NSTP-CWTS 2 MODULE

CHAPTER I
LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT

A. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, the students are able understand the following:
1. Qualities of a good and effective leader;
2. Assuming responsibility and accountability; and
3. Leadership and Command.

B. QUALITIES OF A GOOD AND EFFECTIVE LEADER

Part of growing strong as a leader is through expanding our personal qualities. When
we are not strong in a particular quality it is also wise to seek the contributions of
others who are strong in that quality. This asks for a complementary team. The well-
organized person can help to complement the creative person, and the person with
the sense of humor can complement the serious-minded person.

Courage : Does not hide from challenging or scary situations.

Creativity : Thinks of many different ways to solve challenges.
Loyalty : Stays true to friends and family or team members.
Honesty : Speaks truthfully; acts sincerely.
Self-regulation: Control emotions and sticks to decisions.
Forgiveness : Accepts shortcomings of others without anger.
Compassion : Thinks of how others are feeling.
Intelligence : Learns quickly and thinks of good solutions.
Determination: Focuses on goals and works hard to achieve them.
Enthusiasm : Has lots of energy and excitement for life.
Humor : Sees the lighter side of life and helps people laugh.
Fairness : Treats people fairly and advocates for their rights.
Generosity : Gives freely of time and possessions; demonstrates kindness.

C. ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY

What is Responsibility?
Responsibility can be shared among the whole team and tends to be ongoing
for the duration of a project or task at hand.

What is Accountability?
Accountability is individually owned and is what takes place after a situation
has already occurred.
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Comparison of Responsibility and Accountability

Where accountability is what happens only after a situation has

occurred, responsibility is usually ongoing. Being held accountable is personal
and individual, meaning it cannot be shared and belongs to only one person.
Conversely, responsibility can be shared and divided among team members,
collectively working towards a goal.
Accountability means taking ownership of the results that have been
produced, where responsibility focuses on the defined roles of each team
member and what value they can bring to the table because of their specific
position. Where accountability is results-focused, responsibility is task or
project-focused. Lastly, an explanation is expected (and maybe even owed)
when being held accountable, but it is not expected for a responsibility.

D. LEADERSHIP AND COMMAND

Leadership, defined as ‘the process of influencing others in order to gain their

willing consent in the ethical pursuit of missions. It includes humility, integrity
and moral courage. Leaders have an ethical claim to the authority of command
only by unflagging integrity. People who are not leaders will, on occasion, be
appointed to positions of command.

The nature and scope of command authority varies from appointment to

appointment and increases with rank. Authority derived from an appointment
is specific and related to the responsibilities of a particular posting.
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INDIVIDUAL EXERCISE

I. REFLECTIVE ESSAY
Reflect on the following questions and provide your own answer on the
space provided.

1. In accomplishing a certain task, should the leader be help accountable

to his/her subordinates? Why?
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2. How does accountability differ from responsibility?

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3. Assess yourself. Do you manifest any of the qualities of a good and

effective leader? Name at least one and how do you show this to your
subordinates?
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 NSTP-CWTS 2 MODULE

CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION TO BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

A. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, the students are able understand the following:
1. Essentials of being a first aider;
2. Managing an incident;
3. Assessing a casualty; and
4. Different medical conditions.

B. ESSENTIALS OF BEING A FIRST AIDER

First Aid
Refers to the actions taken in response to someone who is injured or
has suddenly become ill. A first aider is a person who takes action while taking
care to keep everyone involved safe and to cause no further harm.

First Aid Priorities

▪ Assess a situation quickly and calmly.
▪ Protect yourself and any casualties from danger and never put
yourself at risk.
▪ Prevent cross-contamination between yourself and the casualty
as best as possible.
▪ Comfort and reassure casualties.
▪ Assess the casualty: identify, as best as you can, the injury or
nature of illness affecting a casualty.
▪ Give early treatment, and treat the casualties with the most
serious (life-threatening) conditions first.
▪ Arrange for appropriate help: call 911 for emergency help if you
suspect serious injury or illness; take or send the casualty to the
hospital; transfer him into the care of a healthcare professional,
or to a higher level of medical care. Stay with a casualty until
care is available.

How to prepared yourself?

▪ Be calm in your approach
▪ Be aware of risks (to yourself and others)
▪ Build and maintain trust (from the casualty and the bystanders)
▪ Give early treatment, treating the most serious (life-
threatening) conditions first
▪ Call appropriate help
▪ Remember your own needs
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C. MANAGING AN INCIDENT
In any emergency it is important that you follow a clear plan of action.
This will enable you to prioritize the demands that may be made upon
you, and help you decide on your best response. The principal steps
are: to assess the situation, to make the area safe (if possible), and to
give first aid.

Assessing the situation

Evaluating the scene accurately is one of the most important factors in
the management of an incident. You should stay calm. State that you
have first aid training and, if there are no medical personnel in
attendance, calmly take charge. All incidents should be managed in a
similar manner. Consider the following:

▪ Safety What are the dangers and do they still exist?

▪ Are you wearing protective equipment? Is it safe for you to
approach?
▪ Scene What factors are involved at the incident? What are the
mechanisms of the injuries? How many casualties are there?
What are the potential injuries?
▪ Situation What happened? How many people are involved and
what ages are they? Are any of them children or elderly?

Making the area safe

The conditions that give rise to an incident may still present a danger
and must be eliminated if possible. As a last resort, move the casualty
to safety. Usually, specialist help and equipment is required for this.
When approaching a casualty, make sure you protect yourself also.
Remember, too, that a casualty faces the risk of injury from the same
hazards that you face. If extrication from the scene is delayed, try to
protect the casualty from any additional hazards.

Emergency Service Scene Organization

First, the area immediately around the incident will be cordoned off the
inner perimeter. Around this an outer perimeter, the minimum safe
area for emergency personnel (fire, ambulance and police), will be
established. No one without the correct identification and safety
equipment will be allowed inside the area.

The emergency services use a system called triage to assess casualties.

All casualties undergo a primary survey at the scene to establish
treatment priorities. This will be followed by a secondary survey in the
casualty collection point. This check will be repeated and any change
monitored until a casualty recovers or is transferred into the care of a
medical team.
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D. ASSESSING A CASUALTY

There are three aspects to this:

▪ First, find out what is wrong with the casualty
▪ Second, treat conditions found in order of severity—life-threatening
conditions first
▪ Third, arrange for the next step of a casualty’s care. You will need to
decide what type of care a casualty need.

Mechanism of injuries
The type of injury that a person sustains is directly related to how the
injury is caused. Whether a casualty sustains a single injury or multiple injuries
is also determined by the mechanisms that caused it. This is the reason why a
history of the incident is important. In many situations, this vital information
can be obtained only by those people who deal with the casualty at the scene
often first aiders. Look, too, at the circumstances in which an injury was
sustained and the forces that were involved.

Monitoring vital signs and level of response

When treating a casualty, you may need to assess and monitor his
breathing, pulse, and level of response. This information can help you identify
problems and indicate changes in a casualty’s condition. Monitoring should be
repeated regularly, and your findings recorded and handed over to the medical
assistance taking over.
You need to monitor a casualty’s level of response to assess her level
of consciousness and any change in her condition. Any injury or illness that
affects the brain may affect consciousness, and any deterioration is potentially
serious. Assess the level of response using the AVPU scale and make a note of
any deterioration or improvement.

A—Is the casualty Alert? Are her eyes open and does she respond to
questions?
V—Does the casualty respond to Voice? Can she answer questions
and obey commands?
P—Does the casualty respond to Pain? Does she open her eyes or
move if pinched?
U—Is the casualty Unresponsive to any stimulus (i.e. unconscious)?
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E. DIFFERENT MEDICAL CONDITIONS

(See attached manual from page 89 onwards)