
8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
TABU I2 PRESSURE COEFFICIFiNTS (*OP AND BOTTOM ) FOR PITCRBD FBE ROOFS
ir - 10” WITH EFFECTS OF TRAIN OR STORED MATJ ZItIAL8
( CIaw 6.2.2.4 )
-T
h’=O$th
_A_
i
i
Roof slop
EAacts ofe trains
m- IO0or stored materials:
e-o.=- 45’,or 135’ - 180°,
D, D’ , E, E’ full length
0 = 90*, D, D’, E, E’ part length b’,
thereafter CD = 0
G G’
i
1
I
/
-0’4 0.8 0’3 -0%
1
I i
I
I 0” ’ ForJ: I;, top = -15; Cp bottom = 0.9
0” - I $” / Tangentially acting friction: R,o” = 0.1 p j
i
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1sr875(Part3)-1987
TABLE 13 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFTZCXENTS FOR TROUGHED FRER ROOPS, a = IO”

( Clause 6.2.2.4 )
9Roof
= 0”slope
-45”,a -D. 10”
D’, E. E’ full
iength
A = 90*, D,_ D’, E, E ’ Fatt length
b’, thereafter Cp I 9
P&EssUnE cOEFFICIEK?K3, cp
D D’ 1 E / E’
, I
/
I
0” 0’3 -0’7 0’2 -0’9
I
,
4Y 0 -0’2 0’1 j -0’3
/
I
90” -0’1 0.1 -0’1 0‘1
0” Forf : CD top = 0’4; Cp bottom = - i-1
0” -90 Tangentially acting friction Rgo” = G’i &bi
25
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ISr875( Part3)-1987
TAtWE 14 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( TOP AND BOTTOM ) FOR TROUGHED FREE ROOFS,
a = IO” WITH EFFECTS OF TRAINS OR STORED MATERI ALS
( Clause 6.2.2.4 )
b= 5d
T Roof slope (I = 10”

Effects of trains or stored
materials:
13= 0” - 450, or 135” - 180”,
D, D’, E, E’ full length
Lm
f
13= go”, D, D’, E, E’ , p a rt
length b’ thereafter Cp = 0
i------i
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS, Cp
e
D D’ E E’
00 -0’7 0’8 -0’6 0’6
45O -0’4 0’3 -0’2 0’2
90° -0.1 0’1 -0’1 0’1
180” -0’4 -0.2 -0.6 - 0’3
0” Forf: Cp top = - 1’1; CD bottom = 0’9
O”- 180’ Tangentially acting friction: ,o’ = 0’1 p a b d
26
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IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
6.2.2.5 Curved roofs - For curved roofs, the The total resultant load (P) acting on the roof
external pressure coefficients shall be as given in of the structure is given by the following formula:
Table 15. Allowance for local effects shall be
-made in accordance with Table 5. P = 0.785 D’ ( _ q - C,, pa)
6.2.2.6 Pitched and saw-tooth roofs of multi- The resultant of Pfor roofs lies at 0.1 D from
span buildings - For pitched and saw-tooth the centre of the roof on the windword side.
roofs of multi-span buildings, the external average
pressure coefficients and pressure concentration 6.2.2.10 Combined roofs and roofs with a sky
coefficients shall be. as given in Tables 16 and 17 light - The average external pressure coefficients
respectively. provided that all spans shall be equal for combined roofs and roofs with a sky light is
and the height to the eaves shall not exceed the shown in Table 20.
span.
6.2.2.11 Grandstands - The pressure coeffi-
NOTE- Evidence on multi-span buildings is cients on the roof ( top and bottom ) and rear
fragmentary; any departure given in Tables 16 and 17
should be investigated separately. wall of a typical grandstand roof which is open
on three sides is given in Table 21. The pressure
6.2.2.7 Pressure coeficients on overhangs from coefficients are valid for a particular ratio of
roofs - The pressure coefficients on the top over- dimensions as specified in Table 21 but may be
hanging portion of the roofs shall be taken to be used for deviations up to 20 percent. In general,
the same as that of the nearest top portion of the the maximum wind load occurs when the wind is
non-overhanging
coefficients for theportion of the surface
underside roofs. The pressure
of the over- blowing
positive into the open
pressure under front
the ofroof
the stand, causing
and negative
hanging portions shall be taken as follows and pressure on the roof.
shall be taken as positive if the overhanging
portion is on the windward side: 6.2.2.12 Upper surface of round silos and
tanks - The pressure coefficients on the upper
a) 1.25 if the overhanging slopes,
surface of round silos and tanks standing on
b) 1.00 if the overhanging isShorizontal, and ground shall be as given in Fig. 2.
c) 0.75 if the overhanging slopes upwards.
6.2.2.13 Spheres - The. external pressure
For overhanging portions on sides other than coefficients for spheres shall be as given in
the windward side, the average pressure coeffi- Table 22.
cients on adjoining walls may be used.
6.2.3 Internal Pressure Coejicients - Internal air
6.2.2.8 Cylindrical structures - For the pur- pressure in a building depends upon the degree
pose of calculating the wind pressure distribution of permeability of cladding to the flow of air.
around a cylindrical structure of circular cross- The internal air pressure may be positive or
section, the value of external pressure coefficients negative depending on the direction of flow of
given in Table 18 may be used provided that the air in relation to openings in the buildings.
Reynolds number is greater than 10 000. They
may be used for wind blowing normal to the axis 6.2.3.1 In the case of buildings where the
of cylinders having axis normal to the ground claddings permit the flow of air with openings not
plane ( that is, chimneys and silos ) and cylinders more than about 5 percent of the wall area but
having their axis parallel to the ground plane where there are no large openings, it is necessary
( that is, horizontal tanks ) provided that the to consider the possibility of the internal pressure
clearance between the tank and the ground is not being positive or negative. Two design conditions
less than the diameter of the cylinder. shall be examined, one with an internal pressure
h is height of a vertical cylinder or length of a coefficient of +0.2 and another with an internal
horizontal cylinder. Where there is a free flow of pressure coefficient of -0.2.
air around both ends, h is to be taken as half the
The internal pressure coefficient is algebrai-
length when calculating h/D ratio.
cally added to the external pressure coefficient
In the calculation of the resultant load on the and the analysis which indicates greater distress of
periphery of the cylinder, the value of C,t shall the member shall be adopted. In most situations
be taken into account. For open ended cylinders, a simple inspection of the sign of external pressure
C,i shall be taken as follows: will at once indicate the proper sign of the inter-
nal pressure coefficient to be taken for design.
a) 0.8 where h/D is not less than 0.3, and
b) 0.5 where h/D is less than 0.3. NOTE - The term normal permeability relates t*
the flow of air commonly aft‘orded by claddings not
6.2.2.9 Roofs and bottoms of cylindrical elevated only through open windows and doors, but also through
structures - The external pressure coefficients for the slits round the closed winc’ows 2nd doors and thro-
ugh chimneys, ventilators and through the joints bet-
roofs and bottoms of cylindrical elevated structures ween roof coverings, the total open area being less than
shall be as given in Table 19 ( see also Fig. 2 ). 5 percent of area of the walls having the openings.
8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
TABLE 15 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR CURVED ROOFS
( Clause 6.2.2.5 )
l------~-----l Values of C, Cl and C2

a) Roof springing from ground level
c2
-CL_
0'1 -0’8 +0*1 -0’8

_-
0.2 -0’9 +0*3 -0.7
___- .~
03 -1.0 +0*4 -0.3
p_-- jp
0’4 -1’1 +06 +0*4
-- -~
0.5 -1’2 +0.7 i-o.7
NOTE - fihen the wind is blowing

normal to gable ends, Cpe may be
0.6 taken as equal to -0.7 for the full
width of the roof.over a length of l/2
from the gable ends and -0.5 for the
remaining portion.
b) Roof on elevated structure
rCENTRAL HALF Cl
GUARTE R
4 i
fiGkIfCiN OF ROOF EEL

THIS LINE TO BE
TREAIED AS AN
EXTENSION of
VERTICAL SUPPORTS
c) Doubly curved roofs
7- 0 0.6
8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
ISr875(Part3)-19a7
TABLE 16 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFIC IE NTS ( C b i’OR PlTCHE D ROeFS OP

MULTI SPAN BUIL DINGS (ALL SPANS EQ&lp, WITH h > w’
( Ckusc 6.2.2.6 )
I w’ J_
J_ _1_ _I_ w’
I w*
I-
w’
-l-
w’
I-
w’
y=h or 0-1~
1
ROOF PLAN
WHICHEVER IS LESS
h,= h,=h
i
I
SECTION
ROOF WIND FIRSTSPAN FIRST OTHER END SPAN LOCAL ~RFPIOUNT

ANR LE ANQLE INT~YIcDI ATE INT~R~~EDIATE
SPAN SPAN
c----t
a e --7 -- C d -- m n x 2
degrees degrees
5 0 -0’9 -0.6 -0’4 -0’3 -0’3 -0’3 -0.3 -0’3 I
10 -1’1 -0.6 -0’4 -0’3 -0’3 -0.3 -0’3 -0’4 I
-0.3 -0.3 \ -2’0 -1’5

20 -0’7 -0’6 -0’4 -0’3 -0’3 -0’3
30 -0.2 -0’6 -0.4 -0’3 -0.2 -0’3 -0’2 -0’5 )
45 +0*3 -0.6 -0.6 -0’4 -0’2 -0.4 -0’2 -0.5 J
Distance
r---- -- h-P---- __-
Roof Wind hx ha h3
Angle Angle
d;reea 8
degrees
up to 45 90 -0’8 -0’6 -0’2
Frictional drag: When wind angle 0 - O’, horizontal forces due to frictional drag are allowed for in the aboye
values; and
when wind angle 0 = 90°, allow for frictional drag in accordance with 6.3.1.
NOTE - Evidence on these buildings is fragmentary and any departure from the casu given should ba
investigated reparately.
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IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
TABLE 17 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS C,e FOR SAW-TOOTH ROOFS OF MUL TI-
SPAN BUILDINGS (‘ALL SPANS EQUAL ) WI TH h > w’
( Clause6.2.2.6 )
ROOF PLAN
Y =hor 0’1 UI which-
ever is the less
hl=hB = h
SECTION
WIND FIRST SPAN FIRST OTHER END SPANS LOCAL COEFFICIENT

ANC+LE INTER~~~EDIATE INTERMEDIATE
e SPAN SPANS
c----Y r--hw-y r---h_-~ C--h--7
a b c d m R x t
degrees
0 +0’6 -0.7 -0’7 -0.4 -0.3 -0’2 -0.1 -0’3 1

-2’0 -1’5
180 -0’5 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.6 -0’6 -0’1 J
DISTANCE
-+.L----_-----~
c------------
WIND h ha ha
ANGLE 0
degrees
90 -0.8 -0% -0’2
210 Similarly, but handed
Frictional drag: When wind angle 0 = O’, horizontal forces due to frictional drag are allowed for in the above
values; and
when wind angle 8 I 90”, all ow for fricti onal drag in accordance with 6.3.1.
NOTE - Evidence on these buildings is fragmentary and any departures from the cases given should be investigated
separately.
30
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18:875(P8rt3)-1987
TABLE I8 EXTERNAL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION COEFPICIENTS AROuN6 CTLiNDkWWL

sTRucTURm3 ’
( CIaucs6.2.2.8 )
-
POSITION OF PRESSUI~E COEFFICIENT,Cm
PEBIPHERY, 0 -
IX DEQREEB
h/D = 25 h/D = 7
I h/D = 1
0 1’0 1.0 1’0
15 O-8 0’8 0’8
30 0.1 0’1 0’1
45 -0’9 -0’8 -0’7
60 -1’9 -1’7 -1;2
75 -2’5 -2.2 - 1.6
90 -2’6 -2’2 -1’7
105 - 1.9 -1’7 -1.2
120 -0’9 -0’8 -0.7
135 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5
150 -0’6 -0.5 -0’4
165 -06 -0’5 -0’4

180 -0.6 -0.5 -0’4
-- I
31
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IS -I 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
T-LB 19 =TBR NAL PRE SSURE COE@FI CI ENT S FOR ROOFS AND BOTTOMS OF
CYLINDRICAL BUILDINGS
( Clause6.2.2.9 )
P
OIREC?TION
Of WIN0
(bl
(cl
COS~FICIE~ OF EXTERXAL PREBSURE, Cps
STRUCTURE ACCOBDIITG O SEAPE
a,budc d
HID Roof (z/H) -1 Roof Bottom
0’5 -0.65 1’00 -0’75 -0’8
130 -1’00 1’25 -0’75 -0.7

_
2.00 - 1’00 1’50 -0’75 -0.6
I -
Total force acting on the roof of the structure, P 1 0’785 Da ( pi - CpePd )
The resultant of P lier ecceotricdly, #a O ’ I D
32
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TABLE 28 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFI CIENTS, Cw FOR COMBINED ROOFS AND ROOF’S
WITH A SKY LIGHT
( Clause 6.2.2.10 )
a) Combined Roofs
- 0. 8
VALUE0 OP cpe
POETION DIRECTION 1 DIRECTION 2
a From the Diagram
Cpe = -0’5, - < 1’5 -0’4

hr
b
Cpe = -0’7, _ _ > I.5
he
I candd See Table 5
see 6.2.2.7
Confinurd
33
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IS t 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
TABLE 21 PRESSURE COEFF ICI ENT S AT TOP AND BOTTOM ROOF OF GRAND STANDS
OPEN THREE SIDES ( ROOF ANGLE UP TO 5” )
( Clause 6.2.2.11 )
(A b: = 0.8 : 1 : 2’2 )
FRONT AND BACK OF WALL
--
8 3 x L M
---
0* -l-O’9 -0.5 +0.9 -0.5
-
45” +0.8 -0’6 +0*4 -0’4
KM
135O - 1’1 +0’6 - 1.0 +0*4
777
-_
180~ -0.3 co.9 -0’3 +0.9

-
60” ‘Mw’ - CpofK = -1’0
7 60” ‘Mw’ - c, Of.3 = + 1’0

Mw
G 1
I
0H
i-----b4
( Shaded area to scale )
TOP AND BOTTOM OF ROOF
-
1
0 B c D E
-- -.-
0” +0*9 -1.0 +0.9 -0.7 +0’9 CO’7 f0’9

* ~- --
45O $0’7 -0’7 -CO’4 -0.5 +0’8 -0’5 f0’3
135” -1.1 -0’7 -1’0 -0.9 -0.9 -1’0

N_ --.-
-0.6 -0’3 -0.6 -0.3 -0’6 -0’6 -0’3
/ 180”
45O ‘MR’ - cp ( top ) = -2.0
-
45” ‘ M B’ - Cp ( bottom ) = + 1’0
35
8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
T-
I8 : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
.5 j.0 a 0.5
tand c 0.2
0.20 <h <30 I I,,, , ,, , , ,,
SECTION
0
_
AA
,,.,
._.
, ,,,
I
, ,
PLAN
( For Force Coefficient Corresponding to Shell Portion, see Table 23 ).
FIQ. 2 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTON THE UPPER ROOF SURFACEOF SINQULAR ChtCr;t~~
STANDINGON ‘1 HE GROUND
6.2.3.2 Buil dings w it h medium and large 6.3 Force Coefficients - The value of force
ojenings - Buildings with medium and large coefficients apply to a building or structure as a
openings may also exhibit either positive or whole, and when multiplied by the effective.
negative internal pressure depending upon the frontal area A , of the building or structure and by
direction of wind. Buildings with medium open- design wind pressure, pd gives the total wind load
ings between about 5 to 20 percent of wall area on that particular building or structure.
shall be examined for an internal pressure coeffi-
Fient of +0*5 and later with an internal pres- F - Ci A, ~a
sure coefficient of -0.5, and the analysis which
where F is the force acting in a direction
produces greater distress of the members shall be specified in the respective tables and Ci is the
adopted. Buildings with large openings, that is, force coeficient for the building.
openings larger than 20 percent of the wall area
shall be examined once with an internal pressure RiOTE 1 - The value of the force coefficient differs
coefficient of -O-7 and again with an internal for the wind acting on different faces of a building or
pressure coefficient of -0.7, and the analysis structure. In order to determine the critical load, the
which produces greater distress on the members total wind load should be calculated for each wind
direction.
shall be adopted.
Buildings with one open side or opening NOTE 2 - If surface design pressure varies with
exceeding 20 percent of wall area may be assu- height, the surface area of the building/structure mav
be sub-divided so that specified pressures are taken over
med to be subjected to internal positive pressure appropriate areas.
or suciion similar to those for buildings with large
openings. A few examples of buildings with one NOTE3 - In‘tapered buildinq/structures, the force
sided openings are shown in Fig. 3 indicating coefficients shall be applied aiier sub-dividing the
building/structure into suitable number of strips and the
values of internal pressure coefficients with respect load on each strip calculated individually, taking the
to the direction of wind. area of each strip as Ae.
6.2.3.3 In buildings with roofs but no walls,
the roofs wiil e subjected to pressure from both NOTE4 - For force coefficients for structures not.
inside and outside and the recommendations shall covered above,
literature on thereference may
subject or be may
advise madebe to specialist
sought from
be as given in 6.2.2. specialists in the subject.
36
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TARLE Z2 =TRRNAL PRESSURE DISTRIRUTION COEFFICIENTS AROdND

SPHERICAL STRUCTURES
( Chse 6.2.2.13 )
-
1-
REMAIIKS
0 4- 1' 0 Ct = 0.5 for Dl;d < 7
15 +0.9 = 0.2 for DVa > 7
30 -to*5
45 -0’1
60 -0.7
75 --I’1
90 - 1.2
105 - 1’0
120 -0.6
-0.2
135
150 +0*1
165 +0*3
180 +0*4
6.3.1 Frictional Drag - In certain buildings of C,’ - 0.02 for surfaces with corrugations
special shape, a force due to .frictional drag shall across the wind direction, and
be taken into account in addition to those loads
specified in 6.2. For rectangular clad buildings, Cf’ = 0.04 for surfaces with ribs across the
this addition is necessary only where the ratio wind direction.
d d
- F 4.
h or is greater than The frictional drag For other buildings, the frictional drag has
force, F’ , in the direction of the wind is given by been indicated, where necessary, in the tables of
the following formulae: pressure coefficients and force coefficients.
Ifh< b,F’=C,‘(d-4h)b@,
s Cr’ ( d - 4h ) 2 hi , and 6.3.2 F orce Corfi cients or Ciad Bui ldin gs
if A > b, F’ - “;‘ -j 4b ) bjd 6.3.2.1 Clad buil dings of uni form section -
4b ) 2 h .
The overall force coefficients for rectangular clad
The first term in each case gives the drag on b urld’mgs of uniform section with Aat roofs in
the roof and the second on the walls. The value uniform flow shall be as given in Fig. 4 and for
of Cr’ has the following values: other clad buildings of uniform section ( without
C,‘ - 0.01 for smooth surfaces without corru- projections, except-where otherwise sho& ) shall
gations or ribs across the wind direction, be as given in Table 23.
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IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
(C) For F = I, use average values

Arrows indicate d irection of wind.
FIG. 3 LARGE OPENINQ IN-BUILDINGS VALUES OF COEFFICIENTS F INTERNAL PRESXJRE )
WITM TOP CLOSED
6.3.2.2 Buil dings of circular shajcs - Force surface varying linearly from a maximum of l-7’
coefficients for buildings circular cross-section Cr at the up wind edge to 044 Ci at the down
shapes shall be as given in Table 23. However, wind edge.
more precise estimation of force coefficients for The wind load on appurtenances and supports
circular shapes of infinite length can be obtained for hoardings shall be accounted for separately by
from Fig. 5 taking into account the average using the appropriate net pressure coefficients.
height of surface roughness E. When the length Allowance shall be made for shielding effects of
is finite, the values obtained from Fig, 5 shall be one element or another.
reduced by the multiplication factor K ( see also
Table 25 and Appendix D ). 6.3.2.4 Soli d circul ar shajes mount ed on a
surface - The force coefficients for solid circular
6.3.2.3 Lox w all s and hoardings - Force shapes mounted on a surface shall be as given in
coefficients for low walls and hoardings less than Fig. 6.
15 m high shall be as given in Table ‘21 provided
the height shall be measured from the ground to 6.3.3 Force Coej ici ent s or Uncl ad Buil di ngs
the top of the walls or hoarding, and provided 6.3.3.1 General - This section applies to.
that for walls’ or hoardings above ground the permanently unclad buildings and to frameworks
clearance between the wall or hoarding and the of buildings while temporarily unclad. In the case
ground shall be not less than 0.25 times the verti- of buildings whose surfaces are well rounded, such
cal dimension of the wall or hoarding. as those with elliptic, circular or ovoid cross-
To allow for oblique winds, the design shall sections, the total force can be more at wind
also be checked for net pressure normal to the speeds much less than the maximum due to
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ztransition in the nature of boundary layer OII them. obstructed, the ratio l / b shall be taken as
Although this phenomenon is well known in the infinity for the purpose of determining K_
case of circular cylinders, the same phenomenon b) Fl at-sided members - Force coefficients’ for
exists in the case of many other well-rounded wind normal to the longitudinal axis of
:structures, and this possibility must be checked. flat-sided structural members shall be as
6.3.3.2 In d i vi d u a l m e m b e rs
given in Table 26.
The force coeficients are given for two
a) The coefficients refer to the members of mutually perpendicular directions relative
infinite length. For members of finite length,
the coefficients should be multiplied by a to a reference axis on the structural mem-
factor K that depends on the ratio I / b ber. They are designated as CI, and Cft,
where 1 is the length of the member and give the forces normal and transverse,
5 is the width across the direction or wind. respectively to the relerence plane as shown
Table 25 gives the required values of K. in Table 26.
The foliowing special cases must be noted Normal force, F, = C,, pd A’1 b
while estimating K. Transverse force, F t = Cft p a K 1 b
i) Where any member abuts onto a plate or c) C i r c u l a r secti ons - Force coefficients for
wall in such a way that free flow of air members of circular section shall be as
around that end of the member is pre- given in Table 23 ( see also Appendix D ).
vented, then the ratio of l / b shall be
d) Force coefficients for wires and cables shall
doubled
K; and fat the purpose of determining be as given in Table 27 according to the
diamater (D), the design wind speed ( f’ti)
ii) When both ends of a member are so and the surface roughness.
h
-_=a a
b
\\I 701 i I I
t
c
a/b -
4A Values of Cr versus -I for $ 2 1
4B Values of Cc versus -: for -a < 1
‘FI~J. 4 FORCE COEFFICIENTB OR RECTANGULAR CLAC BUILDING S N UNIPBRM FLO~V
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TABLE 23 FORCE COEFFI CIENTS Cf FOR CLAD BUIL DINGS OF UNIF ORM SECTION
( ACTING IN THE DIRECTION OF WIND )
[ Cl auses6.3.2.1,6.3.2.2 and 6.3.3.2(c) ]
-i- Cr POX HEIOET/BEEADTH RATJO

-
1 3pro1/2j 1 2 I 5 10 f 20 T
- 1.
oa
, i--
I
,-
I
-
I
All surfaces <6 I I
_-;
0'7 0-i 0’7 0’8 0’9 I 1’2
Rough or with 1
projections >6 I
j.
Ij- I
I
See aim Apppendix c Snzooth >6

1
o-5 , 0.5 0’5
I’ 0’6
- i- _ -- .I. _I.
r
,
--- 1,
>
10
10
I 0’5 I 0’5 I
I
0’5
I
-I--
c-5 j 0.6 i 0.6
-1
I
/ --
0' 7
0’2 j- O- 2 0.2
.j- -
<a / ’
_
0.8 0’8 o-9 1’0 1-l i.3 1’7
Ellipse
_-
i
b/d - 2
I
>8 0’8 u-8 0’9 1’0 1’1 1.3 1’5
I--- --_/___
(4 ’6 ’ 0’6 0’6 0’7 0.8 ) 0’8
r b/d = 1 --_
r/b i= l/3
-- -_
34 0.4 0.4 0’4 0’4 O-5 0’5 0.5
-0
-- --
0.7 0:8 0’8 0.9 1‘0 1’3

b/d = 1 < 10
--
)_
--
r\e - lJ 6 i Ia0
> 10 0.5 0’5 0’5 0.5 0’6 / 0% G.6
-- -1.
<3 0’3 I 0.3 .3 @3 0’3 i 0.3 0’4
-- I
i
>s 0.2 , 0.2 0.2 0.2
--
/d = l/2 All
l/6 values 0’5 0’5 0’5 0.5 0.6 0’6 0’7
r/b =
._
-]-
d
t
i b /d - 2 Al l
values 0.9 o-9 1.0 ; 1’1
d ri b = l/12
-n
I
I -
( Chlintrcd )
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TABLE 23 FORCE COEFFI CIE NTS Ci FOR CLAD BUIL DINGS OF UNIFORM SECTION
( ACTI NG IN THE DIRE CTI ON OF WIND’) - Contd
P~ax SRAPE Vdb Cf FOR HEIGHT/BREADTH RATIO

-
--I
m2;s to 1;2 1 2 5 10 20 ICC /
. - _/--.-J-_-____
, I
I/ I
<6 0.7 0’8 0.8 0.9 1’0 I 1’2 1 ’6 1
b/d = 2
r/b l/4
- -_ _- .I_ __...+__/-I
>6 0’5 0.5 0’5 0.5 0.5 O-6 j 0’6

I
-/- .I- _- .I- -I-

/--“I
r’ (10 0’8 ’9
_-
-0
0.8 1’0 1’1 1’3 1’5
-
u
r/a=113 _
-i-
710 .5 .5 1 0.5 0.5 0’5 0' 6 0’6
va
- . _-- ,-
0
All
-~ r/a = l/12 0.9 0.9 0’9 1.1 1’2 1’3 1’6
values
_- -- _ - .-
0.9 0’9 0.9 1.1 1’2 :‘3 1’6
I
_- I
-_
(11 ’7 O-7 0.8 0’9 1’0 1’2

_- -- ---
r/b = l/4 ~
_-
711 0’4 0.4 0’4 0’4 O-5 0.5 0.5
__/_ _ _--
-I -I
-
0’8 0.8 0’8 1’0 1’1 12 1.4
_- _ - --
_ -_
0.7 .7 0’8 0’9 1.0 1’1 1.3
- -- --
0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1’0 I.1 1’3

- - - I- -/- _I------- -.__
0.4 0’4 0’4 0.4 1 0’5 0.5 0.5
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TABLE 23 FORCE COEFFICI ENTS cf FOB CLAD BUILDI NGS OF UNIFORM SECTION
( ACTING IN THE DIRE CTION OF WIND ) - Contd
P&AN SHAPE Vd Cr FOR HEI ~ET/BREADTH RATIO
up to l/2 I 2 5 10 20 cc
msls _-----
I ’I----
- D ’4:z~
ll
values
1.2
--
1.2 1.2 1’4 1’6
<12 ’7 0.7 ’8 0’9 1’0 1.1 I 1.3

12-sided
_- - )__-
PO1gon
-cl I
512 0’7 0’7 0.7 0- Y 0.8 0’9 1’1
L----d----J
I
-l-
All
Octagon values
.0 1’0 1’1 1’2 1’2 1.3 1’4
-0
~ --
-0 Hexagan
All
values 1’0 ’1 l-2 1.3 1’4
Structures that, because of their size and design wind velocity, are in the supercritical flow regime may need further
1’4 ( 1’5
calculation to ensure that the greatest loads do not occur at some wind speed below the maximum when the flow will be
subcritical,
The coefficients are for buildings without pr ojections, except where otherwise shown.
I n this table Vdb is used as an indi cation of the air flow regime.
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@6
0
14l6 2 3 L 5 6 8 106- -2 3 L 5 6 8 107 2 3 L56 81’
Cf
Fro. 5 VARIATION OF WITH R, 3 x 10’ ) FOR CIRCULAR SECTIONS
TABLE 24 FORCE COEFFICIENTS FOR LOW WALLS OR HOARDINGS ( < 15m HI GH )

( Cl ause 6.3.2.3 )
t bl
I I
ABOVE GROUND h’>,O-25h’ ONE EDGE ON GRUUND

Wind normal to face
-
WIDTH TO HEIGHT RATIO, b/h
Wall Above Ground Wall on Ground 1 DRAG COEFFICIENT, Cf
From 0’5 to 6 From 1 to 12 l-2
10 20 1’3
16 32 1’4
20 40 l-5
40 80 1.75
60 120 1’8
80 or more 160 or more 2’0

-
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SIOE ELEVATION DESCRIPTION OF SHAPE
CIRCULAR OISC
HEMISPHERICAL
BOWL
HEMISPHERICAL
BOWL
HEMISPHERICAL
SOLID
06 FOR V,,O<7
SPHERICAL O-2 FOR ‘ IdO’/
SOLID
FIG.6 FORCE COEFFICIENTSFOR SOLID SHAPES-MOUNTED ON A SURFACE
TABLE 25 REDUCTION FACTOR FOR INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS

[ Clauses .3.2.2 d 6.3.3.2(a) ]
I/b or l/D 2 5 10 20 40 50 100 C-a
Circular cylinder, 0’58 0’62 0’68 0.74 0.82 0.87 0’98 1’00
subcritical Row
Circular cylinder, 0.80 0.80 0.82 O-90 0.98 0’99 1’00 1’00
supercritical flow
( DVd 9 6ma/s )
Flat plate perpendi- 0.62 0’66 0.69 0.81 0.87 0’90 o-95 1’00
cular to wind
( DV,j 2 6m2/s )
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cf sub a force coefficient for subcritica)

TABLE 27 FORCE COEFF ICI ENTS FOR circular members as given in.
WIR ES AN D CAB L ES ( I /D = 100 )
Table 28 or Appendix D,
[ Cl ause 6.3.3.2(d) ]
c t iilbt = force coefficient for the flat
FLOW REW.IE FORCE COEFFICIENT, Cr FOR sided members as given in
~_--_-~-~--_---~
Smooth Moder- Fine Thick Table 28,
Surface ately Stranded Stranded A clrc sub - effective area of subcritical
Smooth Cables Cables
Wire
circular members,
(Galvani- ht = effective area of flat-side&
zed or members,
Painted) A
+ub= rc Bub + Amty and
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
DVa < 0’6 me/s - - 1.2 1.3 Area of the frame in a
QVa 2 0’6 ma/s - - 0’9 1’1 = supercritical flow >
Y
Dvd < 0.6 ml/s 1’2 1’2 - - Ae
Dvd 2 cj m’js 0.5 0.7 - - buildings - This
6.3.3.4 Mu&h frame
section applies to structures having two or more.
6.3.3.3 Singleframes - For ce coefficients for parallel frames where the windward frames may
a single frame having either: have a shielding effect upon the~frames to leeward
a) all flat sided members, or side. The windward frame and any unshield parts
of other frames shall be calculated in accordance
b) all circular members in which all the with 6.3.3.3, but the wind load on the parts of
members of the frame have either: frames that are sheltered should be multiplied by
i) D va less than 6 ms/s, or a shielding factor which is dependent upon the
ii) DVa greater than 6 ml/s. solidity ratio of the windward frame, the types of
the members comprising the frame and the spac-
shall be as given in Table 28 according to the ing ratio of the frames. The values of the shielding
type of the member, the diameter (D), the design factors are given in Table 29.
wind speed (v,J) and the solidity ratio (+).
TABLE 28 FORCE COEFF ICI ENTS FOR TABLE 29 SHIE LDI NG FACTOR q FOR
SINGLE FRAMES MULTIPLE FRAMES
SOLIDITY FORCE COEFFICIENTS, Q, FOR EFFECTIVE FRAME SPACIXG RATIO

RATIO Q r-___-_--*--_____-~ SorJnrTY c_--_____ __*-_-. 40- __‘_
Fiat-sided Circular Sections RATIO, fl ~0’5 1’0 2’0 * >a.0
Members ~--_--~~---~-~
Subcri- Super- (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
tical flow critical flow 0 1.0 1’0 1’0 1’0 1’0
(DVdC6 ms/s) (Dv&% ma/s) 0.1 0’9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1’0
(1) (2) (3) (4) 0.2 0.8 0.9 1’0 1’0 1’0
0’1 1.9 1’2 0.7
0’3 0’7 0.8 1’0 1’0 1’0
0.2 1’0 1.2 0.8
0’4 0.6 0’7 1’0 1.0 1’0
0.3 1’7 1’2 0.8
0’5 0’5 0.6 0’9 1’0 1’0
0’4 I.7 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.8 o-9 10
0’5 i.6 1-l 0.8 1.0 0’3 0’6 0’6 0.8 1‘0
0’75 I.6 I .5 1’4
2.0 2’0 2.0 Linear interpolation between values is permitted.
1’00
Linear interpolation between the values is permitted.
Where there are more than two frames of

similar geometry and spacing, the wind load on
Forcewith
plying coefficients for arequirements
the above single frame not
shall com-
be the third and subsequent frames should be taken
calculated as follows: as equal to that on the second frame. The loads.
on the various frames shall be added to obtain
total load on the structure.
a) The frame spacing ratio is equal to the
+ (1 - Y) +
sub
cr lat distance, centre to centre of the frames,
beams or girders divided by the least
where overall dimension of the frame, beam or
C super = force coefficient for the super- girder measured at right angles to the
critical circular members as direction of the wind. For triangular framed
given in Table 28 or Appen- structures or rectangular framed structures
dix D, diagonal to the wind, the spacing ratio
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should be calculated from the mean dis- Force coefficients for lattice towers of
tance between the frames in the direction equilateral-triangle s’ection with circular
of the wind. members all in the same flow ragime may
b) Effective solidity ratio, p: be as given in Table 32.
p = CJ for flat-sided members.
TABLE 31 OVERALL FORCE COEFFICIENT FOR
@ is to be obtained from Fig. 7 for SQUARE TOWERS COMPOSED OF
members of circular cross-sections. ROUNDED MEMBERS
[
Clause 6.3.3.5(d) ]
SOLIDITY FORCE COEFFICIENT FOR
RATIO OF r----------- h-- _____ --~
FRONT FACE Subcritical Flow Supercritical Flow
(Dvd < 6 mr/s) ( DVd 2 6 d/s 1
r-__*_-_y r---h --7
Onto face Onto Onto face Onto
corner corner
(1) (2) (3) (4) ,(5)
0’05 2’4 2.5 1’1 1’2
0’1 2’2 2’3 1’2 1’3
0’2 1’9 2.1 1’3 1’6
0’3 1’7 1’S 1’4 1’6
0’4 1’6 1’9 1.4 1.6
0.5 1’4 1’9 1’4 1’6
0 0. 1O- 2 0. 304 05 06 0 7 0 8
SOLI DI TY RATI O. 9
TABLE’ 32 OVERALL FORCE COEFFICIENT FOR
FIG..~ EFFECTIVE SOLIDITY RATIO, p EQUILATERAL-TRIANGULAR TOWERS
FOR ROUND SECTION MEMBERS COMPOSED OF ROUNDED MEMBERS
[ Clause 6.3.3.5(e) ]
6.3.3.5 Lattice towers SOLIDITY RATIO FORCE COEFFICIENT FOB
OF FRONT FACE I----- ---- --_-_--_-~
a) Force coefficient for lattice towers of square s+ Subcritical Flow Supercritcial Flow
or equilateral triangle section with flat- (Dvd < 6 m*/s) (Dvd < 6 ms/s)
c__-*-‘_~ r-__A-__y
sided members for wind blowing against any
All wind All wind
face shall be as given in Table 30. directions directions
(1) 2) (3)
TABLE 30 OVERALL FORCE COEFFICIENT FOR 0’05 1’8 0.8
TOWERS COMPOSED OF FLAT-SIDED MEMBERS
0’1 l-7 0.8
SOLIDITY RATIO FORGE COEEFICIENT BOR 0.2 1’6 1’1
cm-_-_-.“-- s-s-7
0’3 1’5 1’1
4 Square Towers Equilater al Tri-
angular Towers 0’4 1.5 1’1
(2) 0’5 1’4 1’2
(1) (3)
0.1 3’8 3.1
0’2 3.3 2’7
6.3.3.6 Tower a@rtenanccs - The wind
0.3 2.8
loading on tower appurtenances, such as ladders,
2.3
conduits, lights, elevators, etc, shall be calculated
0.4 2’3 1’9
using appropriate net pressure coefficients for
0’5 2’1 1’5 these elements. Allowance may be made for
shielding effect from other elements.
b) For square lattice towers with flat-sided 7. DYNAMIC EFFECTS
members the maximum load, which occurs
when the wind blows into a corner shall be 7.1 General - Flexible slender structures and
taken as 1.2 times the load for the wind structural elements shall be investigated to ascer-
blowing against a face. tain the importance of wind induized oscillations
or excitations along and across the direction of
4 For equilateral-triangle lattice towers with
wind.
flat-sided members, the load may be assu-
m ed to be constant for any inclination of In general, the following guidelines may be
wind to a face. ‘used for examining the problems of wind induced
oscillations:
4 Force coefficients for lattice towers of
square section with circular members, all in a) Buildings and closed structures with a
the same flow regime, may be as given in height to minimum lateral dimension ratio
Table 31. of more than about 5.0. and
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a) Circular Structures - For structures circular 8.2.1 Variation of Hourb Mean Wind Speed with
in cross-section: Height - The variation of hourly mean wind
S = 0.20 for bV’, not greater than 7, speed with height shall cbe calculated as follows:
and Vz = Vb h ha ks
= 0.25 for bV, greater than 7. where
b) Rectangular Structures - For structures of P, = hourly mean wind speed in m/s,
rectangular cross-section: at height e;
S = O-15 for all values of b V,. vb = regional basic wind speed in m/s
NOTE 1 - Signifi cant cross wind motions may be (see Fig. 1 );
produced by vortex shedding if the natural frequency kl = probability factor ( see 5.3.1 );
of the structure or structural element is equal to the
frequency of the vortex shedding wi thi n the range of & = terrain and height factor ( see
expected wind velocities. I n such cases, fur ther analysi s Table 33 ); and
should be carried out on the basis of references given in
Note 8 of 7.1. A-s topography factor ( see 5.3.3 ).
NOTE 2 - Unlined welded steel chimney stacks
and similar structures are prone to excitation by vortex TABLE 33 HOURLY MEAN WIN D SPEED FACTOR
shedding. Xs IN DIFFE RENT TERRAINS FOR
NOTE 3 - I ntensification of the effects of periodic DIFFERENT HEIGHTS
vortex shedding has been reported in cases where two ( Cl uuses8.2 and 8.2.1 )
or more similar structures are located in close proxi-
mity. for example, at less than 20 b apart, where b is HE I Q~T T~RRA.I N
the dimension of the structure normal to the wind. m r--------- - ----- ---7
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
NOTE 4 - The formulae given in 7.2.1(a) and (b)
are valid for infi nitely long cyli ndrical structures. The (1) (4 (3) (4) (5)
value of Sdecreases slowly as the rati o of length to up to 10 0’78 0’67 0’50 0’24
maximum transverse width decreases; the reduction
being up to about half the value, if the structure is only 15 0.82 O-72 0’55 0.24
three times higher than its width. V ortex shedding 20 0’85 0’75 0’59 0’24
need not be considered if the rati o of length to maxi- 0’88 0’79 0’64 0’34
30
mum transverse width is less than 2’0.
50 0.93 0’85 0’70 0’45
8. GUST FACTOR ( GF ) OR GUST EFFEC- 100 0’99 0.92 0.79 0.57
TIVENESS FACTOR ( GEF ) METHOD 150 1’03 0’96 0.81 0’64
8.1 Application - Only the method of calculat- 200 1.06 1’00 0.88 0.68
250 l-08 1.02 0.91 0.72
ing load along wind or drag load by using gust
factor method is given in the code since methods 300 1’09 1.04 0’93 o-74
for calculating load across-wind or other compon- 350 1’11 1’06 0’95 0’77
ents are not fully matured for all types of struc- 400 1’12 1.07 0’97 0’79
tures. However, it is permissible for a designer to 450 1.13 1’08 0.98 081
use gust factor method to calculate all compon- 500 1’14 1’09 o-99 0.82
ents of load on a structure using any available
theory. However, such a theory must take into
account the random nature of atmospheric wind 8.3 Along Wind Load - Along wind load on a
speed. structure on a strip area ( A, ) at any height (2)
NOTE - I t may be noted that investigations for
is given by:
various types of wind induced oscill ations outlined in 7 F - Ci A, j& G
are in no way related to tR e use of gust factor method -
given in 8 although the study of 7 is needed for using where
gust factor method. F, = along wind load on the structure at
8.2 Hourly Mean Wind - Use of the existing any height z corresponding to strip area
theories of gust factor method require a knowl- &
edge of maximum wind speeds averaged over one Ct = force coefficient for the building,
hour at a particular location. Hourly mean wind
A e = effective frontal area considered for the
speeds at different heights in different terrains is
structure at height c,
given in Table 33.
Pz = design pressure at height z due to hourly
NOTE - I t must also be recognized that the ratio mean wind obtained as 0.6 vzs ( N/ma ),
of hourly mean wind [ HMW ) to peak speed given in
Table 33 may not be obtainable in India since extr eme
wind occurs mainly due to cyclones and thunderstorms,
G , and is
unli ke in UK and Canada where the mechanism is given by:
ful ly developed pressure system. However Table 33
may be followed at present for the estimation of the
hourly mean wind speed till more r eliable values G= 1 +gfr B (l+b)” + ‘$1
become available.
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where S = size reduction factor ( see Fig. 10 ),

& = peak factor defined as the ratio of the
expected peak value to the root mean E measure of available energy in the wind
value of afluctuating load, and stream at the natural frequency of the
structure ( see Fig. 11 ),
Y = roughness factor which is dependent on
the size of the structure in relation to /3= damping coefficient ( as a fraction of
the ground roughness. critical damping ) of the structure ( see
Table 34 ), and
The, value of (gfr’ is given in Fig. 8,
B background factor indicating a measure
of slowly varying component of fluctuat- grr 0-
d= 4 and is to be accounted only
ing wind load and is obtained from
Fig. 9, for buildings less than 75 m high in
terrain Category 4 and for buildings .less
SE than 25 m high in terrain Cateiory 3,
-e measure of the resonant component of the
P and is to be taken as zero in all other
fluctuating wind load, cases.
BUILDING HEIGHT,m
Fro 8 VALUES OF&r AND L (h)
0. 8
0.6
0.01 -02 -04 .06 .l .2 .3 .L .5 .f 1 2 6 810
CZh/L(h)
F1o.9 BACKGROUND FACTOR B
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0.2
W
$ 0.15
0
c 0.
LI
Q
lL
gJ 0.05
“, O.OL
= 0.03
‘; 0.02
0.01
fo L(h:/vh
Fro. 11 GUST ENERGYFACTOR, E
In figures 8 to 11, SUGGESTED VALUES OF DAMPING

TABLE 34
COEFFICIENT
( Clause 8.3 )
N ATUBE 0~ STRIJCTURE DAMPING
where COEFFICIENT, @
c, = lateral correlation constant which may (1) (2)

be taken as 10 in the absence of more Welded steel structur es 0’010
precise load data, Bolted steel structur es 0’020
Reinforced concrete structures 0’016
Ca = longitudinal correlation constant
which may be taken as 12 in the
8.3.1 The peak acceleration along the wind
absence of more precise load data,
direction at the top of the structure is given by
b = breadth of a structure normal to the the following formula:
wind stream,
h = height of a structure,
where
.pb = v, = hourly mean wind speed at height t,
z== mean deflection at the position
f,, = natural frequency of the structure, and where the acceleration is required.
Lul) = a measure of turbulence length scale Other notations are same as given
( see Fig. 9 ). in 8.3.
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APPENDIX A
( Clause 5.2 )
BASIC WIND SPEED AT 10 m HEI GHT FOR SOME IMPORTANT CITIES/TOWNS
C i t y/ T ow n Ba sic Wi nd S’eed ( m/s ) C i t y/ ow n Basic Win d Speed m/s )

Agra 47 J hansi 47
Ahmadabad 39 J odhpur 47
Ajmer 47 Kanpur 47
Almora 47 K ohima 44
Amritsar 47 Kurnool 39
Asansol 47 Lakshadweep 39
Aurangabad 39 Lucknow 47
Bahraich 47 Ludhiana 47
Bangalore 33 Madras 50
Barauni 47 Madurai 39
Bareilly 47 Mandi 39
Bhatinda 47 Mangalore 39
Bhilai 39 Moradabad 47
Bhopal 39 Mysore 33
Bhubaneshwar 50 Nagpur 44
Bhuj 50 Nainital 47
Bikaner 47 Nasik 39
Bokaro 47 Nellore 50
Bombay 44 Panjim 39
Calcutta 50 Patiala 47
Calicut 39 Patna 47
Chandigarh 47 Pondicherry 50
Coimbatore 39 Port Blair 44
Cuttack 50 Pune 39
Darbhanga 55 Raipur 39
Darjeeling 47 Rajkot 39
Dehra Dun 47 Ranchi 39
Roorkee 39
Delhi 47
R ourkela 39
Durgapur 47
Simla 39
Gangtok 47 Srinagar 39
Gauhati 50
Surat 44
Gaya 39
Tiruchchirrappalli 47
Gorakhpur 47 Trivandrum 39
Hyderabad 44 Udaipur 47
I mphal 47 Vadodara 44
J abalpur 47 Varanasi 47
J aipur 47 Vi jaywada 50
J a.mshedpur 47 Visakhapatnam 50
53
8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
IS a 875 Part 3 ) - 1987
APPENDIX B
[ Clau.se5.3.2.4(b)(ii) ]
CHANGES IN TERRAIN CATEGORIES
B-1. LOW TO HfGH NUMBER determined in accordance with the rougher

( more distant ) terrain; and
B-l.1 In cases of transition from a low category
number ( corresponding to a low terrain rough- b) Below height h,, the velocity shall be taken
ness ) to a higher category number ( correspond- as the lesser of the following:
ing to a rougher terrain ), the velocity profile i) that determined in accordance with the
over the rougher terrain shall be determined as less rough terrain, and
follows:
ii) the velocity at height h, as determined.
a) Below height h,, the velocities shall be in relation to the rougher terrain.
determined in relation to the rougher
terrain; and NOTE - Examples of determination of velocity
profiles in the vicinity of a change in terrain category
b) Above height h,, the velocities shall be are shown in Fig. 12A and 12B.
determined in relation to the less rough
( more distant ) terrain. B-3. MORE THAN O&E CATEGORY
B-2. HIGH TO LOW NUMBER B-3.1 Terrain changes involving more than one
B-2.1 In cases of transition from a more rough to category shall be treated in similar fashion to
a less rough terrain, the velocity profile shall be that described in B-1 and B-2.
determined as follows:
NOTE’- Examples nvolvingthreeterrain catego-
a) Above height h,, the velocities shall be riesare shown n Fig. 12C.
x,=FETCH,h , = HEIGHT FOR CATEGORY 4
-..,. e PROFILE FOR CATEGORY6

-----. PROFILE FOR CATEGORY 2
- DESIGN PROFILE AT A
WIND
DIRECTION
CATEGORY 2
12A Determination of Velocity Profile Near a Change in Terrain Category ( less rough to more rough )
x2=FETCH, h2=HEIGHT FOR CATEGORY 2
..--..PROFIL E FOR CATEGORY .4

L
- --- PROFILE FOR CATEGORY 2 I
-DESIGN PROFILE AT A I I
WIND
DIRECTION
/
/
128 Determination
CATEGORY
of Velocity
L
I--
PioRle Near a Change in Terrain
x2 -*
CATEGdRY 2
Category (more rough to less rough)

Fro. 12 VELOCITY PROFILE N THE VICIIVITYOF A CHANGE IN TER RAIN CATEGORY - Co&
54
8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
ISt875(Part3)-1387
q,=FETCH, h&-HEIGHT FOR CATEGORY 4

x,=FETCH, h,=HEIGHT FOR CATEGORY 1
... . . . VELOCITY PROFILE FOR CATEGORY L

---__ VELOCITY PROFILE FOR CATEGORY 3
_._. - VELOCITY PROFILE FOR CATEGORY 1
- DESIGN PROFILE
VELOCITY VELOCITY VELOCITY
12C Determination of Design Profile Involving More Than One Change in Terrain Category
FIG. 12 VELOCITYPROFILE N THE VICINITY OF A CHANGE IN TERRAIN CATEGORY
APPENDIX C
( Clause5.3.3.1 )
EFFECT OF A CLI FF OR ESCARPMENT ON EQUIVALENT HEI GHT

ABOVE GROUND ( kJ FACTOR )
C-l. The influence of the topographic feature is < - effective height of the feature, and
considered to extend l-5 L , upwind add 2.5 Le 6 = upwind slope in the wind direction.
downwind of the summit of crest of the feature I f the zone downwind from the crest of the
where L , is the effective horizontal length of the feature is relatively flat ( 8 < 3” ) for a distance
hill depending on slope as indicated below ( SCG exceeding L,, then the feature should be treated
Fig. 13 ): as an escarpment. I f not, then the feature should
be treated as a hill or ridge. Examples of typical
features are given in Fig. 13.
NOTE 1 - No difference is made, in evaluating k,
between a three dimensional hill and two dimensional
ridge.
NOTE 2 -In undulating terrain, it is often not
possible to decide whether the local topography to the
site is significant in therms of wind flow. I n such cases,
where the average value of the terrain upwind of the site for
a distance of 5 km should be taken as the base level
L = actual length
the wind of the upwind slope in
direction,
from wind to assess the height, z, and the upwind slope
8, of the feature.
55
8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
IS I 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
veloci:y and viscosity of the flowing medium ( in

this case the wind ), and the member diameter.
DVa
Reynolds number, R, = -
‘I
where
D = diameter of the member,
FIG. 17 WAKE IN SURERCRITICAL LOW
Vd - design wind speed, and
y - kinematic viscosity of the air which As a result, the force coefficient shows a rapid
is 146 X lO_sms s at 15°C and standard drop at a critical value of Reynolds number,
atmospheric pressure. followed by a gradual rise as Reynolds number is
increased still further.
Since in most natural environments likely to
be found in India, the kinematic viscosity of the The variation of Cr with parameter DVd is
air is fairly constant, it is convenient to use shown in Fig. 5 for infinitely long circular cylin-
D Vd as the parameter instead of Reynolds num- ders having various values of relative surface
bers and this has been done in this code. roughness ( t/D ) when subjected to wind having
an intensity and scale of turbulence typical of
The dependence of a circular section’s force built-up urban areas. The curve for a smooth
coefficient or Reynolds number is due to the cylinder ( t/D ) = 1 x 10-s in a steady air-
change in the wake developed behind the body. stream, as found in a low-turbulence wind tunnel,
is shown for comparison.
At a low Reynolds number, the wake is as
shown in Fig. 16 and the force coefficient is typi- It can be seen that the main effect of free-
cally 1.2. As Reynolds number is increased, the stream turbulence is to decrease the critical value
wake gradually changes to that shown in Fig. 17, of the parameter D V a. For subcritical flows, tur-
that is, the wake width d, decreases and the
bulence can produce a considerable reduction
separation point, S, moves from front to the back in Cr below the steady air-stream values. For
of tbe body. supercritical flows, this effect becomes significantly
smaller.
If the surface of the cylinder is deliberately
roughened such as by incorporating flutes, rivett-
ed construction, etc. then the data given in Fig. 5
for appropriate value of t/D > 0 shall be used.
NOTE - In case of uncertainty regarding the value
of c to be used for small roughnesses, c/D shall be
FIG. 16 WAKE IN SUBCRITICAL FLOW ta4en a5 0’001.
58
8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
Bureau of Indian Standards
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harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking-and quality certification of goods and
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Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publication), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
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of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards Monthly Additions’
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
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Printed at Dee Kay Printers, New Delhi, India
8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
AMENDMENT
NO. 2 MARCH 2002
TO
IS S75 PART 3 :1987 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN LOADS OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKE FOR
BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
PART 3 WIND LOADS
Second Revision )
Substitute ‘VZ’ for’ Vd’ at all places.

Tables 5,6,7 and 8 — Insert the following Note at the end of each table
‘NOTE — W and L are overall length and width including overhangs, w and / are
dimensionsbetweenthe walls excludingoverhangs.’
Tables 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14, first column — Substitute the following
matter in the Iast row for the specific values of 6 given therein:
‘for all values of 3‘
[ Page 27, clause 6.2.2.7 a ] — Insert at the end ‘downwards’.
[ Page 27, clause 6.2.2.8 a ] — Substitute ‘-O.8’~or ‘0.8’.
[ Page 27, clause 6.2.2.8 b ] — Substitute ‘-O.5’~or ‘0.5’.

Page 27, clause 6.2.2.9 — Substitute ‘P= 0.785 D2 Cpi - CpC pd’ for the
existing formula.
Page 32, Table 19 — Substitute ‘P= 0.785 D2 WI C@pd for the existing
formula.
Page 46, Table 27, third row — Substitute CDVd <6 m2Ls’ fQrthe existing.
Page 46, Table 28,CO12, second row — Substitute ‘1.8’ for ‘1.0’.
Page 46, clause 6.3.3.3, formula, last line — Substitute
Area.of the frame in a supercritical flow

Y = for the existing.
Ae
[ Page 47, clause 7.l a , third line] — Substitute ‘or’ for ‘and’.
8/13/2019 IS 875 part 3
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“ 7"#1 &" 8+9&") 7:1 &" 8+9&") ”

IS 875-3 (1987): Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other

“ !"# $ %& #' (")* &" +#,-. ”

“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

IS:875 (Part 3) - 1987

@J Copyr i ght 1989

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

53.2 Terrain, Height and Structure Size Factor ( kt Factor ) ... 8

8.1 Application ... .. . ... 49

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

IS t 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

Second Rev i si on)

*Rules for roundingoff numerical values ( rcoiscd.

IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

1. SCOPE IS : 802 ( Part 1 )-I977 Code of practice for

IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

9” shielding factor or shedding frequency; tions such as trees

that height. where Vv is the actual wind speed at any point

IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1387

TABLE 1 RISK COEF’FICIENTS.FOR DIFFERENT CLASSES OF STRUCTURES IN

CLASS OF STRUCTWZE MEAN PROBABLE k, FACTOR BOB BASIC WIND SPEED

55 m/s 90.8 27.3

IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

TABLE 2 k, FACTORS TO OBTAIN DE SIGN WIND SPEE D VARIATION WITH HE IGHT IN

5.3.2.3 Terrai n categori es in r elat ion to th e dir ec-

IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

where NOTE 1 - The coefficients given ’

IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

TABLE 4 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( Cpe ) FOR WALLS OF RECTANGULAR

0 +0*7 - 0.3 -0’7 -0.7 -I} -1’1

TABLE 4 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( Cpe ) FOR WALLS OF RECTANGULAR

Cpe FOR SUX~FAC E LOCAL cpe

I 3 0 +0’951 -1’85 -0’9 -0’9 -I

0 +0’95 -1.25. -0.7

ik;Il>lD1N0 RlX F WIND ANGLE 8 WIND ANQLE O LOCAL COEFFICIENTS

- 0’8 -0’4 -0’8 -0.4 -2’0 -

-1’1 -0.6 -0’8 -0’6 -2’0 -2.0 -1’5 -1’2

0 I -.0.7 -0’6 -0.9 -0.7 -9.n -3.n -9.n

y = h or 0’15 W, whi chever

NOTE - Area Hand area L refer to the whole quadrant.

WIND ANQL E 13 LOCAL Cpe

IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

TABLE 7 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR MDNOSLOPE FREE RQOFS

Overall L ocal Coefficients

0 +0-z +0*5 +1*8 +1-l

5 4- O -0.7 - 1.1 1’7 - 1.8

4=0 -0.9 -1’5 -2.0 -2.1

4- o -1.1 -1’8 -2’4 -2’5

b-0 -1.3 -2’2 -2’8 -2’9

25 4- o -1.6 -2’6 -62 -3’2

30 4- o -1’8 -3.0 -3.8 -3’6

-ve ROCF ANGLE +ve ROOF ANGLE

1 Overall Local Coefficients

,y_ * -0’6 1 -08 j_ -1.3 -1.5 -0.6

$10 -0.5 -0’7 -1’3 -1.6 -0.6

-0.7 -0’7 -1’5 Al.4 -1.4

$I:, -0’9 -1’ -1’8 - 1.4 -2’0

0 +0-z +05 +18 +1-l