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    Week 5.1 Yonca Köksal - Imperial Center and Local Groups

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    ARTICLES att es Ha ben rte, new perspectives on ‘Theta be Aen Cie Oe i, "Seng the Decuet by he Tat” al ony Home: Memory, Seas, rm Tukih Cinema Aa turkey Book evs rh Approaching Otean History A nroductin wa lami Trde nthe 27 fall 2002 NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY (ar Kander SUNT Bingen ‘ee Onc Stans Ester | oder Oak, agai ray ‘ater eral Baas Univer oat Kana, Unter of Wshingtan isan mae, Bae Uno a Roman Ky Unt eat Pa Bao Unrate wt Sonu Me Ent Trier, Fc ok Goon Daten, tar opr epee Unto iy be amos Seal try Pound o Take Tats shy Vong Cad Suman ge So, 80280 Niguaaa ‘Nag? Aton 0S 200011 Fs alo 22 7 0 ee er Tarn Vath Val Ranap Cals Sama Ape No 87,5029 ‘nba preamp Soe Bopces on Try ede and htc ‘Sh eat, Hira Absrace, Vv Prd tab enn 2008 by Numan Matha isan or631673 IMPERIAL CENTER AND LOCAL GROUPS: “TANZIMAT REFORMS IN THE PROVINCES OF EDIRNE AND ANKARA ‘The Tansimat reir peri, nitd withthe alkane eit of 100 an continuing wp unt the Otoran Rain mara 1875, wat Aiport tag nth ongeiation fhe provincial administen ‘St of the Ottoman Empire In erder to nerense rate contre, he ‘tolerating and centaling Tansimat reforms addevved several Sto of amination ncadng the formation of cereal buen hae. epulation ft aletio, andthe para of cl and wn unc deveopment inthe Ottamian provinces ‘The Tantmat period has uray ben Interpreted at top dwn efor prosiss planned st the center and fore appied in the Prova Hower, threes going erate tht approche he ‘efrms as outcomes meaaited between the state ad loa groupe ‘Sra, 1005; Rogan, 109), and thi paper contribute to tha tar tar by emphasing hale noite haracter. Th rfra wer nt Implemented ne planned a he cater, at changed Inthe proces of ppcasen athe leral level withthe foal seu depending on oe ‘tone apd berznining between the imperial eter and lel ra, ‘spec the al ite "in comparing the process of refrm implementation with lca paper maker three smportnt argument Fit emphnins een Sarit nthe refer police se well ntl timate elie resin ineeaingcntalizain abd setiing seal deena “evelopment Sar ave eplied hit nal veatin in orm ‘center periphery elation contrating reforms inthe oe land Empire the Ballas end Ansa, i are the tore were sa ‘el ote fete in eenraliing the administration eving to the (ormatin ofa new bureaucracy (Dassen, 198) Inthe prhers, inctuding Hater Antal and Arab lands sch Si, Palestine ‘nd Lebanon, refrna produced gradual centralization, and lea ‘hots conned bid cnnerate power i te eal di ‘tata Horan, 196; Akai 109) Compara of the ren aime and Ankara wil show Momeve, hat thre was writin ow refr were applied ven i he cre repo of te Otomam ‘mv, and that te variaon was day rested ta the eopose of “Thc emphasis on resol ait bring w tthe second plot of the paper fl there acs ring oir cope: ton and tit betwen he peri central es thro Aut the Tnsimat pro, the sun rom rts warty ‘pendent onstage ton Th way theater {Ho with ne antber an ith tbe Ota tat tha een ni Steed te tection ofthe ref, ytd pit ht depend fnqsniuecapaciy to enn rom lea eopnaes and redefine ts ‘tum pina thought he Taina perio Ths the Fefrms were nota ste appeatan a etry planted ples, ‘ater, hy vad asap wich he Onan sate eed laine prvices with new proedore anderad he Inca eel in desing ew plies. pina variance ad he ioc of taeda rap celtons on ‘eformvatcames waa extplifed in the provines a Edie and ‘akare Bh ths pons mre athe ay an fh ep ad ‘hearer ple, that entation combined wih soa tnd economic development plan, were emloed in bth Ie ‘eoeen he iowa ert and lel pong, "rom 1819 to 157 the prvi of Eire ese tog oil ss bth cal residents and th Ontoman sate Denaifed om the ‘oma The eons forte awe of incremental vers Sericltare and Wade ornnsains, and infrsteucurl improve ment uch we ranaporatn sd communists network sd able badge (Balkan, 1966, Apron, 1990, Bata, 1999. Marve, he Otoman tate wa ble to aia taxation reves snd erese an admin ery aman the lea greranet NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY 109 Im contrast, the outcome of forms wat lat impretsive in the rovnce of Ankara, wher tha tea fete bel ini felon and tx reenue shed iad sce, Wile the eal ai ‘tation was gradual enrlie, the ellie stl nage to ‘many aia posts ln the new bureaueraey- Arable stati leo Show that he eee tax ees fom Ankara wa dw compared that tom Eire The fst rgulr budget of the Ostman empire ‘hat stad all expense and earnings maa published in 129 (Lt 4), fd this budge deuents tx even for bth province 108727379, sure or Ede and 8140.18 gar for Ankara Sener, 150 The eat table igure or Earn was or the ear o 187, hie sw 190891555 eure! whe te nx vate tx statin for Aaa ‘serefiom 184 and he Gre then was til oly 1.86428 gurg? ‘The ort wb difrence boop abou by Ue ref wan the no pubic wrk: by the end the assist pro Ben hed wl devaieped infastuctr,lecuding road ond ler ines, ‘ew schools and pu baldingyvach ne mundial baling lok towers, haple and orphanages In Ankara. nfatrctre ‘email inept Rods snd badges wie et repaired, and rll ‘oad etme to the ty only im the late 18908 Wile fry. autem ‘Sols wee estas mainly with cal ands nthe i of Eae in 1600-178 ala 1096, inthe smote ped thar were com ‘ant quest forthe epi and entrust hel ad od ‘Ankara, but inthe absence of lc fonds the demands remained ‘nme: Loa ident oninouly complained about defences ‘he lel infrastructure: he inc tropa eeeporation ad ig ‘nn eters, the shortage of pub hallgy, and declining ceomeec sod agicltral activity weve constant pribleme(Ortay 1908 ian Gi, ‘alata dirna inthe level ssnamic development cape ‘on the Ina poplin, andthe gpl stato tet Proving. Thee chancterstediferener niencd oa elation thats the way the lal ele intrstd wither ea tars nd with the sate adhe se ine, lal lations ad ling sree, ‘tore al independent neti on rm stem 10 ‘YONCA KOKSAL {In Ankara, economic underievelapment limited tad relations mang al actor, the al lis id nat hae may operate term lines apd salons with oe another. A ew table a Tes er fluc nthe lel niet, bt nthe bene of the development poet, Er in cnt waschracteraed by 8 Compete lite cliged arm colton node Yo sure inte ‘Sonuniecnpetiin, These olin were ily bel on economic Interest, a thy were temporary that thy gover sled ‘erring the specie coor ranmain, Ye thay ala provided ‘ss fr lel conprain on Bhai he rat's development p> Jct, Dirogrdingothale and reigioar origin, resent wed {siting caine to rupet lal cmpignn td tan ete Ta the lowing page [wil st decribed sco-conmi cn tina that proved sondoie tthe emergncs ofa uppare he {his raper in Ankara va an anal of oernry source. The 1 ‘il demonstrate the pact of lal reat ad eo cniton nthe reforms ing archival document for the period 1898-876 leat tthe Prone Mistry Archie a lta Thecus in thin ‘ion il bean pi orks and tation, re pera sent of ‘frm, Finally il bow how the Ottoman center incorporated cal ‘reponse ad adapted pices in elation tothe oa adminis ‘hon beth provinces tot century Brn was lasted in a prt of Eaten Thrace lee ts the independent Grok stead bordering onthe Dee province (the Tuna sly, oughly overng contemporary Balai Sod waz home toa Chistian majority over which the Great power aimed protection eights. ‘Thisprovine extended oer Large fri pains Steed by tre forks ofthe Dane: the Mata he Ar, sb the Bulgaria Crees, an Terk. In Ota ines borders ext ‘om Fle (leva and the Black Se port of Burgas (Brae ino mporary Belgrnin the ortho Gia (Gap) inthe sth ‘Gumetcone (Komotin) in cantemparary Greece snd Tekfurda Tokina Radnt) sn Turkey, rept, ark the meter and alan and fe mpc Ths ela important asa tart Ing put fr Osan exgeons ta the Dalzana 1 was ala ete ne Via Eatin, he amin trade route connecting Aaa Moe and urge. Taaugh the ports of Tafa) ad Bt, ods thom Asian ‘iter reached Edie and contiouedon & Battern and ‘Boop tn sch a Sassen, Dadopest nd Vienna. vena sey wth Lh contary pedro India nd China such se, cet ine and ther wre aval the city, fil trade n manfred demas the main come sett in the een Zachara 1000, ‘Asa rl a the development of trode and emer agers ‘wo ll graupe gained infsene inthe ith cetary: Malin land tenders, ho Ugetereeepied the upper aches of the bourzdae ‘Th landlord were many Main havig cared igh ve land fat grants in caer contre o through tx ellncton (Cows, 1951; Gara, 199), Although landlords were Maan, the majo ‘he population in aioe we nor tai nding Gre, Belo ‘oak edvantge oftheir religowe aflatons and famiarty with ‘chant, th bcoming the loa milemen fr ade Between the Ottoman Eapite and Europe. Throughout the 19h entry, non ‘uthorty of rll leaders and gerbe (on Masi a elector ‘hdr stables who played a mating rl In rts betes he Sata lal mit Several examples the ee is lle 2 ‘her f the dite my be ud the Oman achive sittin enema arene Sie ‘i ie puedes gues ems the Provincial Yeaock the ‘Baiaran church a Pile (Pdi! shih ed ts cntrontation beeween the ne Fe eee ee a ‘YONCA KOKSAL With increasing osnamledovelpmant an the rin of landlode and non Aturlimserchantn the mt syste gradually begat ‘pore often, maintaining tae tes and even forming partnership. ‘Thee coulons and frequent Interactions aso broaght conta oman among diferent mit Scholary stint tha the mi tlm teary apd ad sete Bala, 1888 Ba 1986S ef bpm redota of he province contre ha hee, eopecally aime and Pile, acme cosmopolitan stings ringing pl tom ‘ios rlius and ethnic background tgether in abl ats sch ‘State and Meray ead Balkan, 1965; Pree, 199) ‘other inprtantfeature af helo! ee rrr a 1th cent ty Edirne was the scarcity of perl potable belonging to lea Sjmnaen,Lapdlrde held tax clin pepe inser own fd village, bt thee power ever ascamaltd sac forth {o acume autonomous leader potions? Local notables, the aan fom dynasties suchas tho Daevireadee and Tepedseni he ad cntolled the loeal amination, had een liminatd long Dafore the Tansimt, during Mabmod ITs centraising reforms (Gatatope 1997; Armagan, 1986; Emon, 1000. Mile rang el Intermediaries mech a x ilar aa nan mesbare ware ‘tumerour during the Tensimat. Ahh i competition with oe ‘hate freon vantage thy sa frmed colton and pert Tesh to enhance their commer penton an tation pit Ieges The ection below on pble works and tortion wil present ‘ome examples of conten famaton rm ached ‘During the Tandinat the Oman rte lowed an ingrtonst pale in Bro, meaning that rect itervened inthe sens of {nual an pleat the lal eve: Beson fo hate rans pale nla che central ication of hie proses inthe Balhane and ita majrsty on Muslin population, ad the desire to NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY 13 prove to th Raropan powsrs that twas capable of administering oeMualim pepustione The sate tas povided vew shoals om polo anganiatons, oder hareaversy, ple Baling, aod apr ‘ara andeonomi develoman plane the province, "Th prosper ofthe loa lite enabled it to supplement the stata projects ith monetary and labor contbutona, or which ts Somber ere abe to ogunie quickly in times of need. AIROWR ‘har bilityt frm tre coalitions aerot rlicos apd ete ound ‘rhe oneat oa spat for tf pies whose advan taave Wore undertoad his inspiring coperaton Examples of hit {copra willbe pve inthe oto of pce and texan a ‘etioned shove, bt fst tonomie ondiione al lal relatos i "he 180 entry proving Ankara willbe desebed nthe fing ‘ho 19th anturyprovne of Anarene in Contra Anta, sharing borders wi the provinces of Konya, Sia, Kastsnne Hadaeenigae® During the Tania the Pench djaromen yee, ‘vs aape which vied lel administration nto provinces Marae ‘healyegannd inte subunit: dct, nbn, ad vllage ‘his proven tho nade the ist of Ankara tho cesta tet of he peovine) ae wel a thc of Basak, Gorm, Kayser, Kang, he nd Yond? The provins war lected in scue ton Central Anata sp he mrt of ppalton wa Ml wh ‘Amenian Grae, and Jewish tin ool Tom dt canard rot ie te Tosa. hd of 1 YONCA KOKSAL cin center inthe 170 tad 18h stig Ankar ot si ance ater the Otome mart was opened to cheap Drs elas ‘Gem 198 ‘renemie underdevelopment combined with unfavorable climate conditions t hinder the emergence of mineral agriculture ‘hrvughou the Tort pero dvuhts spurred migatinf ther ‘Stor in Weston Anatoli, Population deine was thar a fetor ingeding dana and csnaniedevlopmentKunerlp 1897. Te Tank o's regular tanrporitonoctrrk capable of ringing ea ‘he reson to the world marke ls impo the emerfece ef ‘wslhy landlords and mechan Ax reported inthe moots of Teel revdents, thor as anal merdant an trade cornmuniy in ‘Ankara, but it was acoved community of an Maclay mainly ‘Atmenian and Greek merchant apa, 168. ‘he tad Tloescl stractare tn tra oan, where te Sour They interacted in the economic ates of diy ie but ‘mained spartan thls ve, Ti sol roan fe ‘Sunes nat confirmed in Bumpea tae erature fm he 19h ‘entry (Mordiman, 1095; Akpnar, 1090), wl Avram Galas hi teryf Aekare (151) sng both Oteman and Jewish omeniy Sk rental et th late ween filam eatin ‘An analyse of ile ptons rm the Pra Minity Archives Cab petitions are thse se tem re oa een om ‘aris ae fea dminitrtinsed tothe ner eter ‘Thy cover such open a campaata abst tnation ote ofl ‘luntary cntibtions to pale rks, and contat or dactent ‘rth the almineraton, Ea pton records hn ame osopation, Sod sal fie sgatroe. A large umber uch pins gad by NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY us residents on diferent eligi and ethic backgrounds deme ‘ints beh the equeny aoa rong thos diloret commune ‘SS thi ability to mae sora cima a the ame fh oalty xu of tho and religous dierncen ily-sven calcve potions bearing the sgstre of 10 oF more ul eidente may Be bund inthe Otoman prove eis or the province of Ankara. Mains and nom Afsime ut thelr signa ture tgeter on 42% al auch petitions We find he se number (st) feallective pion nthe archives rom the proving af Eire, ot fl 9 of those mor ig Alin and nom Mk re thong pte fete and relioas boundaries. The prevalent at- term in Ankara pate pttonng frm th varius en and ve more evidence ofthe nied capac for ‘Speke forthe pe ond. ‘Pomomicheciwaroee in Ankara thus hampered the emergence ane elite group inthe form of merchant and trades and the ea ministration emai in he had of exiting oa terme ‘ey, generally members of otable fais, Loa aie opel Imperial conte and al groupe The member of hie fay ld of ‘lps auch a governor ad tax clacton pig well at ‘Scaring lol counel membershipe™ Laser families sh Bethe ‘ennecitndes tnd Mslaaden provided lied sipervisian in thle Feces thregh local cane! membership and administration ps ‘ons tak elton ht and Ieaereip rls inthe mtlement of ‘madi to inthe province "The Ottoman sate di ie oer those cl ntermedirin a Challenge to thir ale Even he preeminent aly the region, the ‘Cabbareades, had teen ly to the Ostman state since Sli tampts to forma ew army (Ook, 198) apd cal ntermodiaree otinaed to ecupy stat fas ding the Tnsimat There were m0 crea a un mem ang Tat Oa 08h us ‘YONCA KOKSAL “nog fr srtai reels beso which the Ottoman tate aplod {he prfred lng satay war extra: the centr elected mt ‘much revenue as povnble witht dict intervening el rl ‘Sons, tmp 0 rearanon neal adeahip trate (by lint. Ing id termes) were ined, ae was the tate invest dos end een evelopment poeta fn Ankara, ol otble omen remain i onto the local ‘amination, ination tthe lnk of ation among the alte Sn mapper of lor projects, cme to create srt tht id ret uppotd by ingnous ntatves In he net son! wll “The impact of Local Relations on Reform Sceat: ‘Pabile Works and Faxation Several cae fem the Oman archive latte ho a ol sion litated rr effort in Edie at wel as how he Ich Inet support prevented the inpemetation orf Akar vil present example rm two malo areas of the Taina refers, Uh interesting a earuree of eetalaatin: pubic work dt soln. The area of pubic mers reveals the cpa apt of "efrms sinc sient oqunty made requests or improvements it Ina nentractre such se somtniction and traepocation ot ‘ork he ater croc for traportng rps dstan mare nd pale bildinge such as municipal fice, hepa schele amd ‘rphanages, alo which were gery wel eed loa popula: toner the serves hey provided "Yet the swe of pu works was aig imped in dma of ‘neni tate ote with pew rads ad lar ine, th pee infematen abou lea ele, AL the cme ime pai ings loplayed he prec af he tate at the ea! el onthe ‘ghd lck towers bing among the more wile ins ofthe ake Inthe loa! andcape. Seas and spas bly the ste pode [NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY im mpi conter. The centralization of community series wa vious I) pte sure of contention betmeen the peril enter end ea rep erin to the entation of thee serio, yt cor tention wasnt geerlly the al otaome of hee interact. The {nine for kcal groups and the central tte ten enough eon ‘Tihs number af eer ples proving t be of atl ena Ts contrat te puble wrk, fo which lace oppor nd operation ‘i more ily, tuatlon reveals the entation character te ‘rma. Increasing tte revenue tough taxation man are ete ‘et the resistance flea gro However, ae ea rope, uch ‘tax cletor enafted fom tx nereanes. Tux elim ofc ts the lent centralized aren of he Tanstmat administration. i {i clear, ving pad prearranged amount clase frm lee reridents aecrdng tothe train aytem, anid Yo wore rng the Taninatbeause centri append tax alte alld “The ive far clacton a Hine and Ankara crete mach on tention betwen the imperial center and lacal groups Ta bath rovncs Lal intermediaries contind to snta a calectinn, but {a ene tx allectonyiied greet returns whe tan slleton Companies, bringing several tar callers tgsther mthin sng Company raed varie the end ofthe peri ns fw ares, ac ‘en ctestin tx clleion was eh to apcaltra copertve Aww devlopment he Tait em cnperatines nee 3 ante "Ata rue, oeal upper in the frm of oth mentary cits and labor was on ingot revues nang completion ofthe pale ‘ork projects nthe prove of Edir Stmepuic ung pres ‘Tere iplemented thragh puis campaign to eel coue tack 90 {veo rgniing tem in sappreafthe Ottoman t's eal ‘nd eeonie development pans, Lnal resident conrad Yecse "hey needed rondo each word ret od pubic bldg echo espa nd achat tar sr hr community, td inceaing wort, e=eclly the schon pened ty the mits independent af ua YONCA KOKSAL rope and thie development advanced imaltansly withthe ate esienta of Ankara needed om rode and poe budings ax mucha th oer Barn, bt they id at frm lives fly tease ofthe Hinited exert tviy and Indy and te toned above A cern numberof prasperus natal amie, ch ‘the Cabbarzaes of Ankara, contbated tothe publi good Wy on. ‘rung mous and inne ab by eenting endowment ak ore ‘nd afer the ansimat (shay, 1904. Yee tention were bt sulfcien to geerte cll naive forth spp of Aeelpment projects inthe abnnc f nperaion and support mine Toa tos uch prot nthe ilowing page he varying orl cal cooperation an their impacts em fore oct ‘ve iatrated with several examples fom the ares of public Pale Works A comparion of pracedings fom the annual provnil coun smetings fom Eira and Ars forthe 15659 peri shows how Ia etrbtione facial vf suse. Annual pina ah lis wore a inovation of the Provincial Law f 1964 Coonce st ‘ver lee ef ministration fm yt ewe ad village vel exe ‘since the begining ofthe Fanaa, sad weve repanabe for ‘SUministratve mater uch ae a allen, pine murs (anging disor mayor) to smaller own, tad th sarin snd rep af balding and rode "The 1864 Prva Law bad roganized the de srctre of dint itch the al pring pn Sil governor, by making the lca! cone more centralized. Each ttn hac) ow sont to repesetatives to the provincial ‘thee the nasal provinial sunci wees h. Thowe epevenies ‘oper their dertande on a rad ange oer nach asta Pals, tanation, ple werk, ad the miscnduct of ate lial ‘The records ofthe domands wore sent othe Meclos Vala tm Istanbul rom where they were reprted tothe revant mlniiin ‘The central government tok thee demand ily, and the mini [NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY a9 +n inte Oteman abe The dani gape se seri the rorponses tom the eeier au reported in the SSeS nares Sige septa 9 sre os ate nthe Coop of he fac eval ming sonore tpt Paediatr ape cna into ees "phe preceding of th Ankara enonciscontrant with haw of sare Erte etn ol copra Sebel conc cea br edema ropa Wa ae overran ewes cosa ates a ‘eee Soper aeons shar CIEE detent et nn unl a rapt esi nent tr te nt tc of ar nul our meting st Shs ct inte Te rato te pei (accosted roap she ope tae wee eo gh he tons {PR nts Hwee th cel td he pop ‘Sf Wedel thy ean en ene ‘Sern ptr ens ald ot eed itis sitet: Hepa ton aso ‘Sunil; sn tha he gw lowed cl nt ‘rt clon lio un Hongo cid at {Seve notencd spy pratense “ving ond ely una) octet pute preecta “mone the ois ether clan wa propel or the rstion ‘ll residents soe or providing eet and loans to Ue new onevr this ws ate development in espns tate ruling ‘eqn the Garman fll bak in each provi. he Baan ‘srs eater Dain, 96 laa cottons mold tbe framing fr he arses were 120 YONCA KOKSAL iran paying intown rnd eomsteeton 1 There was limited Tiel suport fr the construction othe tlgraph twine ese residents of ay willingly nated wood an abr fer ul {ngs wiegraph ine. The Oman stat greraly provided mast of te fing forthe cnstrction 9 telegraph ie, whe a foreign co ‘rocton company completed the rae fom Ietnbel 9 Ankara Poblie works ctvty was at Himes contentions inthe Ankara ropa, a8 the expansion of state tel met the reistanceof bal troupe. When the sat ought twstend telegraph lines to region {shattd by semi nomads ibe, ibe mamber, are that coer ‘leans tetverta ween iyo ncesing sata vn a wits ee ‘nherwieattmptd to potent the eotracton of teraph lines, ‘ition to rbbing paler Tn contra ta the result ofthe Ankare meting, above, Brae provi couel meting evidence opto eoperaon and wl Ingnot to suppor pableprtte Meeting zeeord sow thi re sens willing ntebued money and la forthe pete ad ng ‘zed pb campaims old avr pbl baling "The 1866 annua! Eire enunall cued the constriction of « epi, an orphanage, and mutary brace on vac state and lot othe old place This we maior serakng sine ned the simtanous oatrcin of several bangs Altea teat ‘pproved the construction, eel not sf tod tem ‘ley barack were ven print fr soar teases. Loa nha ‘ants user reopens fr he pital nd ophana, he r= ‘ror alo cotebting tothe campaign baling stnes It er from the repartee palace Sins constrain ple ul ings was lrg eased ot by Eire inhalitat, antl previa council mectings bcm important ple exo unde fr ube ‘temas among wealthy amber the omnis. “Nome druments related rod ostrton may be ond in ‘he Otzaman archive. the province dire loa inhabitants [NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY mm won nd grees wrt the centro tain ead oration ferme and local resident wilingly undertook tet funding. or mpl, the saint ofthe tow of ekfordap alternatively ‘Tatra er Ret nce nay snd Bea cnsrcing rods {hae tom. Teeferdagts tw coun then wrote othe nar eo [Rothe yb-leavng he road efisbedat am bur tance om the {Gee The ate revonde by ordering at thn east eed a ‘Siri sns peur enourage el fer or onan ‘seep fe and send cteary os mar arrest higher ‘Santy pen ren hh the ae was doprately bt fraction jest funda uaon the Raina suns equ o al fase = inj rnd tom he town Pb fo Hasty Te rade and me ‘cco Hato grand baat were pried py fr read ‘sida the torn ss he Fc ashy end wan ingrtant foe scurty reasons Wt remained the tate’ eoponabty Thi ‘cals shov hin hae po vis of cnertin ever alsa ‘ea areas of repent, the Osman ate crenel lty ‘Te monary bene Rate nd alae of epost for ‘he tnnaporas network wast eay to drew Rade wor rca {hae the ete, ab als pera oa for rae tal Droduta tothe market Most ilager and owas were eng 0 ‘cand their rnd rent, and mort rede of Ere proins Sietrng tly pay br rn, bg sd prt entoton fc ‘ercant of Sry, pat town in he Marna Se, represented ht then ath anal pec esl ening 16h, che meme of Isl eset bg ht he gat that trap od od pone rom sano em sep nSrky. St conpany tz hn nly fe th eal ey sp, Sk Bey pr nally guarentee 300 gay sey Jo se inet the company ating Bening toed Ue Seong Seon nesnated elle tesapritin ek ad im YONCA KOKSAL In contrast inthe provino of Ankara neotation oer roads etnaen the perl ster nd alten were msl ited the inhabitant’ amt to epgrae th tan oh and fourth expo tad onc ner, ce he war away to esve Boal lp Tor the sate ying thatthe rads to te twes ad lag Were crs for sur onser When the fain hs reqs ty ‘ined tht thy add et nde bctne fin, a hat wit nt new rods fa send emake they meena marie aoe Arvest snsns The fate mat qlee in handing these cms ‘neta sne cone rdaip ld oad Yo mane acnteatsbd poe ‘ile reeln The sate ene investigator om he entero recarch the srt impertance of then rods nd the decison to nance ‘om ns explained rv oun datas ‘ath eapoct and vsstance to the centrtaton of pub wok ‘rere evi tthe al lees eempied nth ee of chong [ito the sate strove t amalgamate higher eden by eeting ‘ined enraliment shun fe Ottoman tet fom iferen lous thd tae beckgrouds chosing, epecall primary edstion, or the ow par eal int han heme, ach comer ‘aed and managed it we acho, bapa and id etn Fn aby ts own turgernie ® Thin dasentaland schol spt had a ‘hal ipa ons nas that rvdets tee iterate in Ottoman, at ‘tell ain foreign lng inode to trade wth Burpenn mere ‘Nant the ter na that te an Main chelation ‘desloge within their communitn Ths, he enponerest of oe ‘Munim oman rested calenge or tate ae under gen ropes tate, a increasing cntections with European copa ‘Taken twgher, there conde du loa ch chance fr the ‘Nemavaf he Ottoman citeneip pret. ‘onation wa another mesure of grou ented state ‘eo Traionaly, tea were etd in Kind by lal tax lire [NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY aa io bi crain amount the right dos. This pte contnoed ‘Wing the Tancint A lf expernent (190-1841 ith central “Speited an clos (nuhasn fed when they proved abl to SEEN the completes of lal tx olcton. Repistron and cn: ‘Rite Teotng indivi’ wealth and sre were nadeguate, and [i senor os el taneporatin etek vas very it te eeaeper tone in kind (eg rnin) to the imperil center, Thus, [stn cls resue heir activin without Ul in 14 “Tn electra eet tensins sng Ul resents tx cles, andthe stat inst Eres Ankara Te new elton eicded ‘th am nce In ate contrary to lal reset espetations, Tn okara, several complaints wer regterd rearing elit in taveast, Comps yer fered mises power yo. tours std tax clue im ene example an investigation fund the pveroar of he own af Aahopr gy f eeting tae fr hime, iu mei omaha town athe provnce of Ankara ‘othr ate vowed complaints brag against a eertain Hack ‘spit Ag al council uber sd impart nea the om ministration of Kang. He enjoyed good relations withthe newly opined oral govern Soke Be a sited him th ial {Enka nleting tones om te qnsrsctted Yeni tie in 1888 However complaity sarod aba ise af veri tht be pd the new governor were overtaing. They were alo acosed of “ing invlved in he slave trae y sling rar ciden as pervants ‘ote by tranaering the tl mitra te another leat? tut Hac Sexy remalned nares, te #86, coemieine sent fom the center opred thatthe eins of Hang were polarized ‘dived it to carps oes Sy war a ental plage i hie ‘vtvenes and had bon tire in epanisng ir supporters * ‘ane a rl ton to cnfinonaest ho mar response for ‘rnor abused hia per by atempling te colet taxes lent Apparent, residents ad the goer dir ver mhetber ot fe urs Oe a a Maw, Pe YONCA KOKSAL mer tee beteen Ein an Akash af oe yo Be text orm tn sat pte ax oes cand evr vent sa eee oe anther ed leasing ter esson ‘tttahnc Aue Pir He And vss nb [din toma tnd th nd taro onan in Ei Fever o in calor the ty o Ene tte ow of ‘oso an nar ae He wor sh ocr os inthe tof Salyer sd a toon rion at theta obo Hesuned ten econ ote he ttn Mun fcesSo h ery bd en ‘Summ ct way ot ols who won ak sce {SUmtva yest hem tele Hove i icin thle lps one nd ome pla hen {Tut ae tereen Ha Abe Aeon Gr rhe ‘vor vam edo ere Gr ante Ee ‘i'n se Ae ed ese al ae asthe trang cap lip ping wa hat ctr ara on Heese et eon mera Sertraline ove fa ‘cme he oe ror iannings ti, Dest Rae ‘SUiablce oon co nent dt ‘San nts eth he bleed faa soe eed STG ConG entero l Shennan trent veal ply aang he ‘ol ety Ove a lar ret ort tht Cea ip anny a ring a Cromer comple he eter: apcal whe Gos Boy ea Cetd nt oer ho en see ee | | | | | tundbldng, als roquesed bei frm the tte which ordered an ‘vetgten® The coer both Hae Abed Agu and ens Bey ‘tet tthe frequent interactions between the Muslin ad on ‘Satin bite regarding tax clon "The geographical expansion of Hack Ahmed Aga and Mustafa Cezar tation pevioges was impreive No sch actor in Anka, ‘Son menters ofthe Cabarzde family a ble extend cote 6 ‘many remote twa by Ui means For example, «member af he Casini faa, Cabarsade Vly Ag, tagether with his partner, Shyarsat atx calactor forthe tow of Kane in 18520 Yu he ‘Minces fhe Cabbarede fry were stialy Lied tech ony {Yonge and neghhring Kanai Whe [was anal let any ‘heuments aboot tx eller nance in mre ditt towns, dee ‘eens on tx callers ire forming alae with elton ia ‘Rats af the province ware numero th archive, “Another example of competion and coalition hang was du sented nthe ae of Enis Bnd, et By, a Hanan By of Phe Pl then 4 stein the pene f Edie) Enis Bends Sl Unt Dey wera the wealthiest nls Fb They aed ‘ipa and were pata he rllous brenucraey (maderi. Han Bey par fom sel fay, a member the Fe analy, sala are caleto Although his wealth oar nota great tha St iso lett, he wae alton the wealthier residents of the ‘econ. Bis Bnd and Hasan Bey tnperated to secure tate mone {hry aid iae as fr the spt of eaten, Athogh te Incl ene aa suppne to be rsponable or titing this 3 Pat rp it i Tet Der DNL) sept at eyo ls ee eo dl ose ‘ie tetera nadernet te Soe apm Kae Cayun and Ga nd ml ote lag of Agro Hi Py -YONCA KOKSNL oral proacin, it eins did ot have to ave hi an 9 aaa per inne aration Rae, ter abr ovo pov atemprary work le “fhe company weld fo nvantgnus for Hi ctr -rpmeld eae tobuyeserd mae cele th cme, Tee commen tulget would provide a sft nti ines of hard IEA Nox'taeleyination loo meant tat rates woul ls Mey see om 13s LAD on he tal profactn, Altman time ompny acy ce ie i iat eed NetTappad the de os letv empeny In fc the concept inet previa inet, of he greta operative ws ‘ayo nthe Otoman some away erasing roe. {elton agus exe lal operation "cata documents esta olin uling wong lel es cs tam Eames nthe etn of ere ompesition rere ‘Ror fotateaincaced sate venue hrouph ex callin © nthe eeesTarbth puis mrt sod tnatin thse dncurene it th Sten formation, ich nar ita tate rere, Whe te Sg rr eel ec 9 wp rr nals {he Few tht continous mepotation betwen he sate od a {oupeseompanied sd gave shape to the peso rim evo eta plantation sd that in el acres ‘lor among fue hina cmpetv ee expel of forming eal Slim ac fate he er pro “Te nbn etn is challenged he ener cep iw the ‘tantinat reoonn ata topo process of change bY examining ‘Tita th espn oon group, eal core epecialy She Sanna am sim ci ek tv les inthe ehapig ial ‘mentation ad seeps a efor paces fen baring with the ‘hon alte pbc gn. Tere tecton rae on the ate SEAR hit tne Coma ae tonto reponse ito oan, [NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY 19 sn ltmpted to nseprate the al lites the rf prc, otibing and efi it poles asordingy “The Learning Proves ofthe State ‘The Tania foes were planned nthe ct Dat odd in ae preenr ef pps inthe provieesTatsinatatemen bad 4 ‘era von rte admiration fhe emp ba thi sin con ‘ened eco tans at the nea levee St of lee were tov nnigh resource ste pets uch x rstacton ot ‘Taaporttnn and nmmunieatonnetorka and proving for > ‘mia intl develope. “Anthertngrtant lation wes cial. Clr ere doesnt nro ens nd belts ruling prc that meroed fom dayoday tretnn Cate ota ate ster. Rater I contantly being produced trogh daly pean (Wht, 1982) The old alin pact ad rod oa dinitrate paragm hich allenged ers ot nrodcng ew rliag practi the ‘mT ng gy ao nsw nro ‘heron, rife leer anda nllors athe erie fro in rovinans. Tov ators were ven of) yoston in the new 3raueracy and appointed o scad at member ola sosne (Gra 8 200) Th che was npn by hie sae ‘ce ied he gp the provi intranet Ing al otble ye, ich te Oitmaa al at fd 'strportd tabs nd employed them nthe new barauersy Nore importantly, howeer: thc tarno tt be ng lo ling ater. enabled the sate to evi within the od ‘estos wil bering fromthe aac recived fom eal ‘Soup Ashe ste aged with sate na moor wh Sing al herman pa of os talsing ministration during the Taint. Using teeter ‘enantio cult are ed iantabiiy andthe fre othe 10 YONCA KOKSAL centration proses bt lure wo othe stems cachemeyer Sot Evans, 108 the Ottoman xample framed Sine period (theo te Tans) ue of eet lemon produced po tive snl the arm pes “Ar eampl of tking ral responses int account wa he incorpe ation of el intermediaries int the stata administration, a for ‘Spl, nthe eat years of tho Tanna, Ue appointment of el [overnos fom enn notable fale Ths prose ent hand a Find with the sentralanion f the province administration. The misitrative divans within each province remained the same, From province (lay to dart sana), towns or rabies (aes) small owas (nahie) an willage (tre) However, the Ne ‘real ander tee sdiiatatie dvs wos rete Prior {othe rfarme, even small owns ond vilge communicated rey ‘rth the ingeralceter witha estacting the towns or een Drovinsa to wish Shay longed, With the efi, these rete {ued communication fra moe efi adinitetion in which ‘nfrmation treed in an orderly eb Merarealfcion Trough ‘ever decree, th eter proiitel the det camino of al ‘nts wih tbe eter earl nmi and pl iss, Ponce ‘orth hey no Sat ave etc prvi grees a ‘The tate pine provincial grernos frm sng igh ening state fleas; astietGaneat) goverors, or haymalans were Aecreased a the lower lovle of burenucrac. Disrct also Bad from tnene lol eridets, Tewnlval ecto have mde) ‘wee appoint by the pron orermar Twas dered that pain- Cll goveroeewoul we madir rm amon oa ibaa, Score with the ging wiedr tat Inhabitants fae With Taal pasties woul be more bp to the state administration. In

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