LOCATIONAL VARIATION IN STREET PANHANDLING IN LAGOS

METROPOLIS, NIGERIA.

BY

AKINLABI ADEOLU PHILIPS

139054017

BEING A THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
FACULTY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF MASTER OF

SCIENCE (M.Sc.) DEGREE IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

SUPERVISED BY

DR. A. ABEGUNDE

DATE

JUNE, 2015
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Panhandling otherwise known as begging is the act of asking for money, food and any

item of value for which the value will not be reciprocated proportionately. In other words, it is

seen as the practice of imploring others to grant a favour, often a gift of money, with little or no

expectation of reciprocation (Leonid, 2012; Chukwulobe, 2011). Bryson (2004) explained it as

gathering of alms as the solicitation of a voluntary unilateral gift – most often – money – in

public place, while Namwata, et al. (2011), saw it as an act to simply ask people for money,

food, clothes to mention but few, as a gift or charity or without as exchange of services in a

public place. Thus, panhandling, in relation to this study is synonymous to street-begging.

Panhandling is said to be common to every region of the world, though with difference

perspectives. Some cities were identified in the United States and Mexico as having a significant

level of begging activity (Fabregas, 1971; Smith, 2005). Cities in China, particularly Shanghai

have been described as homes of different categories of panhandlers (Including the poor,

disabled, homeless and the professional beggars), which are described as ‘Liumin’ (floating

people) or ‘Youmin’ (wanderers) according to Hanchai and Lu, (1999). The incidence of

panhandling is also reported in Luxembourg and Finland (Jonny, 2010), South Africa (Stones,

2013) and Tanzania (Namwata, et al. 2011) among others. That begging is ubiquitous in

prevalence is an indication that poverty and poor environment exist in every region and this

poses challenges to urban development. That could be why Eyo and Usoro (2007) viewed

panhandling as a national malady that eats into the fabrics of social, economic, religious,

political and educational structure. It is a complex social problem which has multidimensional

impacts on social life and environment. It also has psychological and health impacts on the

2
beggars and residents of where they are found. Aesthetically, it gives bad image to the town, acts

as “human litter” on land uses and their activities where panhandlers roam or settle. The latter

effect must be why Siferaw (2011) said that it negatively affects the town’s tourism activity and

devalue the socio-cultural, physical, environmental and economic qualities of affected

communities. These ought to attract the interest of urban planners in third world nation; hence

this study.

Adedibu, (1971), an early indigenous scholar on this, opined that the problem of

panhandling is more pronounced in the third world countries, particularly the sub-Saharan

countries such as Tanzania, Ethiopia and Nigeria, not to mention but few. In lieu of this, Jelili,

(2006) found that the problem is more pronounced in the urban centres, based on the study

carried out in Nigeria. It was also discovered that the more urbanized a town or city is in Nigeria,

the higher the potential beggars attracted to or generated by it. Considering the level of its

prevalence in the country, the situation of panhandling and its locational effects in Nigerian cities

has not secured adequate attention of urban and regional planners who are saddled with the

socio-physical development of cities, especially in Lagos, the most populous city in sub-Saharan

Africa. As evident in the public places in the environment, panhandlers are found at motor parks,

religious centres, filling stations, markets, road junctions, venue of ceremonies, air and sea ports,

major inter-country borders among others, begging for alms (Ojo, 2005). Studies conducted by

Ogunkan and Fawole (2009) and Namwata, et al.(2011) further confirmed this.

In addition to the locational effects of panhandling in public places is the results of the

work of Jelili, (2006) revealed that it also has environmental implications. According to him,

effects are not only seen in panhandlers’ tendency to obstruct free flow of human and vehicular

traffic but also their high tendency to generate dirty materials either as waste or as parts of their

3
belongings to their regular routes and stations. Along this line, Ayobami, (2013) and Olufowobi,

(2014) believed that panhandlers constitute nuisance and contribute to the poor physical

environment in the places where they are found. Some beggars are noted to always litter their

surrounding with faeces, urine, papers and nylons.

Various Scholars have studied the incidence of panhandling and its attributes such as

their socio-economic characteristics. Others have linked the problem of panhandling to a number

of factors such as poverty (Adedibu, 1989; Jelili, 2006) religion (Hanchao, 1999) physical

disability (Fabregas, 1971; Adedibu, 1989; Jelili, 2006) and culture (Adedibu, 1989, Jelili, 2006).

However, most of these studies have not emphasized on their locational characteristics, spatial-

distribution, environmental conditions and residents’ perceptions to these in their built

environment, particularly in Lagos where this study is situated (Campbell, 2012). Thus, in order

to contribute to knowledge and to make information available on panhandling for the decision

makers, this study aims at examining the prevalence, locational variation of panhandling in

Lagos, Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

One of the highly visible socio-economic and physical problems of most cities in Nigeria

is the increasing incidence of begging and types of beggars. Most of these poverty-ridden and at

times mentally-derailed street persons have taken the advantage of the anomic situation of most

urban centres to remain permanent residents (legal or illegal) of these cities, according to

Adedibu and Jelili (2011).Some authors have closely examined factors influencing panhandling

in Nigerian cities. These include: physical disability, unemployment, religious belief, old age,

lack of caring relatives, and lack of rehabilitation centers. Others are poverty, uncontrolled

4
migration, lack of education, place of origin, lack of adequate residence accident, and

acceptability of begging in society (Adedibu, 1989; Jelili, 2006; Elombah, 2011; Bulksa, 2013;

Bukoye, 2014). The National Council for Welfare of Destitute (NCWD, 2001) also identified six

reasons for panhandling, these are lack of parental / guardian support, lack of parental / guardian

neglect, poverty, disability, socio - cultural misconception, and lack of parental education. These

studies revealed incidences of panhandling but lacked specific references to their locational

characteristics in the built environment.

In the same vein, Ogunkan and Fawole (2009) study on the topic was based on the

incidence and socio-economic dimensions of begging in Nigerian Cities. The study was aimed at

identifying the incidence of panhandling on daily basis in the study area and socio-economic

characteristics of this in the area. However, the issue on the physical characteristics of the

environment where they were found and their spatial distribution in the study area was not

reflected in the study.

Yusuf, et al (2012) work was closely relevant to this study in that they investigated the

patterns of the street begging, support services and vocational aspirations of the people living

with disabilities. The study revealed various locations where the disabled panhandlers are found,

such as entrance of stores, super markets and petrol stations. However, the research did not cover

the aspect of non-disable panhandlers and the environmental conditions of the areas where they

are found, ditto the level at which the incidence of panhandling has affected residents in the

locations in the discourse. These are to be attended to in this study.

Along this line, Osa-edoh and Ayano (2012) also worked on the prevalence of street

begging in Nigeria, while Bukoye (2014) worked on the prevalence and consequences of street

begging among adults and children in Nigeria. These studies focused on the causes of street

5
begging, where the beggars can be found and the consequences of street begging. Nevertheless,

the consequences of street begging on the physical environment of the locations where the

beggars were found in their studies were handled at surficial level because the researchers were

not urban and regional planners. There is a limit at which sociologists and anthropologists can

conduct researchers that have spatial implications; hence the need for urban and regional

planners perspectives on the topic.

Many other past studies (Jelili, 2006; Ogunkan and Fawole, 2009; Olaosun, 2009;

Adedibu and Jelili, 2011; Baltazar, et al 2011; Baltazar, et al 2012; Yusuf, et al, 2012; Jelili,

2013; Onoyase, 2013; Bukoye, 2014 ) exist in the literature on panhandling. As significant

shortcoming of these works, irrespective of their focuses and findings is that none of them

focused on Lagos State which is regarded as the most urbanized city in Nigeria (Ayeni, 1974;

Campbell, 2012). This present research work is to assess the socio-economic attributes of these

beggars, where they are found and why. It is expected to examine the spatial pattern of these

panhandlers, their locational characteristics and the public perception of the panhandling in the

community and the environmental condition of the place where the Panhandlers are being found.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

-With the problems aforementioned, the following research questions are generated for this

study;

-What is the socio-economic attributes of the panhandlers in the study area?

-Why are they found in their locations?

-What is the spatial pattern of their distribution in the study area?

-What are the socio physical characteristics and environmental condition of the locations where

panhandlers are found?

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-What is the residents’ perception of panhandling in their built environment?

1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY

Recent studies have stressed the needs to take issue of panhandling as a very important

one in the growth of our city. Lynch (2005) and Jelili (2013) opined that panhandling or reliance

on panhandling may not drastically reduce unless measures are taken to distort the cycle. In order

to eradicate this anti-social behaviour in Nigeria, the studies suggested that government at all

levels should be proactive to the issue of panhandling by approving disability bill and

implementing it to the full and there should be no discrimination against them in all ramifications

of life, while Yusuf (2012), Ogunkan and Fawole (2009); Amman, (2006) also supported the

argument, that the menace of panhandling is a potential threat to the socio-economic survival of

the human environment and there is urgent needs to tackle the situation by the various

stakeholders. Ayobami, (2013) and Olufowobi, (2014) are of the strong opinions that

panhandlers constitute nuisance and contribute to the poor physical environment in the places

where they are found. Some of them are noted to always litter their surrounding with faeces,

urine, papers and nylons.

According to Namwata, et al.(2010), panhandling is recognized and cast as a ‘problem’

by diverse stakeholders, including the media, politicians, retailers and traders, law enforcement

officers and agencies, welfare and social service providers, the general public and the

panhandlers themselves. Each of them has a common interest in reducing the menace of

panhandling. Though, there are limits to what the agencies and bodies aforementioned can do to

halt or eradicate the prevalence of the panhandling if there are no genuine data and right

information based on the subject. Majority of the scholars that have provided the available

information are the sociologists and anthropologists, whereby the data related to the

7
spatiotemporal, environmental condition and locational characteristics of the panhandlers are not

extremely insufficient. This is why there is need for the urban and regional planner to focus

attention on the discourse.

Adedibu and Jelili (2011) argued that the incidence of panhandling is related to

urbanization and land use and it is believed that attempts to get rid of panhandlers from the

streets should not be without recourse to physical planning. This implies that the urban planner

has very important role to play in halting the prevalence of panhandling in the urban settlements.

Ojo, (2005) discovered that it is no sooner that some of the state governments in the

Nigeria evacuated the panhandlers from their major city than they re-appear. This is believed to

be as a result of the forceful evacuation of the panhandlers which only ‘shifts’ or‘redistributes’

the activity among Nigerian cities, but never addresses the reasons why they take to panhandling

and most importantly, what to be done to get them leave the street. More so, most of the

forcefully evacuated panhandlers tend to resurface when the policy is relaxed a bit according

Adedibu and Jelili, 2011). The numbers of panhandlers recorded in 2009 in Lagos state

according to the Lagos Bureau of statistic (2011) is more than 3000. In 2014 as well, the state

government removed more than 2000 panhandlers from the streets in the state. And it returned

close to 500 destitute to other states of the federation (Vanguard newspaper,

www.vanguardngr.com), while in the last quarter of 2014 in spite of the state’s effort to end

panhandling, more panhandlers still troop into the state daily and this also lead to another

exercise to remove more panhandlers from the streets. These imply that there is urgent need for

attention on the prevalence of panhandling that will involve planning oriented approach in Lagos

state.

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1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

AIM

This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of and locational variation in street panhandling in

Lagos Metropolis, with a view of providing planning oriented information to policy makers on

street begging to attain aesthetically pleasing and healthy environment.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study are to;

i examine the socio-economic attributes of panhandlers in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria;

ii identify and examine the locational and socio – physical characteristics of the environment

where Panhandlers are found in Lagos Metropolis

iii determine the level of prevalence and socio-physical and environmental effects of

panhandling on the residents in the study area; and

iv evaluate residents’ perception of panhandling in the Lagos Metropolis.

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

The study would cover some selected Local Government Areas within the Lagos Metropolis

which include Oshodi-Isolo, Mushin, Lagos Island and Lagos mainland. These areas are selected

based on the presence of various land-uses such as Market, Places of Worship, Filling stations,

Motor Park etc. that could probably attract the panhandlers according to the findings in some

studies. The location and extent of the Local Government Areas are shown in the figure 1.3

(Location of the study areas within the Lagos Metropolis).

9
1.6 THE STUDY AREA

The Location

Nigeria is located in the Western part of Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, lying

between 4° to 14°N and 2° to 15°Eof Greenwich (Adeleke, 2003).See in figure 1.1, whileLagos

is located in south-western Nigeria and it lies approximately between latitudes 60 23′N and 60

41′N and longitudes 20 42′E and 30 42′E. The 180 km long Atlantic coastline forms the Southern

boundary of the state while its Northern and Eastern boundaries are shared with Ogun State. On

the Western side, the Republic of Benin borders the boundary (Balogun et al., 1999).See figure

1.2.While Lagos Metropolis occupies, 2,910sq.km out of the 3,577 sq. km land area of Lagos

Metropolitan Area. The local governments are – Agege, Alimosho, Apapa, Amuwo-Odofin,

EtiOsa, Ikeja, Ifako-Ijaiye, Kosofe, Lagos Island, Lagos Mainland, Surulere, Mushin,

OshodiIsolo, Ojo and Somolu (Lagos State 2003 digest).See figure 1.3.

Socio – economic lifestyle of the people in Lagos State

Lagos state is inhabited predominantly by the Aworis and Eguns who are Yorubas in

Ikeja and Badagry divisions respectively. Generally her ethnic configuration is diverse with

Yorubas constituting 65%, Hausa 15%, Igbo 15% and others 5% (Lagos State website, 2006).

Until recently, Lagos served as the federal capital of the country. She also serves as the industrial

and commercial hub of the country with a gross national product (GNP) that triples that of any

other West African country (Lagos state government, 2006). It therefore, attracts a good number

of in-migrant and immigrant settlers.

Since the days of the Portuguese Slave Traders and particularly with the construction of

the Lagos ports and railways, Lagos has emerged pre-eminently as the economic, financial,

commercial and industrial nerve-center of Nigeria. Lagos is Nigeria's economic focal point,

10
generating a significant portion of the country's GDP. Most commercial and financial business is

carried out in the central business district situated on the island. This is also where most of the

country's commercial banks, financial institutions, and major corporations are headquartered.

Lagos has one of the highest standards of living in Nigeria and in Africa.

The Port of Lagos is Nigeria's leading port and one of the largest and busiest in Africa. It

is administered by the Nigerian Ports Authority and it is split into three main sections: Lagos

port, in the main channel next to Lagos Island, Apapa Port (site of the container terminal) and

Tin Can Port, both located in Badagry Creek, which flows into Lagos Harbour from the

west. The port features a railhead.

The port has seen growing amounts of crude oil exported, with export figures rising

between 1997 and 2000. Oil and petroleum products provide 14% of GDP and 90% of foreign

exchange earnings in Nigeria as a whole.

According to Agbola (1997), the social heterogeneity of Lagos is reflected in the

residential pattern. The urban class structure affects residential patterns in different degrees,

depending on ethnicity, kinship, and time of settlement. Class and ethnicity tend to be inversely

proportional among higher income groups and directly proportional among lower income groups.

Put another way, the higher one’s income, the less important it is to live with one’s ethnic group.

The lower one’s income, the more important it becomes to reside with one’s own ethnic or

communal group. However, this generalization applies to all but one significant section of Lagos

community — the traditional quarter of the city. In sections of Lagos Island, where over 75 per

cent of the residents are indigenes, kinship is still a very prominent criterion of residential

location, and in many cases it supersedes class considerations.

11
 The phenomenon of the urban ghetto is apparent in the Lagos inner city, as is the case in

many Western cities; for exactly the opposite reasons. In Britain or the USA for instance, urban

ghettos result from a middle-class exodus and a lower-class influx. Conversely, in Lagos, the

inner city is dominated by land owning native-born residents living in the heart of the city which

has accommodated their families for generations. These indigenes form a lower-class, while the

urban migrants who provide most of the skilled labour for the commercial and industrial sectors

of the metropolitan economy, are forced to reside in the peri-urban areas of the city

Consequently, the social divisions existing in Lagos are exacerbated by the spatial

distribution of the separate social groups. In sum, the contemporary metropolis is a community

of basic contradictions and various orders of differentiation. Its modernity is anchored on a

strong base of tradition; its prosperity rests on pillars of poverty; its cosmopolitanism cloaks a

society of provincial groupings. Perhaps, most contradictory of all, the oldest and most solidified

segment of the metropolis is, essentially, an urban village which still retains the traditional

characteristics of ethnic homogeneity, communal land tenure, close kinship ties, and primary

group relationships. Lagos, indeed, has dual character.

Incidence of disability and begging in Lagos State

Adejumo and Oyedepo, (2011) posited that the situation of street begging in Nigeria is

appreciated with different categories of beggars found at motor parks, religious worship centres,

markets, road junctions, venue of ceremonies and worst still on the university campuses. The

situation is quite embarrassing with efforts of Lagos state governments in curbing the menace of

street begging not yielding fruits

Chinwe, (2012) observed that as the pace of urbanization and urban growth speeds up,

Lagos State government’s capacity to manage the consequences of undesirable urban trends

12
decreases due to inadequate spending on human and institutional capacities, services delivery,

adequate and affordable housing and job opportunities. The social, economic and environmental

effects of these failures fall heavily on the poor, who are excluded from the benefits of urban

prosperity. Among the symptoms of over-urbanization in Lagos are slum and squatter

settlements proliferation, high unemployment rates, social polarization, incidence of panhandling

and crime amongst others.

The continuous exercise of Lagos State Government in evacuating panhandlers from the

mega-city is considered fruitful by many, it is believed here that the approach is not in any way

positive (Ojo, 2005). It is no sooner that some of the state governments in the federation

(Nigeria) evacuated the panhandlers from the city than they re-appear (Ojo, 2005). This is

believed to be as a result of forceful evacuation which only ‘shifts’ or‘re-distributes’ the activity

among Nigerian cities, but never addresses the reasons why they take to panhandling and most

importantly, what to be done to get them leave the street. More so, most of the forcefully

evacuated panhandlers tend to resurface when the policy is relaxed a bit (Ojo, 2005; Adedibu and

Jelili, 2011). The numbers of panhandlers recorded in 2009 in Lagos state according to the Lagos

Bureau of statistic (2011) is more than 3000. In the last quarter of 2014, Lagos state discovered

that, in spite of the state’s effort to end panhandling, more panhandlers still troop into the state

daily and this also lead to another exercise to remove more panhandlers from the streets. Some of

the beggars are returned back to their various home states while some are taken to the

rehabilitation centers.

Lagos State has functioning programs for beggars, the destitute, the mentally impaired,

and persons with physical disabilities. Two of such centres are:

1) Rehabilitation & Training Center, Owutu, Ikorodu

13
 2) Vocational Training Centre for the Disabled, Owutu

Poverty in Lagos State

Lagos is the most populous state in Nigeria with over five per cent of the national

population estimate. Ironically, it is the smallest state in terms of land mass; the state has an area

of 356,861 hectares of which 75,755 hectares are wetlands. Interestingly, of this population,

Metropolitan Lagos, an area covering 37% of the land area of Lagos State is home to over 85%

of the State population making it a densely populated state. UN estimated that Lagos state will be

third largest mega city in the world by 2015 after Tokyo in Japan and Bombay in India, with a

population nearing 30 million!

According to the World Bank and DFID, Lagos’ 2009 GDP is estimated at N4.163tn.

Lagos which is a mega-city is the largest contributor to the national GDP at 18%. Lagos’ GDP

ranks 6th after Cairo ($98 billion); Johannesburg ($79 billion); Cape Town ($75 billion). Its

GDP equals that of Kenya ($29.5 billion) which has a higher population (30million) than Lagos.

Lagos boasts of a higher GDP than Cameroun ($20.6 billion), Cote d’ Ivoire ($19.6 billion) and

Ghana ($15.2 billion) which have populations of 19, 21 and 24 million people respectively.

The South-west zone of Nigeria is the most prosperous part of the country. According to

National Bureau of Statistics Poverty Profile 2012 which studied poverty incidences nationwide

using 2009 and 2010 data, poverty is classified in four categories; absolute poverty (based on

daily food intake), relative poverty (determined by household expenditure) and purchasing power

parity (dollar per day). 59.1% of the people in the region live above poverty line which is

appreciable given the humongous 77.7% in the North-West region that live well below poverty

lines. 50.1% of people in the South-West survive on about a dollar a day while only 25.4% are

absolutely (food) poor which are impressive compared to other states in the country. Gini

14
coefficients are used to measure income inequalities and in Lagos, a co-efficient of -26.2%

indicates a decrease in income inequalities within Lagos State between 2003 and 2010 -

something the governors should be proud of! Lagos has the highest percentage in Nigeria

(85.4%) of people who can feed themselves. Statistics also indicate that 40.8% of the populations

in Lagos live above poverty lines.

Figure 1.1 Location of Nigeria in Africa

Source: world atlas, 2015

15
Figure 1.2 Location of Lagos State in Nigeria
Source: world atlas, 2015

16
Figure 1.3Map of Lagos Metropolis
Source: Lagos State Bureau of Statistics, 2015

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

There are several authors, scholars and studies that explore the concept of panhandling,

(Adedibu, 1989; Hanchao, 1999; Jelili 2006; Ogunkan and Fawole, 2009; Namwata, et al, 2010;

Adedibu and Jelili, 2011 amongst others). As a Planner, the usefulness of this study would go a

long way in contributing to the physical and socio-economic planning of the society.

2.1.1 PANHANDLING

According to Hanchao, (1999)"Panhandling," a common term in the United States, is

more often referred to as "begging" elsewhere, or occasionally, as "cadging." "Panhandlers" are

variously referred to as "beggars," "vagrants," "vagabonds," "mendicants," or "cadgers." The

term "panhandling" derives either from the impression created by someone holding out his or her

hand (as a pan's handle sticks out from the pan) or from the image of someone using a pan to

collect money (as gold miners in the American West used pans to sift for gold) (Scott, 2003).

Several Studies explore the meaning and concepts of Panhandling and this would be

discussed and reviewed in terms and context of street begging. Begging has been variously

conceptualized by scholars to reflect different ways reasons for begging. In the words of Oxford

Dictionary (sixth edition, 2001) and Jelili, (2006) “to beg” is to simply ask people for money,

food, clothes etc. as a gift or charity. Jelili, (2006) conceptualizes begging to involve not only

individuals but organizations or countries.

Bryson (2004) defines street begging, or gathering of alms as the solicitation of a

voluntary unilateral gift--most often money--in a public place. Street begging is also defined as

an act to simply ask people for money, food, clothes etc. as a gift or charity or without as

18
exchange of services in a public space. In other words, Begging is the practice of imploring

others to grant a favour, which could be inform of gift like money, clothes or food with no

expectation of reciprocation or refund or the act of requesting for money, food or other forms of

favour without an exchange in a public place and in the street where people frequently pass by. It

often occurs for the purpose of securing a material benefit, generally for a gift donation or

charitable donation (Jelili, 2006; John, 2010; Tambawal, 2010; Chukwulobe, 2011; Bukoye,

2015).

The term “street beggars “ or “panhandlers” according to Namwata, (2012) is defined as

individuals, including children, elderly people, people with disabilities, and families, who

normally beg or make their living from the streets or public spaces such as shopping areas,

churches, and mosques by asking people for money and food. Adugna (2006) held the view that

street beggars have generally been categorized in terms of their abilities and disabilities based on

how they make their living from the streets. There were also individuals who did not show any

externally observable deformities or disabilities.

2.1.2 PANHANDLING AS A PROBLEM

Panhandling has been a serious problem confronting many urban areas across the globe.

The situation becomes worse when it confronts urban areas of developing nations. Despite the

pronounced manifestation of this problem in developing countries, people still regard begging as

a normal phenomenon (Adedibu 1989, 25-40; Ogunkan and Fawole 2009, 498-503; Tambawal

2010 cited by Namwata et al. 2012, 133-143; Adedibu and Jelili 2011, 17-24). According to

Bromley (1987, p23-24), modern societies viewed panhandling and the presence of panhandlers

on the streets as a social problem. Many of the systematic efforts to document the problem of

19
destitution and panhandling have come from America. The menace of panhandling as a potential

threat to the environmental, economic and social survival of humanity, societal fabric is evident

(Ogunkan and Fawole (2009, 498-503; CRISIS 2003, 1-9). People engaged in begging

themselves also recognized begging to be a 'problem'. To them, it's harsh, humiliating,

demeaning, degrading and frustrating (Lynch 2005, 521; Rowntree 2000, 1-2). The continued

relevance of begging as both a political and a public policy problem is evidenced by extensive

media coverage of the issue in recent years, together with governmental consideration of the

regulation and governance of begging (Lynch 2005, 520; CRISIS 2003, 1-9).

Although, the panhandling problem is a worldwide phenomenon, it is more pronounced

in the third world countries particularly Sub-Saharan countries like India, Nigeria, Ethiopia, and

Tanzania etc. (Adedibu and Jelili, 2011; Namwata, 2012). The begging problem has to be seen

on the basis of many factors that have occurred over time. Poverty is the most frequent

precipitant of the problem of beggary. Beneath poverty lies the widespread scarcity of resources

needed to lead a proper life. Other factors include physical disability, culture, and the inadequacy

of social security schemes, drug, alcohol and gambling dependencies. The plight of the street

beggars, concentrated more in urban areas of developing countries is becoming worse rather than

better (Fawole et al., 2010; Ogunkan and Fawole, 2009; Namwata et al, 2010; Woubishet, 2005).

Panhandling is recognized and cast as a 'problem' by diverse stakeholders, including the

media, politicians, retailers and traders, law enforcement officers and agencies, welfare and

social service providers, the general public and people who beg. Each of these stakeholders has a

common interest in reducing the incidence of begging. The continued relevance of begging as

both a political and a public policy problem is evidenced by extensive media coverage of the

issue in recent years, together with governmental consideration of the regulation and governance

20
of begging (Lynch, 2005; CRISIS, 2003; Kamala et al., 2002; Maganga, 2008; Petro and Kombe,

2010; Vanguard online newspaper, 2012; the Nigerian Observer, 2014).

2.1.3 REASONS FOR PANHANDLING

The findings have revealed significant relationship between socio-economic background,

physical appearance and panhandling. That is, socio-economic background and physical

appearance have serious influence on panhandling (Adedibu, 1989; Kennedy & Fitzpatrick,

2001, Jelili, 2006; Amman, 2006; Ogunkan and Fawole, 2009; Fawole et al., 2010; Adedibu and

Jelili, 2011; Namwata et al, 2010; 2011 and 2012). The findings supported Jones, (2013) who

emphatically said that violation of childhood innocence, experienced by a child within the home

environment can lead to diseases endemic to the child’s body and spirit, which includes anxiety,

depression, guilt, shame, self-image disturbances, and lack of concentration and sense of

aggression can force a child to leave home and take to life on the street.

Buklsa (2013) also confirmed that family background full of physical abuse, sexual abuse

(particularly in the case of female), emotional abuse and other forms of financial maladjustment

attitude force some individual to abscond from home and subject themselves to panhandling.

From Horace (2009) there is a close relationship between socio-economic background and

panhandling. Homeless charity crisis estimated that over 80 per cent of beggars are homeless

who begged and who are among the most vulnerable in the society and who often trapped in

poverty and other socio-economic opportunities. It is regarded as risky and defaces entire

country.

Some of the factors associated with begging are also follows:

21
Poverty: - The poverty in Nigeria according to Elombah, (2011) increased from 27% in 1980 to

66% in 1996, 1999 increased to 70%, by 2011 it was estimated that more than 85% of Nigerians

live in poverty Elombah (2011) also said that, research carried out by an NGO called NAPED

showed figures on the incidence of poverty in the six geopolitical zones of the country, which

include from North-West 74% of the people are poor and they live on less than one dollar a day;

in the North-East the poverty rate is 78%; North-Central the poverty figure is 70%. By contrast

in the South-West the poverty rate is 28%, the South-South 30% while the South-East of Nigeria

has poverty rate of 23%. It could be vividly seen from the above that, the Northern part of the

country has the largest percentage of poverty rate; this has become a source of concern and

worry in Nigeria. Indication of poverty includes inadequate housing, poor health care,

malnutrition, unemployment and lack of education. These were usually measured with regards to

specific calories intake as well as earnings per capita (FGN/UNICEF, 1990). In survey from

developed countries, it was observed that a child living in a solo-mother family is five times as

likely to live below the national poverty level, especially when both economic and parenting

responsibilities fall on only ‘one pair of shoulders; (UNICEF, 1996). In alleviating their

sufferings 55% of children were sent out as street workers in Nigeria, by their mothers

(FGN/UNICEF, 1990).

Homelessness: - Aye (1996) quoting UNICEF report stressed that 100 million street children

worldwide are homeless, and about 15,000 children in Nigeria alone are homeless. Literature

also shown that 43% of beggars are long-term homeless, out of which 71% of them slept rough

(Horn & Cooke, 2001).Danczuk (2000) found that 80% of people who beg are homeless.

22
Mental illness and Drugs:- in a study by Wolf (2005), some respondents attributed the reasons

for begging to addictive disorders such alcohol dependency (41%) and drug dependency (24%)

while most of the beggars spent money received from begging on irresponsible and unnecessary

items, like drugs, alcohol and tobacco. Similarly, 45-47 respondents experienced drug

dependency, 33-45% experienced problematic alcohol use and 50% had a physical, intellectual

or psychiatric disability (Danczuk, 2000; Jowette, Banks, & Brown, 2001).

Unemployment: A survey of beggars showed that all the respondents were unemployed, with

82, being long-term unemployed (Lynch, 2005), in the Nigerian situation, FGN/UNICEF (1990)

viewed street begging in terms of the economic situation of poor urban families, whereby

children were subjected to working conditions, for the survival of the families involved.

Cultural and Religious Factors: - In Nigeria, begging seems to be a cultural practice especially

among certain ethnic groups. For instance, it is common to see most nursing mothers who have

twins begging for alms in the market places. They believe that children draw sympathy from

passers-by who are moved with pity to give generously so as to help the mothers cater for them

(Gloria and Ayano, 2012). Similarly, among the Indians, it is a traditional practice and a duty to

give alms to beggars, especially the ‘Sadhus’, whose traditional way of life limits any income.

They believe that even Shiva the Hindu god ran his household from begging alms (Wikipedia

Free Encyclopedia, 2015). In terms of religion, Hill (cited Abang 1986:86) opined that alms

giving is regarded as one of the pillars of Islam, where by beggars are believed to bring blessings

to others and in so doing, provides them with an opportunity for earning merit. Therefore, the

wealthy give alms in fulfillment of religious obligation.

23
In Nigeria, the ‘Almajiral’ system of education, which encourages children to move from place

to place, contributes to destitution. According to Mijinyawa (2001), the Almajirai is a system of

Qu’ ranic education in Northern Nigeria, which existed before the 18th century jihad of

UsmanDanfodio. It was observed that the system is now a problem for being responsible for

rural-urban migration (of children in particular), breeding touts and criminals as well as denying

the potential leaders of tomorrow the opportunity of good life (Mijinyawa, 2001). The pilot study

conducted by the National Council for the welfare of Destitute (NCWD) in 408 Almajirai

schools in three towns in Kaduna State, revealed that there were over 30,000 Almajirais in these

towns. This also noted that 21 million Nigerian children are out of school (Formal Education) as

a result of destitution. Similarly Adefowokan, (2007) observed that the ‘Almajirinchi’ refers to a

practice of being an “Almajiri’, whereby young boys study under Islamic clerics. The ultimate

expectations for the boys leaving their families to be become Allah’s servants and to gain

support financially and materially from communities but unfortunately many of them end up in

the streets, begging.

Disability: - This includes physical disability, mental illness, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

(PTSD), depression, substance abuse, and chronic health problems etc. also contribute to

panhandling in the society, Connery, et al, (2007).

24
Figure 2.1 Rationality and Consequences of Panhandling

25
2.1.4 CLASSIFICATIONS OF PANHANDLERS OR BEGGARS

According to Scott, (2002) and Leonid (2012), generally there are two types of

panhandling: passive and aggressive. Passive panhandling is soliciting without threat or menace,

often without any words exchanged at all–just a cup or a hand held out. Aggressive panhandling

is soliciting coercively, with actual or implied threats, or menacing actions. If a panhandler uses

physical force or extremely aggressive actions, the panhandling may constitute robbery. Isolated

incidents of passive panhandling are usually a low police priority. In many jurisdictions,

panhandling is not even illegal. Even where it is illegal, police usually tolerate passive

panhandling, for both legal and practical reasons.

However, Burke, (1999); Horn and Cooke, (2001) in their studies identified three Classes of

panhandling or begging as followings,

(1) Passive Panhandling or Begging – This type involves a person either sitting or standing in

one place with a sign or receptacles entreating donations. In their study, eight (8)

respondents which is 47% engaged in passive panhandling

(2) Active Panhandling or Begging – In this type, panhandlers move from place to place with

their receptacles soliciting money gifts. It was reported that nine (9) respondents that

constituted 53% engaged in this form of panhandling.

(3) Aggressive Panhandling or Begging – this begging technique is one which harsh words

and intimidation is used in soliciting for help. Although this technique tends to be

extremely low, it is said to be a ‘self-defending’ panhandling strategy (Burke, 1999). This

method is responsible for banning panhandling in Australia, England and Scotland

according to him. Burke, (1999) is of the view that people who adopt passive

26
 panhandling style tends to obtain more donation than those who adopt the active style,

whilst people who use aggressive were least successful.

Bukoye, (2014), used another perspective in his classification; he classified panhandler to -

(1) Professional Beggars – the beggars who found themselves in this trade on the grounds of

physical disability

(2) Those who Street-beg on the account of old age

(3) Those who voluntarily forced themselves into the Panhandling class.

With these studies (Burke, 1999; Horn and Cooke, 2001; Scott, 2002; Leonid, 2012 and Bukoye,

2014), |It is discovered that the Bukoye, (2014) classification is based on the condition or

appearance of the panhandlers, whilst (Burke, 1999; Horn and Cooke, 2001; Scott, 2002; Leonid,

2012) classifications are based on the mode or method being employed by the panhandlers.

2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Theory is a mental exercise that usually helps or guides to explain the reasons for a

phenomenon or an event. It is therefore imperative, to employ theoretical explanation of

panhandling as a social phenomenon.

The Functionalists emphasize the way parts of a society are structured to maintain its

stability. They view society as vast networks of connected parts which help to maintain the

system as a whole (Wikipedia, 2015). Functionalists hold that for an aspect of social life to be

passed from generation to generation, it must have been contributing to society’s stability or

promote value consensus among members of a society (Schaefer, 2004).

27
 Articulating the Functionalists view, Ogunkan (2009) observes that begging performs

some identifiable functions to the stability of the society. The existence of beggars helps the

society to “fulfill” social, religious and economic obligations. For instance, some beggar’s device

entertaining method to beg as such they are seen “entertaining” guests at functions. The

existence of beggars also guarantees the higher status of the more affluent within the relatively

hierarchical society.

In almost all religions of the world, alms giving is encouraged, the presence of beggars

help in fulfilling this religious obligation. The existence of beggars also creates job opportunity

not only for beggars but also for welfare care workers, public health experts in the rehabilitation

of beggars.

Jelili (2006) refutes these explanations. He believes that begging does not contribute to the

stability of the society but rather it constitutes environmental and societal nuisance to the society.

Not only is that, begging also a threat to city or national economy.

In spite of these submissions, functionalists believe that begging does perform certain

function that society seems need. However, they do not make judgment that begging is desirable

form of social behaviour but seek to explain how an aspect of society that is so condemned and

looked down upon can survive from generation to generation (Ogunkan, 2009).

2.2.1 VICIOUS CIRCLE OF POVERTY

The vicious cycle of mental ill-health and poverty in low- and middle income countries

The theory of “vicious circle of poverty” is another theory that enhances our

understanding of the continued existence of the panhandlers. Originally conceived by the earliest

development economists, the theory seeks to explain the persistence of poverty in the society

especially in the developing countries, (The MHaPP, 2008).

28
Figure 2.2 The vicious cycle of poverty and mental ill-health

Source: The Mental Health and Poverty Project (The MHaPP, 2008)

There is emerging evidence from low- and middle-income countries that mental ill-health

is strongly associated with poverty and social deprivation. 3-5 Factors that are associated with

breaking the vicious cycle of mental ill-health and poverty living in poverty, such as low socio-

economic status, exposure to stressful life events (such as crime and violence), inadequate

housing, unemployment and social conflict, are linked to mental ill-health. Poverty is also

associated with exclusion, isolation, feelings of disempowerment, helplessness and hopelessness,

which can lead to chronic insecurity and social mistrust, affecting people’s mental wellbeing. As

the mental wellbeing of individuals is eroded by poverty, the available energies within

communities to contribute to nation-building are reduced.

In turn, mental ill-health can lead to poverty: people with mental disability may be

impoverished by increased health expenditure, loss of employment, reduced productivity and the

exclusionary impact of stigma. This implies that if the issue of mental ill-health and poverty are

not tackled it can lead to the incidence of panhandling amongst the people involved.

29
 Another phenomenon is the issue of physical disability; the figure below highlights the

close links between disability and poverty. Disability is indeed both a cause and consequence of

poverty. This relationship is often described as a vicious circle, poverty leading to disability and

disability worsening poverty.

Figure 2.3 A circular way the negative cycle linking disability, poverty and vulnerability.

Source: Department for International Development (DFID), Poverty, Disability and

Development, p.4.

30
Dangerous and unhealthy living conditions, such as inadequate housing, water and sanitation,

and unsafe transportation and work conditions. The absence or inaccessibility (related to

environmental and/or economic barriers) of timely and adequate medical care or rehabilitation.

People with disabilities are confronted with extra costs related to disability such as personal

assistance, medical care or assistive devices. These additional costs increase their risk of being

poorer than others. In low incomes countries, people with disabilities are 50% more likely to

experience catastrophic health expenditure than non-disabled people.

Limited access to education and employment: People with disabilities are more likely to

be unemployed and are generally paid less when they are employed. The employment rates for

men with disabilities (53%) and women with disabilities (20%) are lower than men (65%) and

women (30%) without disabilities.

Social exclusion: People with disabilities often do not have access to public spaces

because of physical barriers, and often cannot participate in political decision-making.

Therefore, poverty rates are higher for people with disabilities than for those who do not have a

disability.

This can be said to be another thinking some of disabled people to venture into panhandling.

However, there is a model, that explains how the issue of the poverty and mental ill-health can

be tackled which would give solution to the incidence of panhandling amongst the able and

disabled panhandlers. The model is targeted at breaking the ‘vicious poverty circle’.

Figure 2.4 Targeted interventions aimed at breaking the vicious cycle

31
Source: The Mental Health and Poverty Project (The MHaPP, 2008)

According to the MHaPP, (2008) the interventions listed in Figure above need to be delivered in

a coordinated manner, and should be informed by good evidence.

The relationship between poverty and mental health, and evidence for cost-effective

interventions should be brought to the attention of policy makers.

- New mental health policy should link with existing poverty alleviation and development

strategies adopted by government. In turn, mental health professionals must lobby for the

inclusion of mental health objectives in development policies and plans whenever

relevant.

- The mental health impact of poverty-alleviation programmes should be assessed. For

example, the impact of child support grants, pensions and employment programmes on

the mental health of recipients should be assessed.

32
 - The recovery and inclusion of people with mental and physical disability in general

community life should be promoted in order to reduce social exclusion, poverty and

panhandling.

- Mental health care users should be targeted for inclusion in employment creation

programmes and support should be provided to community-based income-generation

projects for people with mental disorders and disability.

- For mental health care users whose participation in income generation opportunities is

limited by the impact of their psychosocial difficulties, there should be access to social

grants and other state-supported poverty-alleviation initiatives.

2.2.2 RELIGIOUS PERSPECTIVE ON PANHANDLING OR BEGGING

According to Jelili, (2013), in virtually every religion of the world issues surrounding

alms giving (and by implication begging) are entrenched though with different approaches. In

this section the issue of alms giving and begging as obtained in the scriptures of both Islam and

Christianity (which is the two most popular orthodox religions) is examined. In Islam, “zakat‟

(alms giving) is so weighty that it is one of the five pillars of the religion. Thus says Allah: “And

in their properties there was the right of the beggar, and the Mahruum” (the poor). It is believed

that every “penny” spent for the poor is spent for the cause of Almighty Allah. It is evident in the

Koran, and of course, Islam, not to repulse beggars “And repulse not the beggar” (Koran 93,

33
verse10). The list of those entitled to alms in Islam is not, however, restricted to beggars, but

including all the poor, the captives, those in debt, stranded travelers, among many others. (Koran

9 verse 60). In summary while giving alms is seriously encouraged, begging is not frowned at, if

the need arises. In Christianity, alms giving are also encouraged but panhandling or begging is

silent upon.

Thus says the Bible: “Oh the joys of those who are kind to the poor (are those) the Lord rescues

them in times of trouble” (Psalm 41:1).

“Whoever gives to the poor will lack nothing. But a course will come upon those who close their

eyes to poverty (Proverbs 28:27).

In a way, it could be inferred that, if religions encourage alms giving, they indirectly

encourage begging. The difference between the reviewed religions is in degree and categorical

statement, which are more pronounced in Islam than in Christianity. What the two religions stand

for, however, as far as panhandling or panhandlers, and the poor generally, are concerned is love,

to the extent that it is preached that the wealth of the rich is not considered theirs alone but to

take care of the wretched too. Thus says the scriptures:

1) “I want you to share your food with the hungry and to welcome poor wanderers into your

homes…..If you do these things, your salvation will come like the dawn……Then when you call,

the Lord will answer…. ” (Isaiah 58:7-9”)

2) “And in their property there was the right of the beggar and the poor” (Koran 51:19)”

In another way, judging from the citations above, one may argue that no religion

encourages begging. The two citations above suggest that if the well-to-do understand the

scriptures and their supposed roles in the life of the poor and wretched persons, we would hardly

have street beggars in cities, as there exist in each society individuals who are rich and can

34
singlehandedly relieve a considerable number of beggars and other wretched persons of their

miserable life. This is perhaps why most Islamic scholars that have written on the issue (begging)

affirm that it is a misconception to attribute begging to Islamic culture. They support the

argument with a quote from the words of the Holy Prophet (SAW) to his followers that “it is

better for any of you to take his rope and tie firewood with it to be carried in his back than to ask

people for alms” (Adegbite, 1997). This, according to the same source, does not mean people

should not beg for alms but only when there is dire need for it.

Having explored the opinion of some scholars (Adegbite, 1997; Schaefer, 2004; Jelili,

2006 & 2013; and Ogunkan, 2009) in their studies as well as some other studies by UK

Department for International Development (DFID) and The South African Mental Health and

Poverty Project (The MHaPP, 2008), it is discovered that panhandling which is as a result of the

mental ill-health and poverty is a very serious issue that needs a serious attention and robust

approach in finding solution to.

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the methodology that would be adopted in carrying out the study and

analysis

3.2 Data Collection

The data that would be employed in this study are primary and secondary.

3.3 Primary data

35
 Primary data would be derived from the fieldwork, which would involve the

administration of structured questionnaires, oral interview, focused group discussion (FGD) and

direct observation through the reconnaissance survey. The questionnaires to be administered

would be of two types; one would be targeted at the panhandlers and the other would be for the

residents of the area where panhandlers are found. Information that would be obtained through

the questionnaires are; the socio-economic attributes of the panhandlers in the study area and the

residents’ perception of panhandling in the study area, while the identification of locations, the

assessment of environmental condition and examination of their socio-spatial patterns in the

study area would be determined through the direct observation and measurement.

3.4 Sample frame

The sample frames for this study are the panhandlers and the residents of the area where

the panhandlers are found. The study would be carried out in selected six local government areas

in the Lagos metropolis.

The study would cover some selected Local Government Areas within the Lagos

Metropolis which include Oshodi-Isolo, Ikeja, Somolu, Mushin, Lagos Island and Lagos

mainland. These areas are selected based on the presence of various land-uses such as Market,

Places of Worship, Filling stations, Motor Park etc. that could probably attract the panhandlers

according to the findings in some studies. The location and extent of the Local Government

Areas are shown in the figure 3.1 (Location of the study areas within the Lagos Metropolis).

Table 3.1 Numbers of Questionnaires to be administered to the panhandlers

36
Study No of Average no of 25% (1/4) of the No of

Area Beggars’ beggar per cluster cluster identified questionnaire

cluster (y) (x) x (25)/100 = z To be

Identified administered

(x) (y) x (z)

Lagos 28 6 7 42

Island
Lagos 23 6 6 36

mainland
Mushin 18 5 5 25
Oshodi 15 5 4 20

-isolo
Ikeja 21 6 5 30
Somolu 11 4 3 12
TOTAL 116 32 30 165

Table 3.2 Numbers of Questionnaires to be administered to the residents

Study No of Average 25% of 25% of the average Total numbers

Area Beggars’ No of the building within of questionnaires

cluster Buildings Beggars’ 200m of a beggars to be

Identified within cluster cluster (25 X y/100) administered

(x) 200m of a Identified = z (k) X (z)

beggars’ (25 X

cluster (y) (x)/100) =

k
Lagos 28 26 7 7 49

Island

37
Lagos 23 23 6 6 36

mainland
Mushin 18 18 5 5 25
Oshodi 15 15 4 4 16

-isolo
Ikeja 21 21 5 5 25
Somolu 11 11 3 3 9
TOTAL 116 114 30 30 160

3.5 Sampling Technique and procedure

The multistage sampling techniques would be adopted for the study. The sampling

procedure would firstly entail the identification of the clusters where panhandlers are found in

the study and categorization of the areas according to the existing local government areas in

Lagos state. The second stage would involve selection of four top local government areas where

there are incidences of panhandling as sample frame for the study.

The third stage would involve stratified method, in which each area (cluster) where

panhandlers are found would be identified as strata, and the selection of the sample would be

randomly so that each of them will have equal opportunity. The same sample approach would be

used for the residents in the area. The houses or the commercial activities around the

panhandlers’ clusters would be used as the targeted residents in which the questionnaires who be

distributed to.

38
 The table 3.1 shows the sample size and the number of questionnaires to be administered

for the panhandlers in the study area. The total numbers of clusters of panhandlers identified are

one hundred and sixteen (116), while the clusters are divided into six (6) places based on the

numbers local government areas involved in the study. The 25% of the clusters identified per

local government area was calculated and the 25% was multiplied by the average number of

panhandler per cluster, as identified in each local government area and this formed the total

number of questionnaires to be administered in each of the local government areas. Thus, the

total numbers of the questionnaires to be administered to the panhandlers for the study is one

hundred and sixty five (165)

Table 3.2 also shows the total numbers of questionnaires to be administered to the

residents for their perception of the panhandling in their environment. The sample size was

deduced by identifying the clusters where panhandlers are found in the study area according to

table 3.1. The clusters that fall under the 25% of the selected samples of the panhandlers are

taken and the buffer with radius of 200 meters was generated around each cluster. It was

identified that the total number of buildings that falls within the radius are vary from one local

government area to the other. Thus, 25% of the buildings were taken as the sample size and the

percentage was multiply by the total percentage (25%) of the selected cluster. Thus, the total

number of questionnaires to be administered to the residents of the study area is one hundred and

sixty (160).

3.6 Secondary Data

Secondary information for the study would be sourced from, Maps in order to identify the

jurisdiction of the study area and to locate some other features required for the study, materials

39
such as journals, national dailies, research papers, textbooks and internet would be consulted.

Data from the Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA) and Lagos State Traffic

Management Authority (LASTMA) would be acquired for up-to-date information

3.7 Data Analysis

A variety of analytical tool appropriate for each objective would be employed in

analyzing the data to be collected in the study. It ranges from descriptive to inferential statistics.

Objective one:

This objective is to examine the socio-economic attributes of the panhandlers in the study area.

The information to deduce includes their occupation, gender, income, age, marital status,

educational status, availability of a place where they live among others. These would be analyzed

descriptively through frequency tables, cross tabulation, percentage, and charts.

Objective two:

This objective is to identify the locations where panhandlers are found and examine their socio –

physical characteristics of the area where they are found in the study area. This aspect would

involve the use of Land-use analysis techniques; what are the predominant land-uses of where

the panhandlers are found, what are the characteristics and attributes of the land-uses.

Furthermore, what is the socio-physical characteristics of the panhandlers in the study area; their

sitting arrangements, what are the determinant factors of their arrangements. These would also

40
be analyzed descriptively with the use of frequency tables, cross tabulation, percentage, and

charts.

Objective three:

This objective is to determine the level of prevalence and environmental effects of panhandling

on the residents in the study area. This aspect would explore the level at which the panhandling

is reported and prevail in the study are and if there is a relationship between the incidence of

panhandling and environmental condition of the study area; that is, is there any negative impact

environmentally, with the presence of panhandlers in the study area or there is not. The

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient would be used to identify and explore the strength of the

relationship between the incidence of panhandling and the environmental condition of the study

area. While the use of the frequency table would be employ

Objective four:

This objective is to evaluate the residents’ perception of panhandling in the study area. Their

objectives concern panhandling in their area; their observation, their level of agreement or

disagreement on panhandling in their vicinity and the effects of panhandling in their

environment. These would be done through the employment of psychometric (Likert) scale,

which would involve the specification of the level of agreement or disagreement on a symmetric

agree-disagree scale for a series of responses by the residents of the study area.

41
Figure 3.1 the study area within the Lagos metropolis
Source: Lagos State Bureau of Statistics, 2015

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