Lesson 3.

4
Fundamental Trigonometric
Identities
3.4.1 Fundamental Identities
Negative Angle Identities
As suggested
by the circle shown in Figure 3.53, an angle θ
having the point
(x,
y)
on its terminal side has a corresponding angle
-
θ
with the point
(x,
-
y)
on its terminal
side. From the definition of sine,
sin
(
−
휃
)
=
−
푦
푟
푎푛푑
sin
휃
=
푦
푟
So sin(
-
θ) and sin θ are negatives of each other, or
sin
(
−
휃
)
=
−
sin
휃
Figure
3.53 shows an angle θ in quadrant II, but the same
result holds for θ in
any quadrant. Also, by definition,
cos
(
−
휃
)
푥
푟
푎푛푑
cos
휃
=
푥
푟
so
cos
(
−
휃
)
=
cos
휃
We can use these identities for
sin
(
−
휃
)
푎푛푑
cos
(
−
휃
)
푡표
푓푖푛푑
tan
(
−
휃
)
in terms
of tan θ:
tan
(
−
θ
)
=
sin
(
−
휃
)
cos
(
−
휃
)
=
−
푠푖푛
휃
cos
휃
=
−
sin
휃
cos
휃
tan
(
−
휃
)
=
−
tan
휃
Figure 3.53