1 Hydrogen chloride is formed in the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine. ‘The equation for the reaction is H, + Cl, > 2HCl (@) Each molecule in this equation contains the same type of bonding. "Name this type of bonding. a Covalent ~ all the atoms bonding in this question are non-metals. Bonding between non-metal and non-metal atoms is covalent. (b) The bonding in a hydrogen molecule i strong. Explain why the boiling point of hydrogen is low. @ Hydrogen molecules are simple covalent structures. There are weak forces of attraction between molecules therefore little heat energy is required to overcome the forces. Pere onersy Remember that when you heat a simple covalent molecule to make it a gas you are overcoming Ce ae eon ee eS strong but these remain intact when the simple covalent molecules are heated. Itis only the eae eee (©) Explain how the two atoms in a chlorine molecule are held together. 2) ‘The chlorine molecule is held together by the strong electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged shared pair of electrons and the positively charged nuclei of both atoms chlorine atoms.(@) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in a hydrogen chloride molecule. Show only the outer electrons in each atom. @ = <2 A { \} H 3h cl ji] * 2 ‘You will be awarded one mark for 2 electrons being shared between one H atom and one Cl atom. The second mark is for drawing the rest of molecule correctly(e) Hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water to form solution A. Hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in methylbenzene to form solution B. A teacher adds a piece of magnesium ribbon to each solution. Explain why she observes effervescence with solution A but not with solution B. (3) 20 % @ee Hern wate I-S je?) tin metiieenzone Inaaqieous sve) Hydrochloric acid is produced when hydrogen chloride is dissolved in water. The hydrogen ions and chloride ions dissociate (break away from each other) releasing H+ ions Into the solution, making it acidic. This does not happen when hydrogen chloride is dissolved in methylbenzene. The effervescence seen is due to hydrogen gas being produced. Solution A is acidic so reacts with the magnesium ribbon to produce the hydrogen gas. Solution B is not acidic and therefore does not react with magnesium to produce hydrogen gas so no effervescence is seen. (Total for Question = 10 marks)2. Sodium chloride (NaCI) and silicon dioxide (SiO,) both have giant lattice structures. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound. Silicon dioxide is a covalent compound, Structure of sodium chloride Structure of silicon dioxide ° os @ Na" ea ‘The table shows some properties of each compound. Sodium chloride Silicon dioxide melting point = 801 °C melting point = 1610°C soluble in water insoluble in water conducts electricity does not conduct electricity when molten when molten{(@) (Explain why silicon dioxide has a high melting point. (2) Covalent bonds have to be broken which require a large amount of energy. This is, because covalent bonds are strong. (id) Suggest why the melting point of silicon dioxi of sodium chloride. ‘The covalent bonding in silicon dioxide is stronger than the ionic bonding in sodium chloride. is higher than the melting a (b) State why im chloride conducts electricity when molten. a When molten, the electrostatic attractions between the ions are overcome and the fons become free to move and carry charge. (©) Carbon dioxide is described as a simple molecular substance. State why carbon dioxide (CO,) is a gas at room temperature. There are weak forces of attraction between molecules therefore little energy is a required to separate the molecules. Senay Remember that when you heat a simple covalent molecule to make ita gas you are overcoming en et en a ae) strong but these remain intact when the simple covalent molecules are heated. Itis only the intermolecular forces that are broken3. The diagram shows how the electrons are arranged in an atom of oxygen. ‘Oxygen atoms form both covalent and ionic bonds. (a) Water is formed when two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen. (Draw adot and cross diagram of @ molecule of water. You need only show the electrons inthe outer shells. ® Pn Ee eens ut Pe ey to show that they are being shared. (i) Explain how the covalent bonds in the water molecule hold the hydrogen and ‘oxygen atoms together. 7 @ ‘The atoms are held together by a covalent bond. Ths sa strong electrostatic attraction between the shared pair of electrons and the nuclel of both the hydrogen and oxygen atoms.A diagram of a covalent bond: Attraction Shared electrons (b) The electronic configuration of a sodium atom is 2.8.1 ‘Sodium oxide, Na,O, is an ionic compound formed when sodium reacts with oxygen, Describe, in terms of electrons, what happens when sodium oxide is formed in this reaction. @) Sodium and oxygen bond by ionic bonding which is the transfer of electrons between atoms to form ions. 2 sodium atoms will each transfer 1 electron to an atom of oxygen so each sodium loses 1 electron and each oxygen gains 2 electrons.‘A summary to show the bonding of sodium oxide: en aac) Ee et ea Se ee te eee Ss numbers of electrons moving and the direction they are moving in. Simply saying electrons are transferred from the metal to the non-metal is insufficient. To gain full marks you must say a exactly how many electrons are transferred to the non-metal from the ii) The reaction of sodium to form sodium oxide can be described as oxidation because it involves the addition of oxygen. State one other reason why this reaction can be described as oxidation. a nis loss, reduction is, ‘Sodium loses electrons — remember the mnemonic OILRIG (ox gain of electrons)(©) Explain why water has a much lower melting point than sodium oxide. @ ‘Sodium oxide an ionic compound whereas water is a simple covalent molecule. ‘The attractions between water molecules are weaker and therefore easily overcome ‘whereas the attractions between sodium and oxide ions are stronger and therefore need allot of energy to break. ‘Exam Tip: SIMPLE COVALENT STRUCTURES Remember that when you heat a simple covalent molecule to make ita gas you are overcoming. Sete ae cece eee ce aed strong but these remain intact when the simple covalent molecules are heated. Itis only the ee ec ee (@) A teacher added sodium oxide to water in a beaker. ‘The equation shows the reaction that occurred. Na:0(.....) + H:0(....) > 2NaOH(....) (Insert the appropriate state symbols in this equation. @ NazO{s) + H20(I) > 2NaOH(aq) Soluble metal oxides form alkaline solutions. Sodium compounds are always soluble. The water is the solvent and sodium hydroxide is an aqueous solution.Gi) Some universal indicator was then added to the beaker. A colour change occurred. State the final colour of the universal indicator and identify the ion responsible for the colour change. ‘acd Neutral Axa Final colour: Blue Ei: a ton responsible: OF NaOH is an alkali and therefore goes blue in universal indicator. Alkalis release OH" ions when in solution causing the solution to be alkaline. Alkalis are blue in universal indicator.4 Ammonium chloride contains oppositely charged ions. (@) State the formula of each ion. @ ‘The positive ion is ammonium: NHa* ‘The negative ion is chloride: Cr (b) (i) Describe a chemical test to show that a substance contains ammonium ions. @ Ce ee Ensure that you know the tests for different anions and cations. You should know what chemicals need to be added and the result of a positive test. These are simple recall questions so Dee ae) ‘Add sodium hydroxide solution and warm Test the gas that is produced with damp red litmus paper Litmus paper will turn blue(ii) Describe a chemical test to show that a substance contains chloride ions @) ‘Add silver nitrate solution ‘And dilute nitric acid A.white precipitate will form (© Ammonium chloride decomposes wien heated: NHLCI(s) = NH) + HC\g) ‘What does the = symbol indicate about the reaction? ‘The reaction is reversible — it wll goin both directions (4) The reaction between ammonia and hydrogen chloride can be used to illustrate diffusion with the following apparatus. cotton wool soaked cotton wool soaked inconcentrated in concentrated hydrochloric acid white solid ammonia solution After a few minutes, a white solid appears inside the tube. () Ldentify the white solid, ‘Ammonium chloride When the ammonia molecules and hydrogen chloride ‘molecules reach one another, they react to form ammonium chloride: ‘ammonia + hydrogen chloride > ammonium chloride NHs + HCI-> NHIGi) What does the diagram show about the speed of the ammonia molecules compared to the speed of the hydrogen chloride molecules? @ ‘The ammonia molecules diffuse faster. This is why the white ring forms closer to the hydrogen chloride end of the tube, This is because hydrogen chloride has almost twice the molecular weight of ammonia and therefore takes longer to diffuse through the air in the tube. (@) State the main hazard when using concentrated hydrochloric acid in the experiment in (d). Suggest one precaution you could use to minimise this hazard. Q) Corrosive - concentrated hydrochloric acid will cause severe burns ifit comes into contact with the skin. it can also fume which, if inhaled, will cause damage to the respiratory system. Wear eye protection Exam Tip: PRACTICALS SC eer eeu ee nu hc nc Dee etree Seg eres ree ee etd ‘any special safety precautions that are needed.1 Sodium (Na) and sodium chloride (NaC!) both have lattice structures. ‘Their melting points are shown in the table. ‘Melting point in °C ‘Type of lattice structure sodium 98 iant metallic sodium chloride 801 ionic (a) Complete the table by stating the type of lattice structure in sodium chloride. a) (b) Explain why sodium and sodium chloride have different melting points. In your answer you should refer to # the types of particle the types of forces between the particles in each substance Bondingiin a metal Bonding in an ionic (e.g. Sodium) ‘compound (e.g. Sodium chloride) Sodium chloride is @ compound formed by the metal sodium and non-metal chlorine. When a metal bonds with a non-metal, the type of bonding is ionic. sodiur The structure of sodium is positive ions surrounded by a delocalised sea of ‘electrons There are electrostatic forces of attraction between the positive ions and the delocalised electrons‘sodium chloride: Y The structure of sodium chloride is positive and negative ions Y With electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged ions ‘The forces in sodium are weaker than the forces in sodium chloride. UM edt} AAs long as the question is not assessing the quality of your written communication (QWC) answer longer answers as bullet points. This helps you be cleer, succinct and concise. Each bullet point is Ree eee odes Ifthe question is assessing the quality of your written communication (QWC) it will say so in the CUE Ea ode eu ee Sr instance, you must write in full sentences with correct spelling, punctuation and grammar.(©) The equation shows the reaction of sodium with water. 2Na(s) + 2H,0() > 2NaOH(aq) + H,(9) ‘A sample of sodium of mass 0.138 g reacts with excess water. Calculate the volume of hydrogen, in cm’, produced at room temperature and pressure (tp). [The volume of one mole of a gas at rtp is 24.000 cm’) @ mass number of moles of sodium =e number of moles 32" .006 ‘The equation shows us that for every 2 moles of sodium that are used, one mole of hydrogen is produced. Therefore, the number of moles of hydrogen = 0.006 + 2= 0.003. volume of hydrogen = moles x 24000 volume of hydrogen = 0.003 x 24000 = 72 cm? Volume of gas produced =.....72 salt + water(@) Sodium chloride can also be made by reacting sodium with chlorine gas. Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the arrangement of the electrons in each ‘of the ions in sodium chloride. Show the charge on each ion. Show only the outer electrons. ‘| ©] soditum ion, chloride ion Nat [2,8] + cr 28er Solid X could be: sodium carbonate ‘Acid + metal carbonate ~> salt + water + carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide makes the reaction mixture fiz. (f) Potassium bromide can be made by reacting potassium with bromine gas. Explain why it is difficult to be sure whether the reaction between potassium and bromine gas would be more vigorous than the reaction between sodium and chlorine gas, Potassium is more reactive than sodium (2s you go down group 1 the elements become more reactive) but bromine is less reactive than chlorine (as you go down group 7 the, elements become less reactive).2. The diagram shows the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table. nai mg | a | si) Pe | s | a | ar {@) () Identify an element in Period 3 that forms a basic oxide. a Either: Y Sodium, Na Y Magnesium, Mg ‘The oxides of period 3 elements start as basic on the left and side and gradually change into ‘acids as you move to the right. Sodium and magnesium oxide are basic because they contain (0? ions as they bond with oxygen ionically. Aluminium oxide is amphoteric; it has reactions ‘as both a base and an acid. (i) Identify an element in Period 3 that forms an acidic oxide. a "Any one from: ¥ Silicon, Si Y Phosphorus, P ¥ ‘Sulfur, S ¥ Chlorine, ct ‘The oxides of period 3 elements start as basic on the left and side and gradually change into acids as you move to the right. The elements on the right of the period do not form ionic bonds with oxygen and therefore do not release the basic O ions.(b) Magnesium and chlorine react together to form magnesium chloride, a ‘compound with ionic bonding. The equation for the reaction is Mg +Cl, + MgCl, (Complete the dot and cross diagram to show the arrangement of the outer electrons in the magnesium and chloride ions formed. ‘Show the charge on each ion. (3) ‘M1 correct electronic configuration for magnesium ion and correct charge on the ion. Magnesium will lose 2 electrons to become a 2+ ion. You cans how the ion as having. either 0 outer electrons or 8 outer electrons. M2 correct electronic configuration for both chloride ions. Each chlorine atom will gain electron to become a chloride ion with 8 electrons in the outer shell M3 correct charges on both chloride ions. Chlorine has gained electrons to become chloride. Electrons are negative so chloride ions have a charge of -1 (i) State what is meant by the term ionic bonding. (2) onic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge(ii) Explain why magnesium chloride has a high melting point. (3) Magnesium chloride is an ionic compound. This means there are strong electrostatic forces lof attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Magnesium chloride forms a large lattice structure which contains lots of ions and therefore lots of ionic bonds. Lots of heat energy is required to overcome these electrostatic attractions meaning the melting pointis high. (©) Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide using electrolysis. Calculate the mass, in grams, of aluminium formed when a charge of 20 faradays is passed through aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite. ‘The ionic half-equation for the formation of aluminium is ADS +3e"— Al 2 First, you will need to calculate the number of moles of aluminium: Number of moles of aluminium = number of faradays + number of moles of electrons Number of moles of aluminium = 20 +3 Number of moles of aluminium =6.67 Now use this to calculate the mass of aluminium: mass of aluminium = moles x atomic mass 67 x27 = 180g