Questions to discuss

1. What is emotional intelligence? When did the term “emotional intelligence”

emerged? What are the definitions of emotional intelligence proposed by
different scholars?
At the beginning of the 1990s, the first scientific articles appeared on a new
phenomenon of psychology - emotional intelligence. (Mayer & Salovey's first
introduced the concept of emotional intelligence)
Salovey and Mayer: the ability to understand emotions and feelings of others.
They based the emotional intelligence on five different components such as self-
awareness, self-control, motivation, social awareness and social management.
Osman Titrek: Emotional intelligence consists of individual, personal, social
competence and skills which help individuals cope successfully with the incoming
pressure and demand.
Emotional intelligence (otherwise known as emotional quotient or EQ) is the
ability to understand, use, and manage your own emotions in positive ways to relieve
stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges and
defuse conflict. Emotional intelligence helps you build stronger relationships,
succeed at school and work, and achieve your career and personal goals. It can also
help you to connect with your feelings, turn intention into action, and make informed
decisions about what matters most to you.
Emotional intelligence is also important for both translators and interpreters. In
general, an EQ gives translators and interpreters an ability to recognize what a client,
author or reader feels or requires, and finding ways to handle and transfer their
perspectives. If we talk about translators, here an EQ can help understand the author's
and reader's emotions and attitudes in order to get a good final product. Since the
translator is inextricably linked with the author and his readers, if the translator will
understand their emotions, he will tune in to the same wave with them. In
interpretation, I think it's a little different, since here the interpreter's emotions can
influence the emotions of the speaker and the audience. But again, if he can control
his emotions, or even better to separate the emotions of the audience and the speaker,
then he will also do his job well.
2. What are the abilities and skills inherent to the people with developed
emotional intelligence? How do translators use these abilities and skills in the
process of translation? What are those aspects of emotional intelligence that are
applicable in translation studies?
If you're emotionally intelligent you have the ability to:
1 Identify what you're feeling
2 Know how to interpret your emotions
3 Understand how your emotions can impact others
4 Regulate your own emotions
5 Manage other people's emotions.
Improve self-awareness
Manage stress
Boost self-motivation
Build empathy
Make good decisions
Communicate effectively
Develop relationships
Some people naturally inherit high EQ but it's a skill that you can practice and
develop. By practicing emotionally intelligent behaviours your brain will adapt to
make these behaviours automatic and replace less helpful behaviours.
Skills: self-esteem, stress management, perception of emotions and expression,
empathy, social awareness, assertiveness, adaptability, self-motivation.
Emotional intelligence is quite important for both translators since an EQ gives
translators and interpreters an ability to recognize what a client, author or reader feels
or requires, and finding ways to handle and transfer their perspectives. If we talk
about translators, here an EQ can help understand the author's and reader's emotions
and attitudes in order to get a good final product. Hubscher’s research found out high
emotional intelligence increases motivation, makes work planning and emotional
state regular and contributes to stress resistance and decision-making processes. In
addi-tion, it has been found that translators with high emotional intelligence have
higher job satisfaction and are more skilled in expressing, perceiving, arranging and
defining their emo-tions and are more successful in their careers. They can also easily
access individual, physical and intellectual resourc-es, search for their rights in the
translation market and have high self-esteem.
I think all of these skils and abilities of the EQ are applicable in our job,
because to be successful in today’s translation market and to hold onto the market, we
should have the ability to communicate with clients about the translation business, to
plan and manage our time, to have a stress management, to work in a team and under
pressure, to evaluate ourselves, to be open to innovations and to adapt to new
situations and conditions and have the ability to take responsibility.
3. Can you describe psychological aspects of translation? Describe each type of
psycho-linguistic types of translation in terms of psychological aspect. What are
the ways of stressful situations avoidance in the practice of translation?
The psychological approach to translation focuses on the study of the
translation process itself, on the study of the "human component" in translation, on
the analysis of the psychology of the translator's choice of certain decisions in
difficult situations. Thus, when we talk about the psychology of translation, here we
are talking about what is often called the inner or semantic side of speech, as well as
its semantic content. This semantic content, that is, those thoughts that are externally
expressed by the means of one or another language, is the “subject of translation”.
Therefore, from the point of psychological aspect not words are translated, but the
concepts and judgments expressed by them, not the texts, but the thoughts and
reasoning contained in them. The translation process is largely influenced by
psychological functions such as perception and attention, memory (sensory,
operational, long-term, speech), thinking, imagination and fantasy.
Psycholinguistic classification of types of translation takes into account the
way of perception of the original and creation of the translation text, and divides
translation activity into translation and interpretation.
 Written translation is a type of translation in which speech works, combined in
an act of interlanguage communication (the ST and the TT), appear in the translation
process in the form of fixed texts, which the translator can repeatedly refer to. This
enables the translator to re-perceive the segments of the translated text, compare them
with the corresponding segments of the translation, make any necessary changes in
the translation text before presenting the translation to the Receptor, i.e. before the
completion of the translation process. A classic example of written translation is such
a translation when the translator perceives the original visually in the form of a
written text and creates the translation text also in the form of a written text.
Interpretation is a type of translation in which the original and its translation
appear in the translation process in a non-fixed form, which predetermines the one-
time perception by the translator of segments of the ST and the impossibility of
subsequent comparison or correction of the translation after its completion. A classic
example of oral translation is such a translation when the translator perceives the
original in acoustic form ("by ear") and orally pronounces his translation. In oral
translation, the creation of the translation text can occur either in parallel with the
perception of the original, or after the perception of the original is completed.
Accordingly, two types of interpretation are distinguished: simultaneous translation
and consecutive translation.
Minyar-Beloruchev said that for effective translation activities it is necessary to
create semantic systems or paradigms that will be equal to knowledges of the native
language. Knowing the language fluently enough, having a rich active vocabulary
and bringing your language skills to automatism, during translation you will be able
to concentrate not on stress and ways to get rid of it, but on finding a solution to the
problem - for example, finding the right word or statement. In this case, average
stress will become a factor that does not block the thought processes, but helps the
translator to mobilize all his knowledge and skills in order to most effectively solve
the problem.
4. Do you think simultaneous interpretation is the most difficult type of
translation in terms of stress resistance (Reason your answer)? What are the
abilities necessary to implement the simultaneous interpretation?
Simultaneous translation is a complex subspecies of oral translation, since it
requires the translator to simultaneously perform various speech actions: listen in one
language, translate into another language and speak this language, while keeping up
with the speaker's speech rate. The synchronization of all three actions is associated
with a large work of memory, intense attention, the need to perform speech
compression, predict the next segments of the original, make instant decisions, etc.
Thus, simultaneous interpretation takes place in a stressful situation due to the high
level of concentration on the process. However, research shows that interpreters have
better control over their feelings of anxiety and can lead their anxiety to a positive
way. This suggests that they are able to maintain a workflow even in a stressful
situation. Despite this, many simultaneous interpreters compare their work to a pilot
or air traffic controller.
The abilities necessary to implement the simultaneous interpretation, I think
that these are correct breathing, clear pronunciation and speech, Developed short-
term memory, The ability to predict the end of an utterance, like, he must be able to
recover a part of a sentence that he did not hear or the speaker did not finish, based on
the ST vocabulary, grammar and syntax; Ability to quickly switch to another
language and topic, Ability to maintain natural intonation and accent, Skill in
compiling your own glossaries and vocabularies; The interpreter must be able to
prepare for his work on a given topic. In preparation, he must be able to find suitable
texts on the topic and make a list of suggested terms.
5. What is empathy in terms of emotional intelligence and translation process?
How can empathy help to convey the meaning of the author? Describe the
process of translation where the empathy used as the main tool of translation.
For the first time this term was proposed in 1873 by the German philosopher
Robert Vischer.
Empathy is the ability to emotionally understand what other people feel, see
things from their point of view, and imagine yourself in their place. Essentially, it is
putting yourself in someone else's position and feeling what they must be feeling.
While people are generally pretty well-attuned to their own feelings and
emotions, getting into someone else's head can be a bit more difficult. The ability to
feel empathy allows people to "walk a mile in another's shoes," so to speak. It permits
people to understand the emotions that others are feeling.
Empathy not only helps to better understand the experience of another, but also
involves a certain load associated with projecting the emotions of a native speaker of
a foreign language onto oneself. Translators must have a high level of knowledge of
native and foreign languages, knowledge of the language system, its grammar,
vocabulary, stylistics and phonetics, as well as in full possession of special
vocabulary, know the requirements for the design of certain technical documents in
Russian and foreign languages. Empathy plays a significant role in these
competencies as it affects the perception of information in two ways: it encourages
the receipt of information and acts as a response to the information already received,
and, therefore, allows the translator to perform an adequate translation, not taking
into account his own point of view on the ST.
Well, as we all know, since the psychological approach to translation focuses
on the study of the translation process itself, on the study of the "human component"
in translation, on the analysis of the psychology of the translator's choice of certain
decisions in difficult situations, here the empathy will help translator to convey the
actual meaning and intentions of the author. Because here we are talking about what
is often called the inner or semantic side of speech, as well as its semantic content.
This semantic content, that is, those thoughts that are externally expressed by the
means of one or another language, is the “subject of translation”. We don't translate
words, but the concepts and judgments expressed by them, not the texts, but the
thoughts and reasoning contained in them.

6. Write a 150 words summary on the acquired material.

In the lecture, we looked into the interconnection between emotional
intelligence and translation. Emotional intelligence as the ability to understand, use,
and manage your own emotions in positive ways can be useful in translation
processes, too. With the skills of the EQ, the translator is able to easily access
individual, physical and intellectual resources, search for their rights in the translation
market and have high self-esteem. To obtain an adequate translation, especially a
simultaneous one, the translator must have a high level of stress resistance. In
addition, one of the important skills is empathy, which encourages the receipt of
information and acts as a response to the information already received, and, therefore,
allows the translator to perform an adequate translation, not taking into account his
own point of view on the ST.

Practical tasks
1. Extravagant – 1. spending much more than necessary; 2. wasteful; 3. very high (of
prices).
We mustn’t buy roses – it is too extravagant in winter. - Нам нельзя покупать розы
- зимой это слишком дорого.

2. Catholic – general, wide-spread; broad-minded.

Mr. Prower was a politician with catholic tastes and interests. - Мистер Проуэр был
политиком с разносторонними вкусами и интересами.

3. Dramatic – 1. sudden or excited; 2. holding the imagination by unusual

appearance of effects.
How would you account for such dramatic changes in the situation? - Как бы вы
объяснили такое резкое изменение ситуации?

4. Routine – the regular, fixed, ordinary way of working or doing things.

Frequent inspections were a matter of routine in the office. - Такие частые проверки
в офисе были обычным делом.

5. Pilot – 1. a person qualified to steer ships through certain difficult waters 2. a guide
or a leader.
Before entering on his literary career Mark Twain was employed as pilot on vessel
going up and down the Mississippi river. - Перед тем как начать свою
литературную карьеру, Марк Твен работал лоцманом на судне,
курсирорвавшем вверх и вниз по реке Миссисипи.

6. Student – a person with a stated interest; anyone who is devoted to knowledge.

The recently published work of the world-known ornithologist will be interesting to
any student of bird-life. - Опубликованная недавно работа всемирно известного
орнитолога будет интересна любому, кто изучает птичий мир.

She was left alone – Она была левой вдоль. Она осталась одна.
Click here and find more information – Щелкните здесь и получите море
информации. Щелкните здесь и получите дополнительную информацию.
We are the champions – Мы – шампиньоны. Мы – чемпионы.
To be or not to be – Пчеле или не пчеле? Быть или не быть?
Just in case – Только в портфеле. На всякий случай.
Oh, dear – Ах, олень. Ах, дорогой.
Manicure – Деньги лечат. Маникюр.
Iron Man – Человек-утюг. Железный человек.
Finnish people – Конченные люди. Финны.
Let’s have a party – Давай организуем партию. Давай устроим вечеринку.
Press escape – Побег прессы. Нажмите эскейп.
Be careful, it’s a con – Будь осторожен, это конь. Будь осторожен, это кидалово.

1. Translation of the text

The precise meaning of emotion words is Значения слов, выражающих чувства

different around the world эмоции, во всех уголках мира разнятся

Is the experience we call "love" felt the same in Одинаково ли выражается на всех языках
every language? то, что мы называем "любовью"?

When you can't quite put your finger on how Если у вас не получается правильно понять
you're feeling, don't worry — there may be a свои чувства, не переживайте, – возможно, в
non-English word that can help you out. другом языке существует такое слово,
которое вам поможет в этом.
There are hundreds of words across the world
for emotional states and concepts, from the По всему миру существуют сотни слов,
Spanish word for the desire to eat simply for описывающих эмоциональные состояния и
the taste (gula) to the Sanskrit for revelling in концепции, начиная с испанского слова,
someone else's joy (mudita). которое обозначает желание есть просто
ради вкусовых ощущений (гула), и
But what about those words that exist across заканчивая санскритом, в котором
many languages — "anger", for example, or существует слово, обозначающее
"happiness"? Do they mean the same thing in наслаждение чужой радостью (мудита).
every language, or do we experience emotions
differently based on the culture we are brought А что мы можем сказать про слова, которые
up in? Is the experience we call "love" in существуют во многих языках – к примеру,
English emotionally analogous with its direct "гнев" или "счастье"? Означают ли они одно
translation into Hungarian, "szerelem", for и то же во всех языках, или же мы
example? испытываем эмоции по-разному в
зависимости от культуры, в которой мы
In a new paper in Science, Joshua Conrad выросли? А те чувства, которые мы
Jackson from the University of North Carolina называем "любовью" в английском, такие
at Chapel Hill and colleagues looked at 2,439 же эмоции ли передаются в их прямом
distinct concepts (including 24 relating to переводе, например, на венгерский язык –
emotion) from 2,474 languages. The team "серелем"?
analysed the similarities and differences
between languages based on patterns of В новой статье в журнале "Science",
"colexification": instances in which multiple Джошуа Конрад Джексон из Университета
concepts are expressed by the same word form. Северной Каролины в Чапел-Хилл и его
коллеги рассмотрели 2439 различных
In Persian, to use the team's example, the word концепций (24 из них относились к
ænduh can be used to express both grief and эмоциям) на 2474 языках. Команда
regret; in the Dargwa dialect, spoken in разобрала сходства и различия между
Dagestan in Russia, dard means grief and
anxiety. It follows, therefore, that Persian языками, основываясь на
speakers may understand grief as closer to "колексификации": случаев, когда
regret, and Dargwa speakers closer to anxiety. несколько концепций выражаются
одинаковой словоформой.
The analysis allowed the researchers to create
networks of concepts that showed, for each В персидском, как выяснила команда, слово
language family, how closely different ænduh может обозначать как горе, так и
emotional concepts related to each other. These сожаление; в даргинском диалекте, на
revealed wide variation between language котором говорят в Дагестане, слово dard
families. For instance, in Tad-Kadai languages, обозначает горе и тревогу. Так мы можем
which can be found in Southeast Asia, southern сказать, что носители персидского языка
China, and Northeast India, "anxiety" was ощущают горе сравнимо с сожалением, а
related to "fear"; in Austroasiatic languages, для носителей даргинского оно ближе к
anxiety was closer to "grief" or "regret". In тревоге.
Nakh Daghestanian languages spoken mainly Анализ позволил исследователям создать
in parts of Russia, on the other hand, "anger" целые сети концептов, которые показали,
was related to "envy", but in Austronesian насколько связаны друг с другом различные
languages it was related to "hate", "bad", and эмоциональные концепты в каждой
"proud". языковой семье в частности. Благодаря
этому, были выявлены широкие различия
But there were some similarities. Words with между языковыми семьями. К примеру, в
the same emotional valence — i.e. that were языках Тад-Кадай, на которых говорят
positive or negative — tended to be associated уроженцы Юго-Восточный Азии, Южного
only with other words of the same valence, in Китая и Северо-Восточной Индии, тревога
all language families across the world. была связана со страхом. В австроазиатских
Happiness, for example, was linked to other языках, напротив, её связывают с горем или
positive emotions, even if the specific сожалением. В накских дагенстанских
associations were slightly different depending языках, распространённых в некоторых
on the language family. (This wasn't always the частях России, наоборот, гнев связывают с
case though: in some Austronesian languages, завистью, а в австронезийских языках – с
"pity" and "love" were associated, suggesting ненавистью, злом и гордостью.
pity may be more positive or love more
negative than in other languages). Similarly, Но были и некоторые сходства. Слова с
low-arousal emotions like sadness were also одинаковым эмоциональным значением -
unlikely to be compared to high-arousal позитивным или негативным - во всех
emotions like anger. языковых семьях повсеместно связаны со
словами с таким же эмоциональным
And geography also seemed to matter: значением. Счастье, например, было
language families that were geographically связано со многими позитивными
closer tended to share more similar associations эмоциями, хотя какие-либо конкретные
than those that were far away. ассоциации немного различались в
зависимости от языковой семьи. (Но
The study's findings suggest that emotional бывают и исключения: в некоторых
concepts do vary between languages up to a австронезийских языках были связаны
point, raising the question of just how similar жалость и любовь, так как предполагалось,
supposedly universal experiences are. Of что жалость может быть более позитивной,
course, it's impossible to know exactly how или наоборот, любовь может иметь больше
somebody else is experiencing the world, and негативного в сравнении с другими
language can often be woefully inadequate языками). Схожим образом эмоции с
when it comes to expressing our internal life. меньшим уровнем возбудимости, грусть, к
And while the research suggests that those примеру, не могут сравниться с эмоциями с
emotional experiences may vary in subtle ways высоким уровнем возбудимости, например,
across the world, deep down it seems we're not
so dissimilar at all. гневом.

Оказалось, территориальное расположение

также имело значение: чем ближе
располагались языковые семьи, тем больше
они имели схожих ассоциаций, чего нельзя
сказать о тех, что находились дальше от
них.

Результаты исследования дают основание

предположить, что эмоциональные
концепции в какой-то мере действительно
различаются от языка к языку, тем самым
поднимая вопрос о том, как сильно похожи
вроде бы универсальные эмоции. Конечно,
невозможно узнать, каким видит мир
другой человек, и чаще всего, языка
недостаточно, чтобы выразить свои
личностные переживания. Хоть
исследования и показывают, что эти самые
эмоциональные переживания имеют между
собой тонкую грань различий повсеместно,
всё-таки глубоко внутри кажется, что мы не
такие уж и разные.

HT – a translation method which is used when it is necessary to understand the

meaning of what have to be translated and retell it in TT with words sometimes
very different from the original ones.

Transformations:
1. non-English word – слово в другом языке. Generalization
Since the TT is directed to the Russian recipient, it is obvious that he will be
looking for a non-Russian word, not a non-English one. But I thought that it is better
not to specify any language, since the text can also be read by a person whose first
language is any other.
2. to use the team’s example – как выяснила команда. Grammar substitution +
modulation
The phrase of the ST sounds ordinary for an English reader, but if you translate
it into Russian literally (используя пример команды), in this context it will not
sound quite right for the Russian recipient.
3. in languages, which can be found in ... – в языках, на которых говорят
уроженцы ... / Holistic transformation
The phrase of the ST here also sounds ordinary for an English reader, but in
Russian there is no such expressions. Thus, I completely changed this phrase, leaving
only a meaning of the ST, so that now it perfectly fits the context of the listing of
countries.
4. This wasn’t always the case though – Но бывают и исключения. Modulation

5. language families that were geographically closer tended to share more similar
associations than those that were far away – чем ближе располагались языковые
семьи, тем больше они имели схожих ассоциаций, чего нельзя сказать о тех, что
находились дальше от них. Grammar substitution + addition
I conveyed the meaning of the original text with the help of another
grammatical construction of the Russian language, most often used for this type of
sentences, adding the link word-combination «чего нельзя сказать о тех» in order to
get an adequate TT.